A novel multi-pin rectangular waveguide slow-wave structure based backward wave amplifier at 340 GHz

A backward wave amplifier（BWA） in a terahertz regime with a novel slow-wave structure（SWS） composed of multi parallel grating pins inside a rectangular waveguide is analyzed. The multi-pin rectangular waveguide SWS possesses good performance and is compatible with micro-fabrication technologies. The dispersion and interaction impedance of the multipin SWS are presented. The stopbands of the modes cling together in a Brillouim zone. The SWS has a high interaction impedance that is suitable for the interaction of multi cylindrical beams. The design, which is based on three parallel pins supporting the wave–beam interaction with four cylindrical beams, is verified by three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. A BWA with the central frequency at 340 GHz is demonstrated, and the output power is more than 100 mW.A tuning frequency range of 15 GHz（333–348 GHz） is obtained with a gain of more than 20 dB.

Theoretical models for designing a 220-GHz folded waveguide backward wave oscillator

In this paper, the basic equations of beam-wave interaction for designing the 220 GHz folded waveguide （FW） backward wave oscillator （BWO） are described. On the whole, these equations are mainly classified into small signal model （SSM）, large signal model （LSM）, and simplified small signal model （SSSM）. Using these linear and nonlinear one-dimensional （1D） models, the oscillation characteristics of the FW BWO of a given configuration of slow wave struc- ture （SWS） can be calculated by numerical iteration algorithm, which is more time efficient than three-dimensional （3D） particle-in-cell （PIC） simulation. The SSSM expressed by analytical formulas is innovatively derived for determining the initial values of the FW SWS conveniently. The dispersion characteristics of the FW are obtained by equivalent circuit analysis. The space charge effect, the end reflection effect, the lossy wall effect, and the relativistic effect are all considered in our models to offer more accurate results. The design process of the FW BWO tube with output power of watt scale in a frequency range between 215 GHz and 225 GHz based on these 1D models is demonstrated. The 3D PIC method is adopted to verify the theoretical design results, which shows that they are in good agreement with each other.

Research of sine waveguide slow-wave structure for a 220-GHz backward wave oscillator

A watt-class backward wave oscillator is proposed, using the concise sine waveguide slow-wave structure combined with a pencil electron beam to operate at 220 GHz. Firstly, the dispersion curve of the sine waveguide is calculated, then, the oscillation frequency and operating voltage of the device are predicted and the circuit transmission loss is calculated. Finally, the particle-in-cell simulation method is used to forecast its radiation performance. The results show that this novel backward wave oscillator can produce over 1-W continuous wave power output in a frequency range from 210 GHz to 230 GHz. Therefore, it will be considered as a very promising high-power millimeter-wave to terahertz-wave radiation source.

Development of the relativistic backward wave oscillator with a permanent magnet

Firstly, an X-band relativistic backward wave oscillator with a low guiding magnetic field is simulated, whose output microwave power is 520 MW. Then, an experiment is carried out on an accelerator to investigate a relativistic backward wave oscillator with a permanent magnetic field whose strength is 0.46 T. When the energy of the electron is 630 keV and the current of the electron beam is 6.7 kA, a 15 ns width pulsed microwave with 510 MW output power at 8.0 GHz microwave frequency is achieved.

Theoretical investigation of a backward wave oscillator

From the linear Vlasov equation, the theoretical investigation on relativistic backward wave oscillator is performed. The relationship between the microwave power and the guiding magnetic field, which accords with the results of the particle simulation and experiments, is deduced.

Study of superradiance based on a low-voltage backward wave oscillator

According to the small size requirement for wide-band high-power microwave radiation, a superradiance backward wave oscillator （BWO） is proposed to generate such high-power microwave radiation with a low voltage （～20 kV） pulse power supply and low guiding magnet field （～0.1T）. In order to get a high-efficiency C-band superradiance BWO with a low beam voltage and a low guiding magnet field, the mechanism of superradiance in a BWO is explored in particle-in-cell simulation. With the oversized structure, the simulation shows that a microwave power of 405 kW with a frequency of 5.6 GHz and a spectrum width of 500 MHz can be obtained with a voltage of 23 kV and magnetic field of 0.1 T.

Propagation Properties of Backward Lamb Waves in Plate Investigated by Dynamic Photoelastic Technique

The dynamic photoelastic technique is employed to visualize and quantify the propagation properties of backward Lamb waves in a plate. Higher energy leakage of second-order symmetric backward wave mode S2b in contrast to third-order anti-symmetric backward mode A3b is shown by the dispersion curve of a plate immersed in water, and then verified by experiments. To avoid the considerable high leakage, the plate is placed in air, both group and phase velocities of modes S2b and A3b in the glass plate are experimentally measured. In comparison with the theoretical values, less than 5% errors are found in experiments.

Manipulating Backward Propagation of Acoustic Waves by a Periodical Structure

In the backward propagation of acoustic waves, the direction of phase velocity is anti-parallel to that of group velocity. We propose a scheme to manipulate the backward propagation using a periodicM structure. The dynamic backward propagation process is further experimentally observed. It is demonstrated that the oblique incident plane wave moves backward when it travels through the periodical structure and the backward shift can be controlled within a certain range.

The Single Particle Theory of Backward-Wave Amplifications Based on Electron Cyclotron Maser with a Rectilinear Beam

The theory of slow backward-wave amplifications is developed based on electron cyclotron maser （ECM） mechanism employing an initially rectilinear beam, A nonlinear evolution equation is derived to describe the electron energy. Numerical calculations show that the saturated interaction efficiency in this system may exceed 20~, and the saturated interaction length spans 3-6 centimeters. The distinctive interaction mechanism is promising for the design of compact backward microwave amplification devices, Numerical studies are also presented for the slow-wave ECM efficiency with inclusion of Gaussian beam electron velocity spread. It is shown that the velocity spread reduces the interaction e^ciency.

Simulations of a two-stream backward-wave oscillator with a slot-hole structure

We study a two-stream backward-wave oscillator with a slot-hole structure at short millimeter waves with the help of a three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation. In order to increase the interaction region of the electron beam, the efficiency and the output power, a slot-hole loaded rectangular waveguide structure used as the high-frequency system is proposed. Based on the mechanism of the backward-wave oscillator, a slow-wave oscillator with a frequency of 0.14 THz is designed. The simulations show that the output power and the efficiency of the oscillator can be enhanced due to the coupling between the two beams through the slot holes. The interaction efficiency is 5.18%, and the starting current density is below 5 A. cm^-2 for the two beams. These attractive results indicate that, based on the two-stream backward-wave oscillator, we can get short millimeter wave sources with high power and low current density.

品质因数对TM_(02)模相对论返波管工作模式影响

结合理论分析和数值模拟,研究了TM_(02)模过模结构相对论返波管的模式竞争机制.理论推导得到波纹波导中混合模式与圆波导中对应模式的近似关系,以近似模式作为波导输入来计算包含的高频结构S11参数曲线,分析各模式的品质因数.三维粒子模拟结果显示,当TM_(02)模式的耦合阻抗优势明显时,束波作用点基本不受两端反射影响,输出的其他模式微波主要是由互作用模式转换而来;当耦合阻抗优势不明显时,品质因数的改变会影响束波相互作用,起振模式随之变化.各模式群速度接近时,谐振对工作模式的影响的实质是末端反射主导下的品质因数对模式的影响.品质因数和耦合阻抗对返波管工作模式的共同作用为在输出模式稳定的前提下优化输出功率、降低磁场提供了更大空间,使用多目标优化设计算法对相对论返波管进行优化,最终三维模拟得到的返波管输出功率达到534 MW,TM_(02)模式输出功率占比94.95%.

带双腔反射器的X波段低磁场过模相对论返波管振荡器

提出了一种X波段过模低磁场高效率相对论返波管振荡器(RBWO),其主要结构包括一个双谐振腔反射器、一个周期性慢波结构和一个插入式同轴内导体模式选择器。该RBWO采用了过模结构,较大的过模比带来了更高的功率容量。慢波结构分为空心与同轴两部分,插入同轴避免了高阶模式的竞争,使两段慢波结构分别工作在TM_(02)和同轴TM_(01)模式下。同时,插入同轴还起着模式转换的功能,将TM_(02)转化为TM_(01),最终在输出波导中输出纯TM_(01)模式。双谐振腔反射器使慢波结构在过模条件下与二极管区域能够实现良好隔离,同时为电子束提供足够的预调制,实现在低磁场下较高的微波转化效率。利用粒子模拟仿真对器件进行优化设计,在二极管电压850 kV、束流11.74 kA、引导磁场0.63 T的条件下,获得了3.5 GW的微波输出功率,微波中心频率为9.46 GHz,转换效率约为35%。

Cell-type continuous electromagnetic radiation system generating millimeter waves for active denial system applications

The cell-type continuous electromagnetic radiation system is a demonstration device capable of generating high-power millimeter electromagnetic waves of a specific wavelength and observing their effects on living organisms.It irradiates a biological sample placed in a 30×30×50 cm^(3)cell with electromagnetic waves in the 3.15-mm-wavelength region(with an output of≥1 W)and analyzes the temperature change of the sample.A vacuum electronic device-based coupled-cavity backward-wave oscillator converts the electron energy of the electron beam into radiofrequency(RF)energy and radiates it to the target through an antenna,increasing the temperature through the absorption of RF energy in the skin.The system causes pain and ultimately reduces combat power.A cell-type continuous electromagnetic radiation system consisting of four parts—an electromagnetic-wave generator,a highvoltage power supply,a test cell,and a system controller—generates an RF signal of≥1 W in a continuous waveform at a 95-GHz center frequency,as well as a chemical solution with a dielectric constant similar to that of the skin of a living organism.An increase of 5°C lasting approximately 10 s was confirmed through an experiment.

叶片形状对径向式透平波浪发电效率的影响

从后弯管的实验数据出发,设计4个透平,以研究叶片形状对径向式透平用于波浪能发电时转换效率的影响。通过数值分析方法得到4个透平在稳定流动中的性能参数,结果表明4个透平的性能相接近。基于稳定流动计算结果,使用准稳态方法分析4个透平在不稳定流动中的性能,结果表明由于存在反向流动现象,4个透平在不稳定流中的效率存在很大差异。后弯管空气透平的设计不仅要考虑效率,还要考虑反向流动时产生的扭矩。

New explicit multi-symplectic scheme for nonlinear wave equation

Based on splitting multi-symplectic structures, a new multi-symplectic scheme is proposed and applied to a nonlinear wave equation. The explicit multi-symplectic scheme of the nonlinear wave equation is obtained, and the corresponding multi-symplectic conservation property is proved. The backward error analysis shows that the explicit multi-symplectic scheme has good accuracy. The sine-Gordon equation and the Klein-Gordon equation are simulated by an explicit multi-symplectic scheme. The numerical results show that the new explicit multi-symplectic scheme can well simulate the solitary wave behaviors of the nonlinear wave equation and approximately preserve the relative energy error of the equation.

THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF GYROTROPY AND CHIRALITY IN CIRCULAR FARADAY CHIROWAVEGUIDES

Based on the method of separating variables and the technique of Muller’s calculating roots, the propagation characteristics of hybrid modes in homogeneous and inhomogeneous circular Faraday chirowaveguides are examined in detail. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the combined effects of different constitutive parameters on the mode bifurcation, symmetry and nonreciprocity, backward-wave and attenuation of hybrid modes, which are different from the cases of ordinary gyrotropic and reciprocal chiral waveguides.

Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Waveguide Loaded by Split Ring Resonator of Negative Permeability

This paper aims to study and analyze the electromagnetic propagation in media with negative transverse permeability and how this leads into some physical phenomena such as the appearance of backward waves and the propagation below cutoff. This study is done through the use of metamaterials of split ring resonators. It is shown that the waveguide dimensions needed to transmit a certain frequency band, can be miniaturized to half its dimension. The analytical determination of the propagation inside a waveguide in the presence of two slabs with dielectric permittivity and negative transverse permeability is derived. Finally it is shown by simulation, how to obtain a backward wave with lower loss than reported earlier in the literature.

适合航行的变体水柱系统波浪转换特性实验研究

针对现有波浪能技术存在成本高、生存性差等问题,本文研究一种具有航行潜质的变体水柱波浪能转换系统,它由浮力舱、垂直管、水平管、闸门等组成,通过闸门改变振荡水柱的长度和形状,改变航行阻力,实验研究了水柱的长度和形状变化、气流做功方式对系统转换特性的影响,并提出一套量化标准对系统的转换特性进行评价。水槽实验表明:模型规则波下最高俘获宽度比达到了154.6%,随机波下最高俘获宽度比达到了97.0%;规则下闸门打开的模型的俘获宽度比大概是闸门关闭模型俘获宽度比的1/2,随机波下闸门打开模型的俘获宽度比大概是闸门关闭模型俘获宽度比的3/4。

一种宽带瓦量级交错双栅脊波导返波振荡器的研究

为满足太赫兹领域对大功率、宽带宽的太赫兹辐射源的需求,提出了一种新型交错双栅脊波导(RDSG)慢波结构。设计并优化了交错双栅脊波导返波振荡器的高频结构,同时对交错双栅脊波导和常规交错双栅的高频特性进行了仿真和对比,结果表明:当二者相速度接近时,交错双栅脊波导拥有更宽的“冷”通带带宽和更高的耦合阻抗。PIC仿真结果表明,在1 THz频段,交错双栅脊波导返波振荡器拥有超过175 GHz的可调谐带宽以及1.1 W的输出功率,比相同工作条件下的常规交错双栅结构输出功率了提高34%~42%。

0.14THz返波管器件

对有限引导磁场环形电子束的色散曲线作了理论推导,并利用该色散关系数值计算了正弦慢波结构的色散曲线。采用KARAT模拟程序对0.14 THz返波管进行了粒子模拟,并在RADAN303脉冲源上开展了初步的实验研究,实验获得频率大于0.14 THz、脉冲宽度1-2 ns和辐射功率大于100 kW的太赫兹波输出。