Production and trade trend of oils and oilseeds in BRICS countries

In order to promote agricultural production and trade cooperation among BRICS countries,and ensure the security and stability of the oils and oilseeds industrial and supply chains in China and the world,the production,consumption,trade trend,and cooperation potential of oils and oilseeds in BRICS countries were expounded,and relevant policy recommendations were put forward.Most of the BRICS countries are major agricultural producers,and they are also important agricultural product consumption markets in the world.In 2023/2024,the production and consumption of oilseeds in BRICS countries account for nearly half of the world's total;the production of vegetable oils exceeds a quarter of the world's total,and the consumption of vegetable oils accounts for 40%of the world's total.In 2023/2024,the import and export volume of oilseeds exceeds half of the world's total;vegetable oil imports account for 40%of the world's total,and exports account for about one tenth of the world's total.China's imports of oilseeds and oils from BRICS countries account for 68%and 29%of its global imports in 2023,respectively.BRICS countries are rich in agricultural land resources,have great potential for oils and oilseeds production,obvious complementary advantages in trade structure,and huge space for future cooperation.It is suggested that Brazil should be included in the"Belt and Road"co-construction category to promote the continuous deepening of agricultural cooperation between China and Brazil.It is suggested to explore regional agricultural trade agreements among BRICS countries,promote currency settlement and exchange among BRICS countries,and enhance the facilitation and stability of BRICS trade.It is suggested that China should increase its investment in BRICS countries and export advanced technology and management experience to benefit local agricultural development and achieve a mutually beneficial and win-win situation.

Nexus between air travel and environmental degradation in BRICS Countries:A tourism perspective

International tourism is highly dependent on air travel,which enhances destination countries’economic growth and living standards while causing environmental degradation.This study investigates the effect of air travel on environmental degradation in BRICS nations.The study used feasible generalized least squares(FGLS)to evaluate the environmental Kuznets curve using data spanning 1995 to 2018.The study finds evidence of N-shaped EKC in the economies of the BRICS nations.We also find a positive relationship between tourism,urbanization,and environmental degradation(as measured by CO_(2) and SO_(2) emissions from civil aviation)and a negative relationship between economic development and environmental degradation.To achieve sustainable growth and environmental protection and promote green technology,the BRICS governments should devise policies that address the aviation industry’s short-and long-term needs.

Is economic fitness helpful in achieving environmental sustainability in BRICS economies?A risk exposure perspective

A country’s ability to create complex goods and diversify its lines of products is essential for addressing all types of vulnerabilities.Quantifying a country’s vulnerability to extreme climatic events,such as droughts,superstorms,and other natural disasters,and its capacity for successful adaption,is an essential global need that has been ignored.This study examines the role of economic fitness(EF)in addressing climate change risk ex‐posure in BRICS countries in the context of the environmental Kuznets curve using panel data from 1995 to 2015.Panel threshold methodology is employed to ascertain the nonlinear relationship between EF and climate change risk exposure(i.e.,Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative Country Index(ND-GAIN)).In addition,empirical associations were estimated using panel-corrected standard errors,Driscoll-Kraay standard errors,and feasible generalized least squares estimation techniques.These findings demonstrated an inverted N shaped link between EF and ND-GAIN.Moreover,even after controlling for significant ND-GAIN influencing variables such as gross domestic product per capita,financial development,and urbanization,our robustness checks revealed significant and consistent findings.

Information About the Other Three BRIC Countries

Brazil GDP in 2008: $1.26 trillion GDP per capita in 2008: $6,626 Growth rate in 2008: 5.1 percent Foreign trade volume in 2008: $371 billion Foreign exchange reserves by the end of 2008: $187 billion Foreign investment: Foreign direct investment amounted to $45 billion in 2008, which set a new record.

Current Status and Prospects for Digital Economy Cooperation among BRICS Countries

Amid the current evolving global political and economic landscape, the digital economy has achieved a positive momentum in BRICS countries. Emerging technologies ranging from big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things to artificial intelligence(AI) have maintained a dynamic development. New phenomena such as “new retail” and “new manufacturing” are persistently changing people's daily lives and gradually influencing human values and notions in social governance. BRICS countries have accelerated the innovation and development of the digital economy by constantly improving relevant cooperation mechanisms. “Digital BRICS” has already become an important force to promote world economic growth and enhance the reform of the global economic governance system. The development of the digital economy per se has unique characteristics. Thus, BRICS countries are faced with practical challenges in deepening cooperation. Particularly, they must reconsider the national security risks created by the transnational diffusion of technologies and the implications for the international order stemming from the excessive expansion of the power of digital giants. BRICS countries can continue to bridge differences and divergences among each other by strengthening functional cooperation in joint efforts to create greater room for shared digital benefits and open up a new future for the digital economy characterized by harmony, cooperation, and coexistence.

Can Emerging Economies Catch-up Sustainably？-An Analysis of BRICS＇ Economic Growth Pattern

The BRICS （Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa） and other emerging economies have become a driving global force for the past twenty years. However, their growth patterns are obsolete, impeding the quality and competitiveness of their economic growth, while simultaneously threatening the sustainability of their economic convergence with developed nations. Transforming the domestic growth pattern-the solution to the middle-income trap-has therefore become a key priority for each of these economies. This paper presents a comparative analysis of how to transform the pattern of economic growth in BRICS and achieve sustainable economic convergence with a comparative analysis of the pattern of economic growth and problems among BRICS countries.

BRICS Climate Cooperation in the Post-Paris Agreement Era

As representatives of emerging economies,BRICS countries are increasingly prominent in global governance.The rapid economic development of BRICS countries is accompanied by a significant increase in greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions,and BRICS countries are paying increasing attention to climate change issues and actively participating in the construction of the international climate regime.The Paris Agreement was a historic breakthrough in international climate negotiations,and since then BRICS countries have strengthened multilateral and bilateral cooperation in energy efficiency,agricultural emission reduction and climate governance financing.Due to the constraints of technology,cooperation mechanism construction,financing,and other objective conditions,BRICS countries still face some challenges to further advance the global climate governance agenda with their group power in the short term.Whether BRICS countries can further advance the global climate governance agenda as a group in the post-Paris Agreement era depends on whether they can improve energy efficiency and optimize their energy mix,and whether they can deepen cooperation in agricultural emission reduction and climate finance.BRICS countries need to continue to promote clean energy development and low-carbon economic transformation,deepen the potential of climate cooperation in agricultural emission reduction,and give full play to the climate financing role of the New Development Bank,so as to further enhance the level of climate cooperation.At the same time,BRICS countries can widely involve developing countries in climate governance cooperation and strengthen dialogue and exchanges with other countries,so as to promote global climate governance in the post-Paris Agreement era.

Resources,innovation,globalization,and green growth:The BRICS financial development strategy

Resources,innovation,globalization,and green growth are interconnected pillars that shape societies and economies.By effectively managing resources,fostering innovation,embracing globalization,and embracing green growth,countries can achieve sustainable development,economic prosperity,and a better future for future generations.In this paper,we examine the nexus of natural resources,innovation,globalization,and green growth in BRICS countries from 1990 to 2021 in light of financial development’s role in promoting green growth.We use dynamic system panel data estimations and robust random effect GLS regression for long-run estimates.BRICS countries experience green growth due to natural resources,globalization,financial development,and research and development.There is a negative relationship between globalization and green growth in the BRICS countries.Policymakers need to consider the policy implications discussed in this document to ensure a greener and more sustainable future for the BRICS countries.To mitigate the negative impacts of globalization on green growth,BRICS countries should enhance their environmental regulations.Stricter standards can help control pollution,promote sustainable resource management,and encourage the adoption of clean technologies.The BRICS countries should prioritize sustainable trade practices by integrating environmental considerations into trade agreements and policies.This could include promoting eco-labeling,supporting eco-friendly supply chains,and reducing trade barriers for environmentally friendly products.

Virtual Visitor＇s Behavior in Tourism Destinations＇ Online Portals： Analysis of Spain.info Website

The incorporation of information technologies （ITs） in the tourism sector has enabled marketing actions to be enhanced through websites. In this context, destinations＇ online portals have become a key tool to promote territories. Vast amount of money is invested in developing these virtual sites and lately, also increasing interest has been put towards their performance analysis. This study has been applied to Spain.info website in order to track virtual visitors＇ digital footprint. The analysis conducted through the Destination Web Monitor （DWM） system has allowed taking into consideration the behavior of visitors in the website in order to obtain results on their interests when visiting the portal. The article mainly focuses on Brazil, Russia, India, and China （BRIC）, considered as markets of opportunity for the tourism sector in Spain. Results provided insights on to whom, when, and how to develop potential e-marketing campaigns.

The Global Value Chains in BRICS Countries

This paper provides indicators on the length, location, and linkages of global value chains （GVCs） across BRICS countries. These indicators are calculated at the country level using the WIOD database. We find that, as Chinese GVCs lengthen, production stages are increasingly concentrated in China. At the same time, the ＂upstreamness＂ of Chinese production stages in GVCs is also increasing. Compared with China, other BRICS countries＇ positions in GVCs remain relatively unchanged. Since 2000, a new phenomenon has emerged; i.e., some service sectors within the BRICS have begun to participate in GVCs.

Political Confidence in the New Emerging Economies： A Comparative Analysis of the BRICS Countries

The aim of this paper is to describe and analyze people＇s confidence in political institutions in the BRICS countries： Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. I argue that the quality of macroeconomic indicators cannot explain the variation in political confidence between the five most dynamic new emerging economies, and that there is no substantial difference among young, middle-aged, and senior-agent groups. By combing data from the Asia Barometer Survey and the World Value Survey, the author provides two complementary approaches, one sociocultural and the other micropolitical, to reveal the factors that influence people＇s confidence in four major political institutions. The explanatory effects of these two approaches are mixed. Political identity and values, in most cases, have a significant impact on political confidence. On the other hand, high levels of interpersonal social trust, individual happiness, and satisfaction with living standards also show positive influences.

China’s foreign direct investment in BRICS countries:status,problems and prospects

The emerging economies,represented by the BRICS,have risen rapidly in post-crisis era in both economic development and national competitiveness.In order to ensure a stable and sustainable long-term development of national economy,the governments of BRICS countries have shown positive attitude to foreign direct investment.This is a great opportunity for China to increase its direct investment in these countries,which will not only provide strong support to China’s“going global”strategy,but also help avoid risks arising from intensive investment in its traditional investment regions.This article focuses on the status of Chinese outward direct investment in the BRICS countries by analyzing existing problems in investment process and providing forecast as well as future agenda on China’s direct investment in these countries.