Dipper Throated Optimization for Detecting Black-Hole Attacks inMANETs

In terms of security and privacy,mobile ad-hoc network(MANET)continues to be in demand for additional debate and development.As more MANET applications become data-oriented,implementing a secure and reliable data transfer protocol becomes a major concern in the architecture.However,MANET’s lack of infrastructure,unpredictable topology,and restricted resources,as well as the lack of a previously permitted trust relationship among connected nodes,contribute to the attack detection burden.A novel detection approach is presented in this paper to classify passive and active black-hole attacks.The proposed approach is based on the dipper throated optimization(DTO)algorithm,which presents a plausible path out of multiple paths for statistics transmission to boost MANETs’quality of service.A group of selected packet features will then be weighed by the DTO-based multi-layer perceptron(DTO-MLP),and these features are collected from nodes using the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchical(LEACH)clustering technique.MLP is a powerful classifier and the DTO weight optimization method has a significant impact on improving the classification process by strengthening the weights of key features while suppressing the weights ofminor features.This hybridmethod is primarily designed to combat active black-hole assaults.Using the LEACH clustering phase,however,can also detect passive black-hole attacks.The effect of mobility variation on detection error and routing overhead is explored and evaluated using the suggested approach.For diverse mobility situations,the results demonstrate up to 97%detection accuracy and faster execution time.Furthermore,the suggested approach uses an adjustable threshold value to make a correct conclusion regarding whether a node is malicious or benign.

A Proposal for Mitigating Multiple Black-Hole Attack in Wireless Mesh Networks

The Network Layer in wireless mesh networks is responsible for routing packets making it a prime target for intruders and hackers. Black-hole attack is a type of denial-of-service attack which when carried out can disrupt the services of this layer. This paper takes a look at some important detection and mitigation techniques and presents the drawbacks. After analysis of current mechanisms, the paper proposes RID-AODV, a security solution for multiple black-hole attack in wireless mesh networks. Based on the backbone of AODV, RID-AODV combines the ability of route skipping of IDSAODV and route failure correction using reverse route establishment of RAODV. The enhanced protocol RID-AODV, AODV, IDSAODV, and RAODV are implemented in a simulated environment using ns-2.35 simulator. The networks for each protocol are bombarded with up to ten black-hole nodes starting from zero. The results obtained are then analyzed and compared and a discussion is presented.

A simpler method for researching fermions tunneling from black holes

A new simpler mathematic method is proposed to study fermions tunneling from black holes. According to this method, by using semiclassical approximation theory, it simplifies the Dirac equation of curved spacetime and then the relationship of the gamma matrix and the component of contravariant metric is considered in order to transform the set of difficult quantum equations into a simple equation. Finally, the fermion tunneling and Hawking radiation of black holes are obtained. The method is very effective and simple, and we will take the Schwarzschild black hole with global monopole and the higher-dimensional Reissner-Nordstrom de Sitter black hole as two examples to show the fact.

On Gravitational Waves: Did We Simply Detect the Gravitational Effect of the Sun on the Photons Moving in the Cavity of Interferometers LIGO and VIRGO?

On September 14, 2015 09:50:45 UTC, the two laser interferometers of the LIGO program simultaneously observed a first gravitational wave signal called GW150914. With the commissioning of the VIRGO interferometer in 2017, two other detections, GW170814 and GW170817, were observed and their positions given accurately by LIGO and VIRGO. In this article, I argue that the photons circulating in the cavities of the three interferometers of LIGO and VIRGO were sensitive to the field of attraction of the planets of our Solar System and more particularly to that of the Sun, and would not be due to a coalescence of black hole or neutron stars. The shape of the signals obtained by my interaction model (called GEAR) between the photons in the interferometer cavity and the gravitational field of the Sun is very similar to that of a compact binary coalescence, identical to those obtained by general relativity. Solving the equations of GEAR also gives the exact positions and pseudo-date of the coalescences of all the LIGO and VIRGO detections detected so far, and probably those that will come at the end of 2018 and beyond.

On the Energy-Momentum Problem in Static Einstein Universe

The energy-momentum distributions of Einstein＇s simplest static geometrical model for an isotropic and homogeneous universe are evaluated. For this purpose, Einstein, Bergmann-Thomson, Landau-Lifshitz （LL）, Moller and Papapetrou energy-momentum complexes are used in general relativity. While Einstein and Bergmann-Thomson complexes give exactly the same results, LL and Papapetrou energy-momentum complexes do not provide the same energy densities. The Moller energy-momentum density is found to be zero everywhere in Einstein＇s universe. Also, several spacetimes are the limiting cases considered here.

Note on the Constraint on Modified Energy-Momentum Relation

Quantum gravity can modify the usual energy-momentum dispersion relation. We provide evidence for the argument that the modified dispersion relation is constrained by the black hole thermodynamics, for consistency of quantum gravity.

Cosmic Illusions

A critique of black-hole-black-body radiation, black-hole thermodynamics, entropy bounds, inflation cosmology, and the lack of gravitational aberration is presented. With the exception of the last topic, the common thread is the misuse of entropy and, consequently, the second law. Hawking’s derivation of the entropy loss due to black hole emission rests on Kirchhoff’s radiation law which equates the rates of absorption and emission of energy in any given frequency interval. Black-body radiation cannot, therefore, be used as a mechanism for black-hole evaporation. A derivation of the Planck factor from an exponential Doppler shift shows why the temperature cannot be proportional to the acceleration;accelerations do not cause Doppler shifts. Inflationary cosmology is based on a misconception that the adiabatic condition of Einstein’s equations hold, and, yet, there can be an enormous increase in the entropy. The cause for the increase is a negative pressure which contradicts the thermodynamic definition of positive pressure as the derivative of the entropy with respect to the volume times the temperature: Increases in volume cause corresponding increases in the entropy. A first-order phase transition cannot occur under adiabatic conditions, cannot generate entropy, and the latent heat cannot be used to reheat the universe. Finally, a negative pressure is invoked to explain the absence of gravitational aberration, assuming that gravity propagates at the speed of light. It is the only physical theory of universal content which I am convinced will never be overthrown, within the framwork of applicability of its basic concepts. Albert Einstein on

Differential Revolution、Differential Rotation and Global Changes

The Earth’s rhythm is controlled by the intermittent energy liberation in the Earth. In the Earth’s revolution and the Earth’s rotation system, the energy conversion among the potential energy, thermal energy and rotational energy is different from that in non revolution and non rotation system. In the Earth’s core, there exists not only huge thermal energy, but huge rotation energy and radioactive heat source. They are the internal causes of energy liberation. Astronomical factor makes the Earth’s inner core to vibrate periodically, makes the Earth’s orbit, the Earth’s volume, the Earth’s ellipticity, speed of the Earth’s revolution and speed of the Earth’s rotation to change periodically, it is the external cause of the intermittent energy liberation. As concerns the differential rotation of the Earth’s inner core, the fluctuations of gravitational constant G value makes the solar radiative quantity and the solar system’s volume to change and to effect the exchange of core mantle angular momentum and volume of crust mantle, and so leads to the formation and eruption of the superplumes, so it controls the energy exchange in CMB. It is the reason for the correspondence of the geological cycles one by one with the astronomical periods and is the basic cause of the Earth’s rhythm. According to the astronomical periods, it is probable that the geological changes may be predicted in the future. The conclusion deduced from the spherical presure formula is emphasized here, that the earth core is in a non insulated status. This can, in the one hand, theoretically explain the large scale periodic energy release from the earth core, and it is also an appreciable warning to the over exploitation of energy from the interior of the earth, the thermal energy there is limited, not limitless. The over exploitation of the geothermal energy will not only warm up the earth surface quickly, but also cool down the interior of the earth in the long run and close attention is called for world over.

Effect of noncircularity on the dynamic behaviors of particles in a disformal rotating black-hole spacetime

A disformal rotating black-hole solution is a black-hole solution in quadratic degenerate higher-order scalar-tensor theories.It breaks the circular condition of spacetime different from the case of the usual Kerr spacetime.This study investigated the dynamic behaviors of the motion of timelike particles in such disformal black-hole spacetime with an extra deformation parameter.Results showed that the characteristics of the particle’s motion depend on the sign of the deformation parameter.For the positive deformation parameter,the motion is regular and orderly.For the negative one,as the deformation parameter changes,the motion of the particles undergoes a series of transitions between the chaotic motion and the regular motion and falls into the horizon or escapes to spatial infinity.This means that the dynamic behavior of timelike particles in the disformal Kerr black-hole spacetime with noncircularity becomes richer than that in the usual Kerr black-hole case.

Light Shed on Black-hole Masses

"黑洞"无疑是本世纪最具挑战性、也最让人激动的天文学说之一。"黑洞"很容易让人望文生义地想象成一个"大黑窟窿",但其实所谓"黑洞"是指一种引力场很强的天体,就连光也不能逃脱出来。那么怎样给超大质量的黑洞称重呢?一起来看看天文学家的努力吧。

Upper bounds on the entropy of radiation systems

The upper bounds on the entropy of a radiation system confined to a spherical box are calculated in six cases by using the equation of state of radiation in flat spacetime and the equation of state of radiation near black-hole horizon,which was derived by Li and Liu (hereafter the Li-Liu equation).It turns out that the Li-Liu equation does have unique advantage in dealing with the entropy bound of critical self-gravitating radiation systems,while the usual equation of state will result in entropy divergence.In the case of non-self-gravitating radiation systems and non-critical self-gravitating radiation systems,there is no difference in the entropy bounds derived by these two equations of state.

Objectness Region Enhancement Networks for Scene Parsing

Semantic segmentation has recently witnessed rapid progress, but existing methods only focus on identifying objects or instances. In this work, we aim to address the task of semantic understanding of scenes with deep learning. Different from many existing methods, our method focuses on putting forward some techniques to improve the existing algorithms, rather than to propose a whole new framework. Objectness enhancement is the first effective technique. It exploits the detection module to produce object region proposals with category probability, and these regions are used to weight the parsing feature map directly. 'Extra background' category, as a specific category, is often attached to the category space for improving parsing result in semantic and instance segmentation tasks. In scene parsing tasks, extra background category is still beneficial to improve the model in training. However, some pixels may be assigned into this nonexistent category in inference. Black-hole filling technique is proposed to avoid the incorrect classification. For verifying these two techniques, we integrate them into a parsing framework for generating parsing result. We call this unified framework as Objectness Enhancement Network (OENet). Compared with previous work, our proposed OENet system effectively improves the performance over the original model on SceneParse150 scene parsing dataset, reaching 38.4 mIoU (mean intersection-over-union) and 77.9% accuracy in the validation set without assembling multiple models. Its effectiveness is also verified on the Cityscapes dataset.