Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a global health challenge and currently only one licensed vaccine is available. For nearly 100 years, the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been in use. Wh...Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a global health challenge and currently only one licensed vaccine is available. For nearly 100 years, the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been in use. While it provides protection against disseminated TB in infants, its protection against adult and adolescent pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is variable. This literature review will provide an overview of the clinical status of candidate TB vaccines and discuss the challenges and future development trends of novel TB vaccine research, in combination with a general overview of the Tuberculosis (TB) disease and Mycobacterium tuberculosis itself. Methods: Bibliographic searches were carried out on medical journal databases, publishers, and aggregators. The most used databases were PubMed, NCBI and MDPI. Publications in English on these and other databases relating to novel TB vaccines were included in this review. Results: Currently, there are 12 main vaccine candidates in various phases of clinical trials, they include four protein or adjuvant vaccines, three viral-vectored vaccines, three mycobacterial whole cells or extract vaccines, and one each of the recombinant life and the attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine. Currently, the most likely candidate vaccines are the M72 + AS01E and Vaccae vaccines. M72 + AS01E is a recombinant fusion protein vaccine candidate, clinical trials showed that administering two doses of M72/AS01E was successful in reducing the development of active TB disease with 50% efficacy. Studies have also proven the efficacy of Vaccae (which is currently in phase III clinical trials) as an adjunctive therapy, with it being curative in conjunction with current therapy. Conclusion: Given the morbidity and mortality suffered globally by M. tuberculosis, it is time to realize the seriousness of the situation and accelerate our commitment and investment to the eradication of this infectious disease. With the number of vaccine candidates currently in clinical trials having promising results, it is imperative to continue these studies and accelerate towards phase III licensure trials if we are to achieve the milestone of “End TB Strategy” by 2035. Today, we are witnessing immense progress in both preclinical and clinical TB vaccine research despite disappointing results from some of the clinical efficacy trials like that of MVA85A. We can revisit the design of vaccines and learn from them. It is important not only to recognize and give credit to those that have tested well in human trials, such as M72 + AS01E, but to expedite and improve its efficacy through funding of its research.展开更多
Metabolic diseases have overtaken infectious diseases as the most serious public health issue and economic burden in most countries.Moreover,metabolic diseases increase the risk of having infectious diseases.The treat...Metabolic diseases have overtaken infectious diseases as the most serious public health issue and economic burden in most countries.Moreover,metabolic diseases increase the risk of having infectious diseases.The treatment of metabolic disease may require a long-term strategy of taking multiple medications,which can be costly and have side effects.Attempts to expand the therapeutic use of vaccination to prevent or treat metabolic diseases have attracted significant interest.A growing body of evidence indicates that Bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG)offers protection against non-infectious diseases.The non-specific effects of BCG occur likely due to the induction of trained immunity.In this regard,understanding how BCG influences the development of chronic metabolic health including liver diseases would be important.This review focuses on research on BCG,the constellation of disorders associated with metabolic health issues including liver diseases and diabetes as well as how BCG affects the gut microbiome,immunity,and metabolism.展开更多
Objective:Our objective was to construct a recombinant bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine(rBCG) that secretes human interferon-alpha 2b(IFNα-2b) and to study its immunogenicity and in vitro antitumor activity agai...Objective:Our objective was to construct a recombinant bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine(rBCG) that secretes human interferon-alpha 2b(IFNα-2b) and to study its immunogenicity and in vitro antitumor activity against human bladder cancer cell lines T24 and T5637.Methods:The signal sequence BCG Ag85B and the gene IFNα-2b were amplified from the genome of BCG and human peripheral blood,respectively,by polymerase chain reaction(PCR).The two genes were cloned in Escherichia coli-BCG shuttle-vector pMV261 to obtain a new recombinant plasmid pMV261-Ag85B-IFNα-2b.BCG was transformed with the recombinant plasmid by electroporation and designated rBCG-IFNα-2b.Mononuclear cells were isolated from human peripheral blood(PBMCs) and stimulated with rBCG-IFNα-2b or wild type BCG for 3 d,and then cultured with human bladder cancer cell lines T24 and T5637.Their cytotoxicities were measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay.Results:BCG was successfully transformed with the recombinant plasmid pMV261-Ag85B-IFNα-2b by electroporation and the recombinant BCG(rBCG-IFNα-2b) was capable of synthesizing and secreting cytokine IFNα-2b.PBMC proliferation was enhanced significantly by rBCG-IFNα-2b,and the cytotoxicity of PBMCs stimulated by rBCG-IFNα-2b to T24 and T5627 was significantly stronger in comparison to wild type BCG.Conclusions:A recombinant BCG,secreting human IFNα-2b(rBCG-IFNα-2b),was constructed successfully and was superior to control wild type BCG in inducing immune responses and enhancing cytotoxicity to human bladder cancer cell lines T24 and T5637.This suggests that rBCG-IFNα-2b could be a promising agent for bladder cancer patients in terms of possible reductions in both clinical dosage and side effects of BCG immunotherapy.展开更多
Approximately 70% of newly diagnosed bladder tumors are non-muscle invasive bladder cancer （NMIBC）. NMIBC accounts for approximately 80% of total bladder cancer cases. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin （BCG） instillation a...Approximately 70% of newly diagnosed bladder tumors are non-muscle invasive bladder cancer （NMIBC）. NMIBC accounts for approximately 80% of total bladder cancer cases. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin （BCG） instillation and maintenance is considered as the standard adjuvant treatment for superficial bladder cancer. A number of randomized studies have focused on the benefit of maintenance therapy following initial BCG induction. To provide further insights into the effect of intravesical instillation on recurrence in patients with NMIBC, we analyzed this relationship by conducting an updated detailed meta-analysis. Evidence suggested that adjuvant intravesical BCG with maintenance treatment is significantly effective for the prophylaxis of tumor recurrence in patients with NMIBC.展开更多
目的在不同分枝杆菌致敏豚鼠模型中研究结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物(purified protein derivative of tuberculin,TB-PPD)的量效关系。方法将受试豚鼠随机分成6组:结核分枝杆菌H37Rv活菌致敏组、结核分枝杆菌临床株CMCC 94757、94754、94766...目的在不同分枝杆菌致敏豚鼠模型中研究结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物(purified protein derivative of tuberculin,TB-PPD)的量效关系。方法将受试豚鼠随机分成6组:结核分枝杆菌H37Rv活菌致敏组、结核分枝杆菌临床株CMCC 94757、94754、94766致敏组、卡介苗(Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine,BCG)致敏组和灭活结核分枝杆菌H37Rv致敏组。各组豚鼠分别于左侧大腿腹股沟皮下注射相应致敏原,5~6周后,所有豚鼠于脊柱两侧皮内注射20 IU/m L TB-PPD和50 IU/m L TB-PPD各0.1 m L;于注射后24 h、48 h观察和记录局部硬结的纵径与横径,计算平均值。结果所有组别豚鼠接受两种规格TB-PPD皮试后,无论是24 h还是48 h,局部硬结反应直径均大于10 mm,全部阳性,阳转率均为100%。5 IU TB-PPD皮试反应强度高于2 IU TB-PPD,存在明显的剂量效应关系。其中,24 h结果显示:2 IU TB-PPD和5 IU TB-PPD在H37Rv活菌致敏组、94766致敏组、灭活H37Rv致敏组皮试反应大小差异无统计学意义(t=2.291、P=0.071;t=2.722、P=0.053;t=1.76、P=0.153),其余3组5 IU TB-PPD皮试反应强度高于2 IU TB-PPD,差异均有统计学意义(t=4.098、P=0.015;t=4.811、P=0.009;t=3.068、P=0.037)。48 h硬结反应和24 h、48 h平均硬结反应结果均显示:在各致敏组豚鼠模型中5 IU TB-PPD皮试反应强度均高于2 IU TB-PPD,皮试反应大小均有统计学差异(t=3.471、P=0.018;t=3.371、P=0.020;t=6.216、P=0.003;t=5.244、P=0.006;t=3.959、P=0.017;t=4.674、P=0.010;t=4.824、P=0.008;t=3.794、P=0.019;t=3.857、P=0.018;t=2.86、P=0.046;t=3.539、P=0.024;t=3.365、P=0.028)。结论各组豚鼠致敏模型中5 IU TB-PPD的效价均明显高于2 IU TB-PPD,存在较为明显的量效关系。各种感染状态下,虽然高剂量制品可诱导更强的迟发型超敏(delayed type hypersensitivity,DTH)反应,但低剂量制品也不影响其阳性检出率。展开更多
[Objectives]To study the effect of total flavonoids extracted from Polygonum perfoliatum L.(TFP)on immune-mediated liver injury induced by bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus lipopolysaccharide(BCG+LPS)in mice,and to explor...[Objectives]To study the effect of total flavonoids extracted from Polygonum perfoliatum L.(TFP)on immune-mediated liver injury induced by bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus lipopolysaccharide(BCG+LPS)in mice,and to explore its action mechanism.[Methods]60 Kunming mice were divided into normal group,model group,control group(bifendate)and TFP low,medium and high dose groups according to random number table method,with 10 mice in each group.On the first day of modeling,mice were injected with 0.2 mL of BCG solution(12.5 mg/mL)through the tail vein,and on the eleventh day,0.2 mL of LPS(37.5μg/mL)were injected into the tail vein to prepare a mouse model of immune-mediated liver injury;from the first day of modeling,the normal group and the model group were administered intragastrically with the corresponding volume of distilled water,and the bifendate group and the TFP high,medium,and low dose groups were administered intragastrically with the corresponding doses once a day for 11 d.After the last time administration,fasting but giving water for 16 h,took blood from eyes,then collected the liver tissue.The levels of alanine transaminase(ALT)and aspartate transaminase(AST)in serum were detected by biochemical method;transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1),intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1),interleukin-6(IL-6)and interleukin-1β(IL-1β)expression levels in liver tissue were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA);phosphorylated protein tyrosine kinase JAK-2(p-JAK2),phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(p-STAT3)protein expression levels were detected by Western Blot method;the degree of liver tissue lesions was detected by HE staining.[Results]Compared with the model group,the levels of ALT and AST in the serum of mice in each dose group of TFP(high dose 600 mg/kg,medium dose 400 mg/kg,and low dose 200 mg/kg)were reduced,and the activities of T-SOD and GSH-Px were increased;the content or expression ofβ1,ICAM-1,IL-6,IL-1βdecreased,and the expression of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 protein decreased;pathological sections showed that the degree of inflammatory necrosis and the degree of lesions in the liver tissues of each dose group of TFP were reduced by varying degrees.[Conclusions]TFP has a protective effect on BCG+LPS-induced immune-mediated liver injury in mice.The mechanism may be related to regulating the phosphorylation level of JAK2 and inhibiting the inflammatory reaction,thereby regulating the TGF-β1/STAT3 signaling pathway and improving the immune-mediated liver injury.展开更多
文摘Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a global health challenge and currently only one licensed vaccine is available. For nearly 100 years, the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been in use. While it provides protection against disseminated TB in infants, its protection against adult and adolescent pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is variable. This literature review will provide an overview of the clinical status of candidate TB vaccines and discuss the challenges and future development trends of novel TB vaccine research, in combination with a general overview of the Tuberculosis (TB) disease and Mycobacterium tuberculosis itself. Methods: Bibliographic searches were carried out on medical journal databases, publishers, and aggregators. The most used databases were PubMed, NCBI and MDPI. Publications in English on these and other databases relating to novel TB vaccines were included in this review. Results: Currently, there are 12 main vaccine candidates in various phases of clinical trials, they include four protein or adjuvant vaccines, three viral-vectored vaccines, three mycobacterial whole cells or extract vaccines, and one each of the recombinant life and the attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine. Currently, the most likely candidate vaccines are the M72 + AS01E and Vaccae vaccines. M72 + AS01E is a recombinant fusion protein vaccine candidate, clinical trials showed that administering two doses of M72/AS01E was successful in reducing the development of active TB disease with 50% efficacy. Studies have also proven the efficacy of Vaccae (which is currently in phase III clinical trials) as an adjunctive therapy, with it being curative in conjunction with current therapy. Conclusion: Given the morbidity and mortality suffered globally by M. tuberculosis, it is time to realize the seriousness of the situation and accelerate our commitment and investment to the eradication of this infectious disease. With the number of vaccine candidates currently in clinical trials having promising results, it is imperative to continue these studies and accelerate towards phase III licensure trials if we are to achieve the milestone of “End TB Strategy” by 2035. Today, we are witnessing immense progress in both preclinical and clinical TB vaccine research despite disappointing results from some of the clinical efficacy trials like that of MVA85A. We can revisit the design of vaccines and learn from them. It is important not only to recognize and give credit to those that have tested well in human trials, such as M72 + AS01E, but to expedite and improve its efficacy through funding of its research.
基金This study is supported by grants funded by the USA National Institutes of Health(R01CA222490).
文摘Metabolic diseases have overtaken infectious diseases as the most serious public health issue and economic burden in most countries.Moreover,metabolic diseases increase the risk of having infectious diseases.The treatment of metabolic disease may require a long-term strategy of taking multiple medications,which can be costly and have side effects.Attempts to expand the therapeutic use of vaccination to prevent or treat metabolic diseases have attracted significant interest.A growing body of evidence indicates that Bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG)offers protection against non-infectious diseases.The non-specific effects of BCG occur likely due to the induction of trained immunity.In this regard,understanding how BCG influences the development of chronic metabolic health including liver diseases would be important.This review focuses on research on BCG,the constellation of disorders associated with metabolic health issues including liver diseases and diabetes as well as how BCG affects the gut microbiome,immunity,and metabolism.
基金Project(No.2006C30011)supported by the Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province of China
文摘Objective:Our objective was to construct a recombinant bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine(rBCG) that secretes human interferon-alpha 2b(IFNα-2b) and to study its immunogenicity and in vitro antitumor activity against human bladder cancer cell lines T24 and T5637.Methods:The signal sequence BCG Ag85B and the gene IFNα-2b were amplified from the genome of BCG and human peripheral blood,respectively,by polymerase chain reaction(PCR).The two genes were cloned in Escherichia coli-BCG shuttle-vector pMV261 to obtain a new recombinant plasmid pMV261-Ag85B-IFNα-2b.BCG was transformed with the recombinant plasmid by electroporation and designated rBCG-IFNα-2b.Mononuclear cells were isolated from human peripheral blood(PBMCs) and stimulated with rBCG-IFNα-2b or wild type BCG for 3 d,and then cultured with human bladder cancer cell lines T24 and T5637.Their cytotoxicities were measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay.Results:BCG was successfully transformed with the recombinant plasmid pMV261-Ag85B-IFNα-2b by electroporation and the recombinant BCG(rBCG-IFNα-2b) was capable of synthesizing and secreting cytokine IFNα-2b.PBMC proliferation was enhanced significantly by rBCG-IFNα-2b,and the cytotoxicity of PBMCs stimulated by rBCG-IFNα-2b to T24 and T5627 was significantly stronger in comparison to wild type BCG.Conclusions:A recombinant BCG,secreting human IFNα-2b(rBCG-IFNα-2b),was constructed successfully and was superior to control wild type BCG in inducing immune responses and enhancing cytotoxicity to human bladder cancer cell lines T24 and T5637.This suggests that rBCG-IFNα-2b could be a promising agent for bladder cancer patients in terms of possible reductions in both clinical dosage and side effects of BCG immunotherapy.
文摘Approximately 70% of newly diagnosed bladder tumors are non-muscle invasive bladder cancer （NMIBC）. NMIBC accounts for approximately 80% of total bladder cancer cases. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin （BCG） instillation and maintenance is considered as the standard adjuvant treatment for superficial bladder cancer. A number of randomized studies have focused on the benefit of maintenance therapy following initial BCG induction. To provide further insights into the effect of intravesical instillation on recurrence in patients with NMIBC, we analyzed this relationship by conducting an updated detailed meta-analysis. Evidence suggested that adjuvant intravesical BCG with maintenance treatment is significantly effective for the prophylaxis of tumor recurrence in patients with NMIBC.
文摘目的在不同分枝杆菌致敏豚鼠模型中研究结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物(purified protein derivative of tuberculin,TB-PPD)的量效关系。方法将受试豚鼠随机分成6组:结核分枝杆菌H37Rv活菌致敏组、结核分枝杆菌临床株CMCC 94757、94754、94766致敏组、卡介苗(Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine,BCG)致敏组和灭活结核分枝杆菌H37Rv致敏组。各组豚鼠分别于左侧大腿腹股沟皮下注射相应致敏原,5~6周后,所有豚鼠于脊柱两侧皮内注射20 IU/m L TB-PPD和50 IU/m L TB-PPD各0.1 m L;于注射后24 h、48 h观察和记录局部硬结的纵径与横径,计算平均值。结果所有组别豚鼠接受两种规格TB-PPD皮试后,无论是24 h还是48 h,局部硬结反应直径均大于10 mm,全部阳性,阳转率均为100%。5 IU TB-PPD皮试反应强度高于2 IU TB-PPD,存在明显的剂量效应关系。其中,24 h结果显示:2 IU TB-PPD和5 IU TB-PPD在H37Rv活菌致敏组、94766致敏组、灭活H37Rv致敏组皮试反应大小差异无统计学意义(t=2.291、P=0.071;t=2.722、P=0.053;t=1.76、P=0.153),其余3组5 IU TB-PPD皮试反应强度高于2 IU TB-PPD,差异均有统计学意义(t=4.098、P=0.015;t=4.811、P=0.009;t=3.068、P=0.037)。48 h硬结反应和24 h、48 h平均硬结反应结果均显示:在各致敏组豚鼠模型中5 IU TB-PPD皮试反应强度均高于2 IU TB-PPD,皮试反应大小均有统计学差异(t=3.471、P=0.018;t=3.371、P=0.020;t=6.216、P=0.003;t=5.244、P=0.006;t=3.959、P=0.017;t=4.674、P=0.010;t=4.824、P=0.008;t=3.794、P=0.019;t=3.857、P=0.018;t=2.86、P=0.046;t=3.539、P=0.024;t=3.365、P=0.028)。结论各组豚鼠致敏模型中5 IU TB-PPD的效价均明显高于2 IU TB-PPD,存在较为明显的量效关系。各种感染状态下,虽然高剂量制品可诱导更强的迟发型超敏(delayed type hypersensitivity,DTH)反应,但低剂量制品也不影响其阳性检出率。
基金Natural Science Foundation Project of Guangxi(2017GXNSFAA 198326)。
文摘[Objectives]To study the effect of total flavonoids extracted from Polygonum perfoliatum L.(TFP)on immune-mediated liver injury induced by bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus lipopolysaccharide(BCG+LPS)in mice,and to explore its action mechanism.[Methods]60 Kunming mice were divided into normal group,model group,control group(bifendate)and TFP low,medium and high dose groups according to random number table method,with 10 mice in each group.On the first day of modeling,mice were injected with 0.2 mL of BCG solution(12.5 mg/mL)through the tail vein,and on the eleventh day,0.2 mL of LPS(37.5μg/mL)were injected into the tail vein to prepare a mouse model of immune-mediated liver injury;from the first day of modeling,the normal group and the model group were administered intragastrically with the corresponding volume of distilled water,and the bifendate group and the TFP high,medium,and low dose groups were administered intragastrically with the corresponding doses once a day for 11 d.After the last time administration,fasting but giving water for 16 h,took blood from eyes,then collected the liver tissue.The levels of alanine transaminase(ALT)and aspartate transaminase(AST)in serum were detected by biochemical method;transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1),intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1),interleukin-6(IL-6)and interleukin-1β(IL-1β)expression levels in liver tissue were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA);phosphorylated protein tyrosine kinase JAK-2(p-JAK2),phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(p-STAT3)protein expression levels were detected by Western Blot method;the degree of liver tissue lesions was detected by HE staining.[Results]Compared with the model group,the levels of ALT and AST in the serum of mice in each dose group of TFP(high dose 600 mg/kg,medium dose 400 mg/kg,and low dose 200 mg/kg)were reduced,and the activities of T-SOD and GSH-Px were increased;the content or expression ofβ1,ICAM-1,IL-6,IL-1βdecreased,and the expression of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 protein decreased;pathological sections showed that the degree of inflammatory necrosis and the degree of lesions in the liver tissues of each dose group of TFP were reduced by varying degrees.[Conclusions]TFP has a protective effect on BCG+LPS-induced immune-mediated liver injury in mice.The mechanism may be related to regulating the phosphorylation level of JAK2 and inhibiting the inflammatory reaction,thereby regulating the TGF-β1/STAT3 signaling pathway and improving the immune-mediated liver injury.
