Correlation Between the Clinical Severity, Bacterial Load, and Inflammatory Reaction in Children with Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Pneumonia

Given the lack of defining features in the clinical manifestations and radiographic findings for children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia(MPP),quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)has become a useful diagnostic method.This study was performed to explore the relationship between the qPCR findings,clinical symptoms,and inflammatory markers in children with MPP.Four hundred children with MPP have been enrolled in this retrospective analysis.All clinical and analytical information,including mycoplasma pneumoniae(MP)PCR results,has been collected.Based on the PCR results,the patients were divided into groups with load values(copy number)<105(54 cases),2105 and<106(71 cases),2106 and<107(112 cases),>107 and<108(114 cases),and>108(49 cases).The clinical features(including symptoms and signs)and inflammatory indicators were compared among the groups.The incidence of high fever(above 39℃),thermal peak during the entire hospitalization period,fever duration,days of hospitalization,and plasma lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)levels were statistically correlated with the MP PCR load value in children with MPP.The analysis of relevance degree showed the correlative order as a thermal peak of hospitalization>duration of fever>period of hospitalization>LDH value>C-reactive protein value.The host immune response was significantly greater in the complication group than in the non-complication group.

Effectiveness of oxytetracycline in reducing the bacterial load in rohu fish(Labeo rohita,Hamilton)under laboratory culture condition

Objective:To observe the effectiveness of most widely used antibiotic,oxytetracycline(OTC)in reducing the bacterial load in rohu fish under artificial culture condition in the laboratory.Methods:The experiment was conducted in the Faculty Fisheries,Bangladesh Agricultural University,Mymensingh-2202.The fish were reared in 8 aquaria where fish in 5 aquaria were used for replication of the treatment(experimental group)and fish in remaining 3 aquaria were considered as a control(Control group).OTC was fed to the fish in the experimental aquarium at the rate of 2 g/kg through diet twice daily whereas fish reared under control condition was given feed without antibiotic for 20 d and bacterial content in the aquarium water,gills,skin and intestine of fish were estimated at every alternative day after onset of the experiment.Results:Rearing the fish with OTC treated feed resulted in gradual decrease of bacterial load in the aquarium water,gills,intestine and skin of the fish whereas the content remain unchanged Or little increased in the control group.W ater quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen,pH and total hardness were within the suitable range in the experimental aquarium but not in control aquaria throughout the experimental period.Conclusions:These results suggest that OTC could be a potential antibiotic to reduce the bacterial load in fish and can be used commercially for maintaining the fish health in aquarium conditions.

Bacterial Microflora on Freshwater Prawn(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)and Culture Water Associated with Public Health Concern

Quantitative and qualitative analyses of important bacterial content for public health concern(total bacterial count,total coliforms,faecal coliforms,Salmonella and Vibrio cholerae)of cultured fresh water prawn and farm water which has significant role in order to manage sustainable aquaculture were carried out.Microbiological parameters of prawn(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)and farm water were determined by following the ISO standard methods.Total bacterial Count(standard plate count)found in prawn samples ranged from 5.55 to 5.71 log CFU/g while 4.13 to 4.18 log CFU/mL in water sample.On the other hand,total coliforms found in prawn sample ranged between 1.96 to 2.46 log CFU/g whereas in water sample 2.07 to 2.46 log CFU/mL total coliforms were detected.In case of faecal coliforms,the number ranged between 0.96 to 1.42 log CFU/g in prawn sample and 1.59 to 1.81 in water sample.While Vibrio cholerae was absent in both prawns and water sample and Salmonella was detected in two tested ponds for both prawn and water sample.

Intervention points for community- acquired methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization and load in healthy population of lesser Himalayan Belt, South Asia, India

OBJECTIVES： To trace the critical practicing, clinical and epidemiological risk factors in bacterial load and points of intervention in spread of community-acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus （CA-MRSA） in healthy community. STUDY DESIGN： 2872 individuals with no prominent clinical features were enrolled and administered a pre-tested questionnaire prepared on the basis of outcome of a prior pilot study in same region. Swab samples from skin, throat and nasal nares were tested for MRSA and molecular identification was done to track the strains moving from hospital to community. METHODS： Swab samples from skin, throat and nasal nares were tested for MRSA culture followed by molecular characterization of isolates and antimicrobial resistance pattern. Bacterial load was estimated to better understand the burden in different categories. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 16.0 version. RESULTS： History of prior infection （OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.363 - 5.793）, habit of self remedy （OR 3.2, 95% CI 0.991 1.473） and incomplete treatment （OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.08 - 0.80） （P 〈 0.05 for each） were the predominant factors that contributed to spread of CA-MRSA. Increased drug resistance in CA-MRSA was observed for 4 different clones： SCCmec^＋ IVa/PVL^＋, SCCmec^＋ IVa/PVL^- and SCCmec^＋ IVc/PVL^＋, SCCmec^＋ IVc/PVL . Bacterial load was found significantly high in below poverty line dwellers and drug abusers （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： We identified habit of self remedy, drug abusing and incomplete treatment as practicing risk factors where interventions can be made to manage the dissemination of CA-MRSA in rural population.

Effects of antibiotic on the bacterial microflora in two commercially important catfish species,Clarias batrachus and Heteropneustes fossilis in Bangladesh

Objective:To assess the effects of a widely used antibiotic,oxytetracycline(OTC)on the bacterial microflora in two catfish species under artificial culture conditions in the laboratory.Methods:The experiment was conducted in the Faculty of Fisheries,Bangladesh Agricultural University,Mymensingh-2202.The fish were reared in six aquaria(size 37 cm×30 cm×60 cm)where three aquaria served as replicates of the antibiotic treatment groups and the remaining three aquaria served as an untreated control group.Each aquarium was stocked with 25 fish on an average body weight 15 g.OTC was administered to the fish in the treatment groups at the rate of 2 g/kg in-feed twice daily upto ad libitum,whereas fish in the untreated control groups were given the same feed without antibiotics for 20 d.During the experiment,bacterial loads were estimated as colony forming unit(CFU/g)by every alternate day in the aquarium water,gills,skin and intestine of fish.Results:The administration of OTC in feed resulted in gradual decrease of bacterial loads in the gills,intestine and skin of the two catfish species tested.In contrast,the bacterial loads remain unchanged or slightly increased in the control groups not fed with OTC.Water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen,pH and total hardness were found to be within suitable range in the test aquaria but not in control aquarium throughout the experimental period.Conclusions:The results of this experiment showed that in-feed antibiotic OTC for a period of 20d reduced the bacterial loads in the gills,intestines and skin of treated fish.