Pyronaridine combined with diminazene aceturate inhibits Babesia in vitro and in vivo

Objective:To evaluate the combination therapy of pyronaridine tetraphosphate and diminazene aceturate against Babesia in vitro and in vivo.Methods:Bioinformatic analysis was performed using atom pair fingerprints.An in vitro combination test was performed against Babesia bovis and Theileria equi.Moreover,the in vivo chemotherapeutic efficacy of pyronaridine tetraphosphate in combination with diminazene aceturate was investigated against the growth of Babesia microti in mice using a fluorescence inhibitory assay.Results:Pyronaridine tetraphosphate and diminazene aceturate exhibited nearly similar molecular weights.The in vitro combination of pyronaridine tetraphosphate and diminazene aceturate was synergistic on Babesia bovis and additive on Theileria equi.In addition,5 mg/kg pyronaridine tetraphosphate combined with 10 mg/kg diminazene aceturate inhibited Babesia microti growth significantly compared with those observed after treatment with 25 mg/kg diminazene aceturate alone from day 6 post treatment to day 12 post treatment.The combination therapy also normalized the hematological parameters of infected mice.Conclusions:An oral dose of pyronaridine tetraphosphate combined with a subcutaneous dose of diminazene aceturate inhibits Babesia in vitro and in mice,suggesting it might be a new paradigm for the treatment of babesiosis.

在中国新发现的一种羊的巴贝斯虫(Babesia)未定种

在中国甘肃某地自然感染发病绵羊的血液涂片中，观察到一种大型的巴贝斯虫（Ｂａｂｅｓｉａ）。虫体形态具多形性，有双梨籽形、单梨籽形、圆环形、棒状、不规则形、逗点形和三叶形。典型双梨籽形虫体的大小为１．８～２．５μｍ×０．９～１．８μｍ，平均（２．２１±０．１２）μｍ×（１．１７±０．１８）μｍ。个别红细胞中寄生有４个或８个虫体。该虫种特征性的形态是三叶形。它是相连的双梨籽形虫体两尖端的核质延伸（出芽），并生出原生质，发育成一个完整的梨籽形虫体，与母体共同排列形成三叶形的。该虫种可引起绵羊严重发病和死亡。本研究对自然感染发病羊的临床症状和死亡羊的病理变化进行了观察。该虫种的形态大小和致病力，与莫氏巴贝斯虫（Ｂ．ｍｏｔａｓｉ）和粗糙巴贝斯虫（Ｂ．ｃｒａｓｓａ）明显不同。

Detection of Babesia bovis in blood samples and its effect on the hematological and serum biochemical profile in large ruminants from Southern Punjab

Objective:To determine the presence of Babesia bovis(B.bovis)in large ruminants in southern Punjab and its effect on hematological and serum biochemical profile of host animals.Methods:Blood samples were collected from 144 large ruminants,including 105 cattle and 39 buffaloes,from six flistricts in southern Punjab including Multan,Layyali,Muzaffar Garh,Bhakar.Bahawalnagar and Vehari.Data on the characteristics of animals and herds were collected through questionnaires.Different blood(hemoglobin,glucose)and serum(ALT.AST,I.DH,cholesterol)parameters of calves and cattle were measured and compared between parasite positive and negative samples to demonstrate the effect of B.bovis on the blood and serological profile of infected animals.Results:27 out of 144 animals,from 5 out of 6 sampling districts,produced the541-bp fragment specific for B.bovis.Age of animals(P=0.02),presence of ticks on animals(P=0.04)and presence of ticks on dogs associated with herds(P=0.5)were among the major risk factors involved in the spread of bovine babesiosis in the study area.ALT concentrations were the only serum biochemical values that significantly varied between parasite positive and negative cattle.Conclusions:This study has reported for the first time the presence of B.bavis in large ruminant and the results can lead to the prevention of babesiosis in the region to increase the livestock output.

Inhibition of <i>Ehrlichia canis</i>and <i>Babesia canis</i>transmission among ticks fed together on dogs vaccinated with Bm86 antigen

GAVAC (Heber Biotec S.A, Havana, Cuba) is a commercially available vaccine developed with the Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Bm86 recombinant antigen. Bm86 is a “concealed” antigen that is present in the plasmatic membrane of tick gut epithelial cells with unknown function so far. It is well known that after vaccination in the last fifteen years in Cuba, there was a significant decrease of babesiosis (Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina) and anaplasmosis (Anaplasma marginale) in cattle. A reduced transmission capacity of ticks fed on tick-immune animals and humans has been reported for several tick-borne pathogens. Recent experiments have demonstrated that an anti-tick vaccine may contribute to the control of tick-borne pathogens not only by decreasing the exposure of susceptible hosts to ticks, but also by reducing the vector capacity of ticks. In this study, the potential of Bm86 vaccination to interfere with pathogen transmission among ticks was evaluated by using as experimental model the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus and the tickborne Babesia canis and Ehrlichia canis pathogens. Dogs, vaccinated and not vaccinated, were infested with pathogen-infected ticks and noninfected nymphs of R. sanguineus. After feeding, the pathogen transmission to newly molted adults from co-feeding uninfected nymphs was studied by conventional PCR and qPCR. Results suggest that the anti-Bm86 antibodies could be able to block the transmission of B. canis and/or E. canis from infected to non-infected ticks.

田鼠巴贝虫(Babesia mocroti)的超微结构观察

目的观察田鼠巴贝虫的超微结构，了解田鼠巴贝虫在宿主红细胞中发育的形态变化。方法运用扫描电镜观察田鼠巴贝虫侵入宿主红细胞的过程，运用透射电镜观察田鼠巴贝虫发育的形态变化过程及宿主红细胞形态变化情况。结果扫描电镜下观察到田鼠巴贝虫裂殖子大小在406~981nm之间，虫体发育过程分为裂殖子、分裂中的裂殖子、滋养体3个阶段，裂殖子是通过红细胞膜上微孔进入宿主红细胞，分裂中的裂殖子可使红细胞变形，滋养体是通过溶解红细胞膜游离红细胞。透射电镜观察到田鼠巴贝虫裂殖子的核膜为双层膜结构，虫体中有核糖体、微管、内质网、线粒体和溶酶体等完整的细胞器，分裂中的裂殖子在侵入后期可见食物空泡，滋养体的外膜和核不规则，胞浆中含有颗粒和空泡，宿主红细胞的电子密度随着虫体的发育而逐渐变稀疏。结论田鼠巴贝虫是含有完整细胞器的单细胞有机体，具有一般细胞所有的基本结构，它能完成多细胞动物所具有的生命机能，并以宿主红细胞中的血红蛋白作为生存氧料。

Inhibitory effects of methanolic Olea europaea and acetonic Acacia laeta on growth of Babesia and Theileria

Objective:To evaluate the antipiroplasmic activities of methanolic extract of Olea europaea(MOE)and acetonic extract of Acacia laeta(AAL)against Babesia and Theileria parasites in vitro and evaluate the chemotherapeutic effects of these extracts against Babesia(B.)microti in vivo.Methods:Fluorescence assay using SYBR Green 1 nucleic acid stain was used to detect inhibitory effects of the two extracts as well as the combination effects of the two extracts with diminazene aceturate and atovaquone on four Babesia species and Theileria equi in vitro while for in vivo experiments,8-weekold female BALB/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with 1× 107 B.microti-iRBCs and treated orally at a dose of 150 mg/kg of both extracts.Results:The half maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50)values of AAL against B.bovis,B.bigemina,B.divergens,B.caballi,and Theileria equi were lower than those of MOE extracts.Toxicity assay on Madin-Darby bovine kidney,mouse embryonic fibroblast(NIH/3T3),and human foreskin fibroblast cell lines showed that MOE and AAL affected only the viability of Madin-Darby bovine kidney cell line with half maximal effective concentrations(EC50)of(794.7±41.9)and(873.9±17.5)μg/mL,respectively.The oral treatments of MOE and AAL at 150 mg/kg inhibited the growth of B.microti in mice by 80.4% and 64.4%,respectively.The MOE and diminazene aceturate combination showed a higher chemotherapeutic effect than that of monotherapy.Conclusions:MOE and AAL have the potential to be an alternative remedy for treating piroplasmosis.Furthermore,the combination therapy of MOE + DA was more potent against B.microti infection in mice than their monotherapies.

Differential IL10 mRNA Profiles Associated to <i>Babesia bovis</i>and <i>B. bigemina</i>Infection Levels in Persistently Infected Animals

This work aimed to find quantitative phenotypic traits that can be used to discriminate the levels of resistance/susceptibility to B. bovis and B. bigemina in two groups of cattle presenting the highest (H) or lowest (L) infection levels and Rhipicephalus microplus ticks count. The animals were selected from a previous study of 50 Canchim (5/8 Charolais/zebu) heifers raised in an endemic area for these parasites. These animals were evaluated regarding their TNFα, IL10, IFN-γ, IL12 and iNOS mRNA levels. No differences were found between these groups regarding TNFα, IFN-γ, IL12β or iNOS transcripts. However, the IL10 transcripts were significantly higher in the H group compared to the L group. Moreover, significant correlation coefficients were observed between B. bovis loads and both IL10 and IFN-γ transcripts, while no correlations were found for B. bigemina loads and all tested immune-related transcripts, suggesting that differential IL10 mRNA profiles were closely associated to B. bovis loads. Our results have contributed to a better understanding of the immune responses against Babesia infection, as we demonstrated that the IL10 cytokine levels might also influence or be influenced by parasitemia levels in persistently infected animals.

田鼠巴贝西虫Babesiamicroti截短型分泌抗原的重组表达及其在诊断上的应用

田鼠巴贝西虫分泌抗原l（Babesiamicrotisecretedantigen1，BmSA1）是一个重要的诊断抗原候选分子，但全长蛋白的表达量少，也不宜纯化。本研究在此基础上，通过生物信息学分析，选取N-末端信号肽后，C-末端跨膜区前，包含CPSF73-100_C功能区的228个氨基酸所编码基因片段，重组高效表达了一个可溶性截短型抗原，解决了完整蛋白重组表达纯化的困难。纯化的截短型抗原作为酶联免疫试验（ELISA）诊断抗原，可清晰地区分阴性及阳性鼠血清，并与其他病原感染无交叉反应，显示其诊断的特异性。鼠人工感染田鼠巴贝西虫系列血清检测表明，该抗原可检测早期感染（5天）和感染（55天）以后的样本，显示其对不同时期感染的宿主均具有诊断价值。结果表明，重组B．microti截短型抗原可作为一种诊断制剂检测田鼠巴贝西虫抗体。

Co-infections with Babesia microti and Plasmodium parasites along the China-Myanmar border

Background:Babesiosis is an emerging health risk in several parts of the world.However,little is known about the prevalence of Babesia in malaria-endemic countries.The area along the China-Myanmar border in Yunnan is a main endemic area of malaria in P.R.China,however,human infection with Babesia microti(B.microti)is not recognized in this region,and its profile of co-infection is not yet clear.Methods:To understand its profile of co-infections with B.microti,our investigation was undertaken in the malaria-endemic area along the China-Myanmar border in Yunnan between April 2012 and June 2013.Four parasite species,including B.microti,Plasmodium falciparum(P.falciparum),P.vivax,and P.malariae,were identified among 449 suspected febrile persons detected by nested polymerase chain reaction(PCR)assay based on small subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid(RNA)genes of B.microti and Plasmodium spp.Results:Of all the collected samples from febrile patients,mono-infection with B.microti,P.vivax,P.falciparum,and P.malariae accounted for 1.8%(8/449),9.8%(44/449),2.9%(13/449),and 0.2%(1/449),respectively.The rate of mixed infections of B.microti with P.falciparum or P.vivax are both 0.2%(1/449),and mixed infections of P.falciparum and P.vivax accounted for 1.1%(5/449).Conclusions:This report supports the hypothesis that babesiosis caused by B.microti is emerging along the China-Myanmar border in the Yunnan province,P.R.China,but it was ignored because of low parasitemia or mixed infection with Plasmodium spp.More sensitive and specific diagnosis methods are needed to find the rapid response mechanism of emergency for babesiosis and malaria co-prevalence areas.

A case of human infection with a novel Babesia species in China

Background:Babesiosis is an uncommon but emerging tick-borne disease caused by the genus Babesia.In this case study,we report a case of human infection with a novel Babesia sp.in China.Findings:The patient in question had been suffering from repetitive occurrences of mild fever of unknown origin and fatigue for 10 years.Ring forms,tetrads,and one or two dots of chromatin or trophozoite-like organisms were observed in the patient’s thin blood smears and bone marrow smears.Using a confocal laser-scanning microscope,it was observed that the patient’s serum had reactivity with the surface proteins of the B.microti strain.Electron microscopy revealed oval red blood cells with 1~2μm of knob protrusions in the cellular membrane.The results of the Babesia-specific nested PCR assay for 18S rRNA confirmed the presence of Babesia infection.The construction of a phylogenetic relationship showed clustering with B.microti and B.duncani,which was identified as a novel Babesia species and named as Babesia sp.XXB/HangZhou.Azithromycin,doxycycline,and moxifloxacin hydrochloride were shown to relieve symptoms but were not as effective after continuous usage.After atovaquone(Mepron®)administration,the patient recovered from fever and tested negative for detection of Babesia-specific genes.Conclusion:Babesia sp.XXB/HangZhou is a novel Babesia species,which causes mild babesiosis in an immunocompetent patient.

卵形巴贝斯虫与中华泰勒虫双重PCR检测方法的建立

为建立一种能快速对卵形巴贝斯虫(Babesia ovata)和中华泰勒虫(Theileria sinensis)同时进行检测的双重PCR方法。根据GenBank已报道的卵形巴贝斯虫AMA1基因和中华泰勒虫MPSP基因设计合成了2对特异性引物,通过条件优化,建立了双重PCR检测方法。结果显示:双重PCR可特异扩增出卵形巴贝斯虫和中华泰勒虫目的条带,片段大小分别为500 bp和986 bp。该方法具有较好的特异性,对卵形巴贝斯虫和中华泰勒虫的最低检出浓度为16 fg/μL。对采集的90份牛血液样本进行双重PCR检测,卵形巴贝斯虫阳性率为30%(27/90),中华泰勒虫阳性率为16.67%(15/90),混合感染率为10%(9/90)。结果表明,双重PCR方法可用于卵形巴贝斯虫和中华泰勒虫的快速诊断和流行病学调查。

辽吉两省东部山区鼠类微小巴贝斯虫和伯氏疏螺旋体感染调查

目的调查辽吉两省东部山区鼠类微小巴贝斯虫和伯氏疏螺旋体感染情况。方法采用聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)对从辽宁省宽甸地区和吉林省集安林区捕获的野鼠进行微小巴贝斯虫和伯氏疏螺旋体检测。结果对129份集安和宽甸两地野鼠脾DNA样本分别进行微小巴贝斯虫和伯氏疏螺旋体检测,检出阳性共15份,阳性率11.63%,微小巴贝斯虫和伯氏疏螺旋体的阳性率分别为6.20%(8/129)和5.43%(7/129),二者感染率差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.000,P=1.000)。宽甸、集安两地不同鼠种野鼠检出微小巴贝斯虫和伯氏疏螺旋体的阳性率差异无统计学意义。结论我国辽吉两省东部山区野鼠存在微小巴贝斯虫和伯氏疏螺旋体感染,提示该地区存在感染风险。

犬巴贝斯虫抗体胶体金检测卡制备与评价

试验旨在快速检测犬巴贝斯虫抗体,利用胶体金免疫层析技术制备犬巴贝斯虫抗体胶体金检测卡并评价其功能性。将羊抗鼠免疫球蛋白G (IgG)和犬巴贝斯虫表面抗原Bg P47重组蛋白(Bg P47 Ag)包被于NC膜上分别做为质控线和检测线,胶体金标记的鼠IgG和鼠抗犬IgG均匀喷点在聚酯纤维膜上作为标记垫,将化学品配制的玻纤溶液均匀涂在样品垫上,并用吸水纸和PVC底板制备犬巴贝斯虫抗体胶体金检测卡,对其特异性、灵敏度、均一性、加速稳定性、实时稳定性进行评价,并与ELISA、PCR检测结果进行对比。结果显示,该检测卡不与犬莱姆抗体(lyme Ab)阳性犬血清、犬瘟热病毒抗体(CDV Ab)阳性犬血清、犬细小病毒抗体(CPV Ab)阳性犬血清、犬无形体抗体(Anaplasma Ab)阳性犬血清、犬三联疫苗阳性免疫犬血清样本发生交叉反应;可检测浓度稀释至1∶256倍的样本;有效期可达到24个月。研究表明,该检测卡可快速、准确地检测犬巴贝斯虫抗体,为动物临床诊断和治疗提供参考。

High prevalence of Babesia microti in small mammals in Beijing

Background: Babesiosis is an emerging tick-borne zoonotic infectious disease.Babesia microti is responsible for most cases of human babesiosis globally.It is important to investigate the prevalence of B.microti in the mammalian host population of a specific region in order to elucidate mechanisms of pathogen transmission and to define geographic areas where humans face the greatest risk of exposure.The aim of this study is to understand the prevalence and genotypes of B.microti in the small mammals that are found in Beijing,China.Methods:: We trapped small mammals from all of the 16 urban,suburban,and outer suburban districts of Beijing during the years 2014,2017 and 2018.Genomic DNA was extracted from the heart tissues individually and the Babesia 18S rRNA gene was detected by PCR.The genotypes of B.microti were identified based on sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis.The morphology of the parasites was observed under light microscopy.The risk factors were analyzed statistically based on both univariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression.Results: A total of 1391 small mammals were collected.Positive infection of B.microti was detected in 12.1%(168/1391)of small mammals from 15 out of the 16 districts.Both Kobe-type and U.S.-type B.microti,accounting for 9.5%and 2.7%,respectively,were identified.Classic diverse morphologic forms of B.microti were observed.Specific types of ecological habitats including shrub areas,broad-leaved forest,and cropland were revealed to be risk factors associated with B.microti infection.Conclusions: This study demonstrated the wide prevalence of B.microti infection in eight species of small mammals in Beijing,with Kobe-type more prevalent than U.S.-type.This study provides fundamental information for the development of informed prevention and control measures by public health authorities;the data gathered indicates a need for further monitoring of both clinical diseases in individuals presenting with babesiosis-like symptoms,as well as the infection status of ticks in high risk areas.

Isolation and in vitro cultivation of Babesia venatorum(Apicomplexa:Babesiidae),a zoonotic hemoprotozoan from Ixodes persulcatus ticks in China

The emerging Babesia venatorum upsurges as a potential health threat occurring in China and other endemic countries.Few attempts to isolate and culture the Babesia species had been conducted in vitro.We collected the questing Ixodes persulcatus from identified endemic areas and allowed them to feed on the severe combined immunodeficiency(SCID)mice.The positive mice were chosen to provide positive erythrocytes with asexual B.venatorum for continuous culture in mouse or human erythrocytes in vitro,with RPMI 1640 medium and appropriate serum.With B.venatorum in the SCID mice,erythrocytes were cultured in vitro for confirmation by morphological observations with transmission electron microscopes.Sequences of B.venatorum were then identified by way of conventional PCR amplification.Parasitemia counts monitored the growth of B.venatorum on thin blood smears and real-time quantitative PCR in parallel.As expected,B.venatorum positive mice were harvested by sufficient attacks of I.persulcatus ticks.The erythrocytes of the infected mice were then inoculated and successfully cultured in donated erythrocytes from humans and mice in RPMI 1640 culture medium.Active growth of B.venatorum was well demonstrated in human erythrocytes with 3.3 times parasite-load when compared with a mouse under similar conditions.With the increased subcultures,a prolonged period of detectable parasitemia with much higher peak parasitemia and shorter time to reach peak parasitemia were observed in the following subcultures.A new strategy for isolation and in vitro culture of B.venatorum has been provided with a continuous supply of sufficient pathogens to satisfy human babesiosis's testings and clinical therapies.

南充部分地区犬巴贝斯虫感染情况调查、治疗及防控

为更好掌握南充市部分地区犬感染巴贝斯虫的特点和规律,对川北动物医院2020—2021年的就诊病历进行统计分析。结果发现,2020—2021年南充地区犬巴贝斯虫感染率为1.72%,且不同季节对犬感染巴贝斯虫存在极显著差异(P=0.000^(**)),春季的感染率高于夏、秋和冬三季,不同性别对犬感染巴贝斯虫存在显著差异(P=0.046^(*)),雄性感染率远高于雌性,是否驱虫,是否免疫以及是否绝育差异不显著。该研究从1例典型案例介绍患病犬的跟踪治疗方案以及临床症状,治疗主要是通过药物进行杀虫,并对出现的并发症对症下药。对巴贝斯虫感染的规律和特点提出相应建议,达到及时防控和治疗的目的。

First molecular identification of multiple tick‑borne pathogens in livestock within Kassena‑Nankana,Ghana

The risk of pathogen transmission continues to increase significantly in the presence of tick vectors due to the trade of livestock across countries.In Ghana,there is a lack of data on the incidence of tick-borne pathogens that are of zoonotic and veterinary importance.This study,therefore,aimed to determine the prevalence of such pathogens in livestock using molecular approaches.A total of 276 dry blood spots were collected from cattle(100),sheep(95)and goats(81)in the Kassena-Nankana Districts.The samples were analyzed using Polymerase Chain Reaction(qPCR)and conventional assays and Sanger sequencing that targeted pathogens including Rickettsia,Coxiella,Babesia,Theileria,Ehrlichia and Anaplasma.An overall prevalence of 36.96%was recorded from the livestock DBS,with mixed infections seen in 7.97%samples.Furthermore,the prevalence of infections in livestock was recorded to be 19.21%in sheep,14.13%in cattle,and 3.62%in goats.The pathogens identified were Rickettsia spp.(3.26%),Babesia sp.Lintan(8.70%),Theileria orientalis(2.17%),Theileria parva(0.36%),Anaplasma capra(18.48%),Anaplasma phagocytophilum(1.81%),Anaplasma marginale(3.26%)and Anaplasma ovis(7.25%).This study reports the first molecular identification of the above-mentioned pathogens in livestock in Ghana and highlights the use of dry blood spots in resource-limited settings.In addition,this research provides an update on tick-borne pathogens in Ghana,suggesting risks to livestock production and human health.Further studies will be essential to establish the distribution and epidemiology of these pathogens in Ghana.

西安市宠物犬吉氏巴贝斯虫病病例的统计分析

为进一步了解犬吉氏巴贝斯虫病的发病规律和临床表现,本试验对61例西安市某动物医院犬吉氏巴贝斯虫病确诊病例进行统计分析。结果显示,该病可在多个品种、不同年龄段的犬只中进行传播,其中1~3岁易感性更高;犬只在一年四季均可感染该病,其中秋季更易感;该病的临床症状主要表现为黏膜苍白、黏膜黄染、血红蛋白尿、高热和脾肿大;患犬血涂片检查均可在红细胞内观察到吉氏巴贝斯虫虫体,部分可见异常红细胞;多数患犬在临床检查中都会出现红细胞压积(HCT)、血红蛋白(HGB)浓度、红细胞(RBC)数和血小板(PLT)数降低的现象;部分患犬还会出现炎症感染,肝、肾损伤和离子紊乱等情况。该结果为犬吉氏巴贝斯虫病的临床诊断提供了可靠的数据参考,对提升该病的诊断效率有一定的临床意义。

新疆蜱传粗糙巴贝斯虫的流行特征分析

为厘清粗糙巴贝斯虫蜱媒种类、分类特征和流行情况,本试验收集新疆西北部地区蜱和对应地区羊血液,对蜱进行形态学鉴定;提取蜱和羊血液基因组DNA,利用引物Bcrlong18 F/R对粗糙巴贝斯虫进行18S rRNA全长序列扩增,基于该序列分析粗糙巴贝斯虫遗传进化特征;为确定粗糙巴贝斯虫流行特征,利用BcrD F/R检测引物对收集的蜱样和血样进行粗糙巴贝斯虫的PCR检测。结果显示,新疆地区蜱种有森林革蜱、胫距革蜱、边缘革蜱、草原革蜱、亚洲璃眼蜱、麻点璃眼蜱、血红扇头蜱和刻点血蜱等;其中收集自新源县的森林革蜱、阿合奇县的胫距革蜱和温宿县的边缘革蜱中可检测到粗糙巴贝斯虫18S rRNA核酸序列;伊宁市、新源县、巩留县、温泉县和温宿县的羊血液中可检测到该核酸片段。18S rRNA序列分析和系统发生树结果显示,粗糙巴贝斯虫18S rRNA高度保守,且包括2个主要基因型(Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型),Ⅰ型主要感染蜱和羊,Ⅱ型主要感染人类。野外样本检测结果显示,粗糙巴贝斯虫在新疆西北广大地区广泛流行,其对羊的感染已经是一种普遍现象。本试验为蜱的流行病学、粗糙巴贝斯虫遗传进化特征以及粗糙巴贝斯虫在蜱种间和羊体中的流行研究提供了参考;也提示基层管理部门需要进一步加强蜱的防控和家畜的科学养殖,这也是有效防控粗糙巴贝斯虫疾病流行的重要举措。

马巴贝斯虫病的检测技术研究进展

本文对马巴贝斯虫病的镜检法、补体结合试验、间接荧光免疫试验、酶联免疫吸附试验、免疫色析法、DNA探针法、聚合酶链反应、血液再次接种、体外培养等检测技术进行了综述,对9种检测方法用于马巴贝斯虫病的检测作了简要介绍,为进一步研究马巴贝斯虫病提供参考。