Back-Stepping Control for Flexible Air-Breathing Hypersonic Vehicles Based on Uncertainty and Disturbance Estimator

A theoretical framework of nonlinear flight control for a flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle(FAHV)is proposed in this paper.In order to suppress the system uncertainty and external disturbance,an uncertainty and disturbance estimator(UDE)based back-stepping control strategy is designed for a dynamic state-feedback controller to provide stable velocity and altitude tracking.Firstly,the longitudinal dynamics of FAHV is simplified into a closure loop form with lumped uncertainty and disturbance.Then the UDE is applied to estimate the lumped uncertainty and disturbance for the purpose of control input compensation.While a nonlinear tracking differentiator is introduced to solve the problem of“explosion of term”in the back-stepping control.The stability of the UDE-based control strategy is proved by using Lyapunov stability theorem.Finally,simulation results are presented to demonstrate the capacity of the proposed control strategy.

Adaptive Back-Stepping Control of Automotive Electronic Control Throttle

Back-stepping control (BSC), which is deemed effective for a non-holonomic system, is applied to improving both responsiveness and resolution performance of an electronic control throttle (ECT) used in automotive engines. This paper is characterized by the use of a two-step type BSC in a manner that achieves an improvement in responsiveness with the ETC operated in a fully opened state by adding a derivative term in Step 1 and the improvement in resolution performance with the ETC operated in a minutely opened state by adding an adaptive feature in the form of an integral term using the control deviation in Step 2. This paper presents an ECT control expressed as a second-order system including nonlinearities such as backlash of gear train and static friction in sliding area, a BSC system designed based on Lyapunov stability, and a determination method for control parameters. Also, a two-step type BSC system is formulated using Matlab/Simulink with a physics model as a control object. As a result of simulation analyses, it becomes clear that the BSC system can achieve quicker response because the derivative term works effectively and finer resolution because the adaptive control absorbs the error margin of the nonlinear compensation than conventional PID control.

Precision Motion Control of Hydraulic Actuator Using Adaptive Back-Stepping Sliding Mode Controller

Hydraulic actuators are highly nonlinear when they are subjected to different types of model uncertainties and dynamic disturbances.These unfavorable factors adversely affect the control performance of the hydraulic actuator.Although various control methods have been employed to improve the tracking precision of the dynamic system,optimizing and adjusting control gain to mitigate the hydraulic actuator model uncertainties remains elusive.This study presents an adaptive back-stepping sliding mode controller(ABSMC)to enhance the trajectory tracking precision,where the virtual control law is constructed to replace the position error.The adaptive control theory is introduced in back-stepping controller design to compensate for the model uncertainties and time-varying disturbances.Based on Lyapunov theory,the finite-time convergence of the position tracking errors is proved.Furthermore,the effectiveness of the developed control scheme is conducted via extensive comparative experiments.

A Back-stepping Based Trajectory Tracking Controller for a Non-chained Nonholonomic Spherical Robot

Spherical robot has good static and dynamic stability, which provides it with strong viability in hostile environment, but the lack of effective control methods has hindered its application and development. This article deals with the dynamic trajectory tracking problem of the spherical robot BHQ-2 designed for unmanned environment exploration. The dynamic model of the spherical robot is established with a simplified Boltzmann-Hamel equation, based on which a trajectory tracking controller is designed by using the back-stepping method. The convergence of the controller is proved with the Lyapunov stability theory. Numerical simulations show that with the controller the robot can globally and asymptotically track desired trajectories, both linear and circular.

谐波驱动系统Back-stepping滑模控制研究

针对谐波传动系统动力学模型中存在的柔性变形、摩擦和运动误差等非线性因素。为了提高系统的传动精度,针对系统非线性刚度和静态误差因素进行了建模,并提出了一种Back-stepping滑模控制方法。利用Lyapunov稳定性理论,证明了闭环系统的误差是一致有界的。仿真结果表明,与PID控制相比,采用Back-stepping滑模控制,系统传动误差曲线峰峰值减小66.63%;负载端角速率误差曲线峰峰值减小77.35%。Back-stepping滑模控制能有效地补偿系统传动误差,抑制其负载端的速度波动,提高了系统的传动精度。

Advanced Functional Electromagnetic Shielding Materials:A Review Based on Micro‑Nano Structure Interface Control of Biomass Cell Walls

Research efforts on electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials have begun to converge on green and sustainable biomass materials.These materials offer numerous advantages such as being lightweight,porous,and hierarchical.Due to their porous nature,interfacial compatibility,and electrical conductivity,biomass materials hold significant potential as EMI shielding materials.Despite concerted efforts on the EMI shielding of biomass materials have been reported,this research area is still relatively new compared to traditional EMI shielding materials.In particular,a more comprehensive study and summary of the factors influencing biomass EMI shielding materials including the pore structure adjustment,preparation process,and micro-control would be valuable.The preparation methods and characteristics of wood,bamboo,cellulose and lignin in EMI shielding field are critically discussed in this paper,and similar biomass EMI materials are summarized and analyzed.The composite methods and fillers of various biomass materials were reviewed.this paper also highlights the mechanism of EMI shielding as well as existing prospects and challenges for development trends in this field.

Association of the glycemic background patterns and the diabetes management efficacy in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND Inadequate glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes(T2DM)is a major public health problem and a significant risk factor for the progression of diabetic complications.AIM To evaluate the effects of intensive and supportive glycemic management strategies over a 12-month period in individuals with T2DM with glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c)≥10%and varying backgrounds of glycemic control.METHODS This prospective observational study investigated glycemic control in patients with poorly controlled T2DM over 12 months.Participants were categorized into four groups based on prior glycemic history:Newly diagnosed,previously well controlled with recent worsening,previously off-target but now worsening,and HbA1c consistently above 10%.HbA1c levels were monitored quarterly,and patients received medical,educational,and dietary support as needed.The analysis focused on the success rates of good glycemic control and the associated factors within each group.RESULTS The study showed significant improvements in HbA1c levels in all participants.The most significant improvement was observed in individuals newly diagnosed with diabetes:65%achieved an HbA1c target of≤7%.The results varied between participants with different glycemic control histories,followed by decreasing success rates:39%in participants with previously good glycemic control,21%in participants whose glycemic control had deteriorated compared to before,and only 10%in participants with persistently poor control,with mean HbA1c levels of 6.3%,7.7%,8.2%,and 9.7%,respectively.After one year,65.2%of the“newly diagnosed patients”,39.3%in the“previously controlled group”,21.9%in the“previously off-target but now worsened'”group and 10%in the“poorly controlled from the start”group had achieved HbA1c levels of 7 and below.CONCLUSION In poorly controlled diabetes,the rate at which treatment goals are achieved is associated with the glycemic background characteristics,emphasizing the need for tailored strategies.Therefore,different and comprehensive treatment approaches are needed for patients with persistent uncontrolled diabetes.

Passive activity enhances residual control ability in patients with complete spinal cord injury

Patients with complete spinal cord injury retain the potential for volitional muscle activity in muscles located below the spinal injury level.However,because of prolonged inactivity,initial attempts to activate these muscles may not effectively engage any of the remaining neurons in the descending pathway.A previous study unexpectedly found that a brief clinical round of passive activity significantly increased volitional muscle activation,as measured by surface electromyography.In this study,we further explored the effect of passive activity on surface electromyographic signals during volitional control tasks among individuals with complete spinal cord injury.Eleven patients with chronic complete thoracic spinal cord injury were recruited.Surface electromyography data from eight major leg muscles were acquired and compared before and after the passive activity protocol.The results indicated that the passive activity led to an increased number of activated volitional muscles and an increased frequency of activation.Although the cumulative root mean square of surface electromyography amplitude for volitional control of movement showed a slight increase after passive activity,the difference was not statistically significant.These findings suggest that brief passive activity may enhance the ability to initiate volitional muscle activity during surface electromyography tasks and underscore the potential of passive activity for improving residual motor control among patients with motor complete spinal cord injury.

A matrix metalloproteinase-responsive hydrogel system controls angiogenic peptide release for repair of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

Vascular endothelial growth factor and its mimic peptide KLTWQELYQLKYKGI(QK)are widely used as the most potent angiogenic factors for the treatment of multiple ischemic diseases.However,conventional topical drug delivery often results in a burst release of the drug,leading to transient retention(inefficacy)and undesirable diffusion(toxicity)in vivo.Therefore,a drug delivery system that responds to changes in the microenvironment of tissue regeneration and controls vascular endothelial growth factor release is crucial to improve the treatment of ischemic stroke.Matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2)is gradually upregulated after cerebral ischemia.Herein,vascular endothelial growth factor mimic peptide QK was self-assembled with MMP-2-cleaved peptide PLGLAG(TIMP)and customizable peptide amphiphilic(PA)molecules to construct nanofiber hydrogel PA-TIMP-QK.PA-TIMP-QK was found to control the delivery of QK by MMP-2 upregulation after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and had a similar biological activity with vascular endothelial growth factor in vitro.The results indicated that PA-TIMP-QK promoted neuronal survival,restored local blood circulation,reduced blood-brain barrier permeability,and restored motor function.These findings suggest that the self-assembling nanofiber hydrogel PA-TIMP-QK may provide an intelligent drug delivery system that responds to the microenvironment and promotes regeneration and repair after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.

汽车电子节气门Back-stepping滑模控制器设计

建立包含黏滞摩擦模型、复位弹簧模型及齿轮间隙模型的电子节气门系统的数学模型,并针对节气门系统的非线性特性设计了基于非线性终端滑模面的Back-steeping滑模控制器,可以提高系统收敛速度,降低系统误差并消除系统抖动。同时,针对控制系统中不确定扰动及电子节气门阀板角速度和电机电流不可测量变量设计了非线性扩张状态观测器,实现了系统不可测量变量和不确定扰动准确估计。通过搭建ds PACE快速控制原型环境,并针对电子节气门的实际应用工况对设计的控制器进行了实验验证。实验结果表明所设计Back-stepping滑模控制器对目标角度跟踪精度高,收敛速度快且无超调,可以满足电子节气门的控制要求。

基于Back-stepping的轮式机器人轨迹跟踪

轮式机器人属于一种典型的非完整约束系统。为了解决它的全局轨迹跟踪控制,提出了一种Back-stepping算法设计:先将非线性系统分解成若干个子系统,然后对这些子系统分步构造李亚普诺夫函数和中间虚拟控制量,并一直"反推"至整个系统控制律基于Back-stepping的轮式机器人轨迹跟踪控制设计的完成,算法具有结构简单、参数少、易于编程实现及全局收敛性等优点。基于机器人运动学模型采用Back-stepping算法设计控制器,有效解决了轮式机器人轨迹跟踪问题。数值仿真结果表明,所述方法正确有效。

轮式移动机器人的Back-stepping滑模模糊自适应轨迹跟踪控制

为提高两轮驱动轮式移动机器人轨迹跟踪控制的精度,依据轮式移动机器人的运动学和动力学方程,提出了一种具有全局渐进稳定性的控制方法。首先基于Back-stepping建立了轮式移动机器人的运动学控制器;其次通过滑模控制方法建立轮式移动机器人的动力学控制器;然后加入模糊控制系统调节滑模增益以削弱抖振;最后对系统的未知扰动建立自适应控制规律,并证明了其稳定性。以跟踪直线、圆、类正弦轨迹为例进行了仿真研究,验证了该控制方法的有效性。

基于新型Back-stepping方法的电力系统励磁控制器设计

为了解决励磁系统的不确定性影响互联电力系统的稳定控制问题,提出一种新型的鲁棒自适应控制器递推设计方法.与传统的Back-stepping设计方法相比,新方法减少了对被控对象的严格要求,所设计的控制器避免了过度参数化和复杂化问题,能够保证闭环系统对不确定参数的自适应性以及对建模误差和有界外部干扰的鲁棒性.采用该方法设计的电力系统新型励磁控制器在华东电网上进行数值仿真,结果表明,所设计的控制器能够有效提高互联系统的暂态稳定性.

基于Back-Stepping鲁棒自适应动态面的近空间飞行器控制

针对近空间可变翼高超声速飞行器的非线性系统控制问题,考虑可变翼对建模的影响、模型参数不确定性和外界未知干扰对跟踪控制性能的影响,以及虚拟信号多次"微分膨胀"问题,提出一种基于Back-Stepping的鲁棒自适应动态面控制策略。首先利用插值拟合得到飞行器巡航段的气动参数,建立精确的纵向模型,得到飞行器纵向不确定严格反馈块非线性模型。其次根据飞行器的状态变量特性,将高度和速度分开控制,利用反步法依次求取控制信号,并采用RBF神经网络对未知干扰进行逼近,在线实时更新参数,实现鲁棒自适应性能。针对虚拟控制信号求导困难和微分膨胀的问题,加入动态面控制。通过Lyapunov函数等,证明该方法可以保证系统的半全局稳定有界,最后通过仿真表明该控制器具有较强的鲁棒性和良好的跟踪性。

Recent Progress in Reinforcement Learning and Adaptive Dynamic Programming for Advanced Control Applications

Reinforcement learning(RL) has roots in dynamic programming and it is called adaptive/approximate dynamic programming(ADP) within the control community. This paper reviews recent developments in ADP along with RL and its applications to various advanced control fields. First, the background of the development of ADP is described, emphasizing the significance of regulation and tracking control problems. Some effective offline and online algorithms for ADP/adaptive critic control are displayed, where the main results towards discrete-time systems and continuous-time systems are surveyed, respectively.Then, the research progress on adaptive critic control based on the event-triggered framework and under uncertain environment is discussed, respectively, where event-based design, robust stabilization, and game design are reviewed. Moreover, the extensions of ADP for addressing control problems under complex environment attract enormous attention. The ADP architecture is revisited under the perspective of data-driven and RL frameworks,showing how they promote ADP formulation significantly.Finally, several typical control applications with respect to RL and ADP are summarized, particularly in the fields of wastewater treatment processes and power systems, followed by some general prospects for future research. Overall, the comprehensive survey on ADP and RL for advanced control applications has d emonstrated its remarkable potential within the artificial intelligence era. In addition, it also plays a vital role in promoting environmental protection and industrial intelligence.

Finite-time Prescribed Performance Time-Varying Formation Control for Second-Order Multi-Agent Systems With Non-Strict Feedback Based on a Neural Network Observer

This paper studies the problem of time-varying formation control with finite-time prescribed performance for nonstrict feedback second-order multi-agent systems with unmeasured states and unknown nonlinearities.To eliminate nonlinearities,neural networks are applied to approximate the inherent dynamics of the system.In addition,due to the limitations of the actual working conditions,each follower agent can only obtain the locally measurable partial state information of the leader agent.To address this problem,a neural network state observer based on the leader state information is designed.Then,a finite-time prescribed performance adaptive output feedback control strategy is proposed by restricting the sliding mode surface to a prescribed region,which ensures that the closed-loop system has practical finite-time stability and that formation errors of the multi-agent systems converge to the prescribed performance bound in finite time.Finally,a numerical simulation is provided to demonstrate the practicality and effectiveness of the developed algorithm.

Vibration Control of A Flexible Marine Riser System Subject to Input Dead Zone and Extraneous Disturbances

An observer-based adaptive backstepping boundary control is proposed for vibration control of flexible offshore riser systems with unknown nonlinear input dead zone and uncertain environmental disturbances.The control algorithm can update the control law online through real-time data to make the controller adapt to the environment and improve the control precision.Specifically,based on the adaptive backstepping framework,virtual control laws and Lyapunov functions are designed for each subsystem.Three direction interference observers are designed to track the timevarying boundary disturbance.On this basis,the inverse of the dead zone and linear state transformation are used to compensate for the original system and eliminate the adverse effects of the dead zone.In addition,the stability of the closed-loop system is proven by Lyapunov stability theory.All the system states are bounded,and the vibration offset of the riser converges to a small area of the initial position.Finally,four examples of flexible marine risers are simulated in MATLAB to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller.

基于back-stepping方法的随机系统的非线性控制器

应用李雅普若夫第二方和伊藤公式,结合Young不等式分析受控随机非线性系统的非线性控制器的特性,并基于back-stepp ing方法设计出受控随机非线性系统的非线性控制器,证明在一定的条件下非线性控制器的镇定必须指数稳定性。最后仿真结果表明基于back-stepp ing方法设计出的非线性控制器设计的有效性。

Control of highly pathogenic avian influenza through vaccination

The stamping-out strategy has been used to control highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in many countries,driven by the belief that vaccination would not be successful against such viruses and fears that avian influenza virus in vaccinated birds would evolve more rapidly and pose a greater risk to humans.In this review,we summarize the successes in controlling highly pathogenic avian influenza in China and make suggestions regarding the requirements for vaccine selection and effectiveness.In addition,we present evidence that vaccination of poultry not only eliminates human infection with avian influenza virus,but also significantly reduces and abolishes some harmful characteristics of avian influenza virus.

An Integrated Control Framework for Torque Vectoring and Active Suspension System

Four-wheel independently driven electric vehicles(FWID-EV)endow a flexible and scalable control framework to improve vehicle performance.This paper integrates the torque vectoring and active suspension system(ASS)to enhance the vehicle’s longitudinal and vertical motion control performance.While the nonlinear characteristic of the tire model leads to a relatively heavier computational burden.To facilitate the controller design and ease the load,a half-vehicle dynamics system is built and simplified to the linear-time-varying(LTV)model.Then a model predictive controller is developed by formulating the objective function by comprehensively considering the safety,energy-saving and comfort requirements.The in-wheel motor efficiency and the power loss of tire slip are treated as optimization indices in this work to reduce energy consumption.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed controller is verified through the rapid-control-prototype(RCP)test.The results demonstrate the enhancement of the energy-saving as well as comfort on the basis of vehicle stability.