This study aimed to reveal the microbial diversity in the fecal samples of bactrian camels using the 16 S r RNA sequencing analysis on the Illumina Mi Seq platform. Three fecal samples were collected from two geograph...This study aimed to reveal the microbial diversity in the fecal samples of bactrian camels using the 16 S r RNA sequencing analysis on the Illumina Mi Seq platform. Three fecal samples were collected from two geographical regions in China. Operational taxonomic unit（OTU） clustering was performed by identifying an OTU at 97% sequence identity. The alpha and beta diversities were applied to estimate the differences in microbial diversity among the three fecal samples. Totally, 4409, 3151 and 4075 OTUs in the fecal samples were identified in the Lop Nor wild camel（Camelus ferus）, the domestic camel（C. bactrianus） and Dunhuang wild camel（C. ferus）, respectively. The majority of bactreria were affiliated with phylum Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the three samples. The wild camels had higher gastrointestinal tract microbial diversity than the domestic one, while the microbial composition of the Lop Nor wild camel shared higher similarity with domestic camel at the genus and family levels than that of the Dunhuang wild camel did. Our results may provide a theoretical basis for assessing their health conditions and may thus be useful for protecting the critically endangered species of C. ferus.展开更多
A disease characterized by emaciation, pica, lameness and liability to fracture in bactrian camel from gravel desert pasture was described. Analyses of mineral elements in soil, water and forage from the affected and ...A disease characterized by emaciation, pica, lameness and liability to fracture in bactrian camel from gravel desert pasture was described. Analyses of mineral elements in soil, water and forage from the affected and normal areas as well as in blood, hair and parts of tissues from normal and diseased camel, together with a pathological study were carried out to define the nature and major causes of the disease. The related blood indices were also measured. The result indicated that copper and phosphorus in the soil and forage from the affected area were significantly lower than those of the normal area (P<0.01). The levels of phosphorus in the blood, hair and rib reduced significantly in affected camels. The concentrations of PTH, T3, T4, creat-inine(Crt) and the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum rose markedly (P<0.01). Bone injury was characterized by osteoporosis. The degenerative and necrotic lesions of liver and kidney were common. In addition, slight demylination of brains and spinal cords were showed by histopathological and ultrastructural studies. It is concluded that the disease is caused mainly by phosphorus deficiency in the food chain.展开更多
With the increasing immunological studies on camels due to the advantage of their single-chain antibodies for humanizations,it is demanding to develop an easy-to-handle evaluation method of their humoral immune respon...With the increasing immunological studies on camels due to the advantage of their single-chain antibodies for humanizations,it is demanding to develop an easy-to-handle evaluation method of their humoral immune response before proceeding with immunization of foreign antigens that may be toxic to camels.In this study,we quantitatively determined the expression levels of T-helper 2(Th2) cytokines in peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from Bactrian camels by real-time PCR.The recorded kinetic profiles resulting from the immunization of ovalbumin(OVA) indicated that after immunization,Th2 cytokines including interleukin(IL) families such as IL-4,IL-10,and IL-13 in the camels were up-regulated by a factor of 1.78,3.15,and 1.22,respectively,which was validated by traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) methods.Unlike ELISA which requires specific enzyme-labeled antibodies,this established method based on the minimal amount of blood samples holds an advantage in the preliminary evaluation of camel humoral immune response with desirable precision,which is meaningful for biomedical explorations of camel-derived antibodies.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to describe the basal nuclei of brain in Bactrian camel. Seven coronal slices of brain were uniformly taken between callosal genu and splenium, and six uniform sagittal slices of left cer...The purpose of this study was to describe the basal nuclei of brain in Bactrian camel. Seven coronal slices of brain were uniformly taken between callosal genu and splenium, and six uniform sagittal slices of left cerebral hemisphere of brain were examined. The results demonstrated that the basal nuclei of the brain include the caudata nucleus, putamen, putamen and pallidum, internal capsule and external capsule, claustrum and amygdaloid body. The study provides an elementary finding on the gross anatomy for further research on the comparative neuroanatomy, neu- rephysiology and the related behavior study of the camel.展开更多
Camelids are the only mammals that can produce functional heavy-chain antibodies(HCAbs).Although HCAbs were discovered over 30 years ago,the antibody gene repertoire of Bactrian camels remains largely underexplored.To...Camelids are the only mammals that can produce functional heavy-chain antibodies(HCAbs).Although HCAbs were discovered over 30 years ago,the antibody gene repertoire of Bactrian camels remains largely underexplored.To characterize the diversity of variable genes of HCAbs(VHHs),germline and rearranged VHH repertoires are constructed.Phylogenetics analysis shows that all camelid VHH genes are derived from a common ancestor and the nucleotide diversity of VHHs is similar across all camelid species.While species-specific hallmark sites are identified,the non-canonical cysteines specific to VHHs are distinct in Bactrian camels and dromedaries compared with alpacas.Though low divergence at the germline repertoire between wild and domestic Bactrian camels,higher expression of VHHs is observed in some wild Bactrian camels than that of domestic ones.This study not only adds our understanding of VHH repertoire diversity across camelids,but also provides useful resources for HCAb engineering.展开更多
Heavy chain only antibodies(HCAbs)represent a rare type of antibody that is devoid of light chains and the CH1 domain that have been reported in cartilaginous fish and camelids.By analyzing transcript data and genome ...Heavy chain only antibodies(HCAbs)represent a rare type of antibody that is devoid of light chains and the CH1 domain that have been reported in cartilaginous fish and camelids.By analyzing transcript data and genome sequences,we conducted a comprehensive analysis of Bactrian camel immunoglobulin heavy chain genes.Based on the transcript data,oneμgene,fiveγgenes,oneαgene and oneεgene were found.Additionally,the variable region of HCAbs(VHH)and the conventional antibodies(VH)sequences associated with theγ3,γ1a/b andμgenes were amplified.Based on these genome sequences,seven DH,six JH,μ,γ2a,γ2c,α,andεgenes and a portion of aγ3 gene were observed.Different Kozak sequences within different VH families were found in our analysis,and the variability index differed between the VHH3 and VH3 families.Phylogenetic analysis of the constant regions of the camelid immunoglobulin genes indicates that these genes appeared before the evolutionary divergence of Bactrian camels and dromedaries.展开更多
基于超高效液相色谱-质谱联用的非靶向代谢组学方法探究不同年龄组驼肉代谢物的差异及变化规律。结果表明,在3个年龄组(3~4、6~7岁和9~10岁,分别以I、II和III组表示)骆驼背最长肌中共鉴定出显著差异代谢物710种;在I vs II组显著差异代...基于超高效液相色谱-质谱联用的非靶向代谢组学方法探究不同年龄组驼肉代谢物的差异及变化规律。结果表明,在3个年龄组(3~4、6~7岁和9~10岁,分别以I、II和III组表示)骆驼背最长肌中共鉴定出显著差异代谢物710种;在I vs II组显著差异代谢物有78个,其中I组上调47个,II组上调31个;在II vs III组显著差异代谢物有49个,其中II组上调18个,III组上调31个;在I vs III组显著差异代谢物有65个,其中I组上调29个,III组上调36个。京都基因与基因组百科全书通路分析结果表明,差异代谢物主要富集到蛋白质和氨基酸代谢、脂肪酸、维生素和矿物质代谢等相关通路,说明不同生长阶段骆驼中各营养素的消化代谢均有差异。I组中的多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA)(尤其n-6 PUFA、n-3 PUFA)含量和PUFA/不饱和脂肪酸值均显著高于III组,这主要与相关代谢通路上的花生四烯酸、亚油酸和13-L-过氧化氢油酸浓度的显著上调有关;同时L-亮氨酸、L-缬氨酸、L-谷氨酰胺等差异代谢物可以作为不同年龄驼肉品质差异的潜在标记物。展开更多
基金supported by the Xinjiang Lop Nur Wild Camels National Reserve Comprehensive Scientific Research Projects by The Environmental Protection Agency of China (20100228)
文摘This study aimed to reveal the microbial diversity in the fecal samples of bactrian camels using the 16 S r RNA sequencing analysis on the Illumina Mi Seq platform. Three fecal samples were collected from two geographical regions in China. Operational taxonomic unit（OTU） clustering was performed by identifying an OTU at 97% sequence identity. The alpha and beta diversities were applied to estimate the differences in microbial diversity among the three fecal samples. Totally, 4409, 3151 and 4075 OTUs in the fecal samples were identified in the Lop Nor wild camel（Camelus ferus）, the domestic camel（C. bactrianus） and Dunhuang wild camel（C. ferus）, respectively. The majority of bactreria were affiliated with phylum Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the three samples. The wild camels had higher gastrointestinal tract microbial diversity than the domestic one, while the microbial composition of the Lop Nor wild camel shared higher similarity with domestic camel at the genus and family levels than that of the Dunhuang wild camel did. Our results may provide a theoretical basis for assessing their health conditions and may thus be useful for protecting the critically endangered species of C. ferus.
基金This work was supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(39470546).
文摘A disease characterized by emaciation, pica, lameness and liability to fracture in bactrian camel from gravel desert pasture was described. Analyses of mineral elements in soil, water and forage from the affected and normal areas as well as in blood, hair and parts of tissues from normal and diseased camel, together with a pathological study were carried out to define the nature and major causes of the disease. The related blood indices were also measured. The result indicated that copper and phosphorus in the soil and forage from the affected area were significantly lower than those of the normal area (P<0.01). The levels of phosphorus in the blood, hair and rib reduced significantly in affected camels. The concentrations of PTH, T3, T4, creat-inine(Crt) and the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum rose markedly (P<0.01). Bone injury was characterized by osteoporosis. The degenerative and necrotic lesions of liver and kidney were common. In addition, slight demylination of brains and spinal cords were showed by histopathological and ultrastructural studies. It is concluded that the disease is caused mainly by phosphorus deficiency in the food chain.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1703118)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20181364)+6 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(No.19KJA310003)Scientific Research Foundation of Jiangsu health and Health Committee(No.H2018087)a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD),Jiangsu Shuangchuang ProgramOpen Funds of the State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics(2016015)Open project of the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules(2017kf05)the cooperative project between Southeast University and Nanjing Medical University(2018DN0004)Jiangsu Specially-Appointed Professor project,China。
文摘With the increasing immunological studies on camels due to the advantage of their single-chain antibodies for humanizations,it is demanding to develop an easy-to-handle evaluation method of their humoral immune response before proceeding with immunization of foreign antigens that may be toxic to camels.In this study,we quantitatively determined the expression levels of T-helper 2(Th2) cytokines in peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from Bactrian camels by real-time PCR.The recorded kinetic profiles resulting from the immunization of ovalbumin(OVA) indicated that after immunization,Th2 cytokines including interleukin(IL) families such as IL-4,IL-10,and IL-13 in the camels were up-regulated by a factor of 1.78,3.15,and 1.22,respectively,which was validated by traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) methods.Unlike ELISA which requires specific enzyme-labeled antibodies,this established method based on the minimal amount of blood samples holds an advantage in the preliminary evaluation of camel humoral immune response with desirable precision,which is meaningful for biomedical explorations of camel-derived antibodies.
文摘The purpose of this study was to describe the basal nuclei of brain in Bactrian camel. Seven coronal slices of brain were uniformly taken between callosal genu and splenium, and six uniform sagittal slices of left cerebral hemisphere of brain were examined. The results demonstrated that the basal nuclei of the brain include the caudata nucleus, putamen, putamen and pallidum, internal capsule and external capsule, claustrum and amygdaloid body. The study provides an elementary finding on the gross anatomy for further research on the comparative neuroanatomy, neu- rephysiology and the related behavior study of the camel.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070570)the National Key Research and Development Project(2020YFE0203300)the Special Fund for Commercialization of Scientific and Research Findings in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2021CG0021)。
文摘Camelids are the only mammals that can produce functional heavy-chain antibodies(HCAbs).Although HCAbs were discovered over 30 years ago,the antibody gene repertoire of Bactrian camels remains largely underexplored.To characterize the diversity of variable genes of HCAbs(VHHs),germline and rearranged VHH repertoires are constructed.Phylogenetics analysis shows that all camelid VHH genes are derived from a common ancestor and the nucleotide diversity of VHHs is similar across all camelid species.While species-specific hallmark sites are identified,the non-canonical cysteines specific to VHHs are distinct in Bactrian camels and dromedaries compared with alpacas.Though low divergence at the germline repertoire between wild and domestic Bactrian camels,higher expression of VHHs is observed in some wild Bactrian camels than that of domestic ones.This study not only adds our understanding of VHH repertoire diversity across camelids,but also provides useful resources for HCAb engineering.
文摘Heavy chain only antibodies(HCAbs)represent a rare type of antibody that is devoid of light chains and the CH1 domain that have been reported in cartilaginous fish and camelids.By analyzing transcript data and genome sequences,we conducted a comprehensive analysis of Bactrian camel immunoglobulin heavy chain genes.Based on the transcript data,oneμgene,fiveγgenes,oneαgene and oneεgene were found.Additionally,the variable region of HCAbs(VHH)and the conventional antibodies(VH)sequences associated with theγ3,γ1a/b andμgenes were amplified.Based on these genome sequences,seven DH,six JH,μ,γ2a,γ2c,α,andεgenes and a portion of aγ3 gene were observed.Different Kozak sequences within different VH families were found in our analysis,and the variability index differed between the VHH3 and VH3 families.Phylogenetic analysis of the constant regions of the camelid immunoglobulin genes indicates that these genes appeared before the evolutionary divergence of Bactrian camels and dromedaries.
文摘基于超高效液相色谱-质谱联用的非靶向代谢组学方法探究不同年龄组驼肉代谢物的差异及变化规律。结果表明,在3个年龄组(3~4、6~7岁和9~10岁,分别以I、II和III组表示)骆驼背最长肌中共鉴定出显著差异代谢物710种;在I vs II组显著差异代谢物有78个,其中I组上调47个,II组上调31个;在II vs III组显著差异代谢物有49个,其中II组上调18个,III组上调31个;在I vs III组显著差异代谢物有65个,其中I组上调29个,III组上调36个。京都基因与基因组百科全书通路分析结果表明,差异代谢物主要富集到蛋白质和氨基酸代谢、脂肪酸、维生素和矿物质代谢等相关通路,说明不同生长阶段骆驼中各营养素的消化代谢均有差异。I组中的多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA)(尤其n-6 PUFA、n-3 PUFA)含量和PUFA/不饱和脂肪酸值均显著高于III组,这主要与相关代谢通路上的花生四烯酸、亚油酸和13-L-过氧化氢油酸浓度的显著上调有关;同时L-亮氨酸、L-缬氨酸、L-谷氨酰胺等差异代谢物可以作为不同年龄驼肉品质差异的潜在标记物。
