Coupling relationship and genetic mechanisms of shelf-edge delta and deep-water fan source-to-sink:A case study in Paleogene Zhuhai Formation in south subsag of Baiyun Sag,Pearl River Mouth Basin,China

The coupling relationship between shelf-edge deltas and deep-water fan sand bodies is a hot and cutting-edge field of international sedimentology and deep-water oil and gas exploration.Based on the newly acquired high-resolution 3D seismic,logging and core data of Pearl River Mouth Basin(PRMB),this paper dissected the shelf-edge delta to deep-water fan(SEDDF)depositional system in the Oligocene Zhuhai Formation of Paleogene in south subsag of Baiyun Sag,and revealed the complex coupling relationship from the continental shelf edge to deep-water fan sedimentation and its genetic mechanisms.The results show that during the deposition of the fourth to first members of the Zhuhai Formation,the scale of the SEDDF depositional system in the study area showed a pattern of first increasing and then decreasing,with deep-water fan developed in the third to first members and the largest plane distribution scale developed in the late stage of the second member.Based on the development of SEDDF depositional system along the source direction,three types of coupling relationships are divided,namely,deltas that are linked downdip to fans,deltas that lack downdip fans and fans that lack updip coeval deltas,with different depositional characteristics and genetic mechanisms.(1)Deltas that are linked downdip to fans:with the development of shelf-edge deltas in the shelf area and deep-water fans in the downdip slope area,and the strong source supply and relative sea level decline are the two key factors which control the development of this type of source-to-sink(S2S).The development of channels on the continental shelf edge is conducive to the formation of this type of S2S system even with weak source supply and high sea level.(2)Deltas that lack downdip fans:with the development of shelf edge deltas in shelf area,while deep water fans are not developed in the downdip slope area.The lack of“sources”and“channels”,and fluid transformation are the three main reasons for the formation of this type of S2S system.(3)Fans that lack updip coeval deltas:with the development of deep-water fans in continental slope area and the absence of updip coeval shelf edge deltas,which is jointly controlled by the coupling of fluid transformation at the shelf edge and the“channels”in the continental slope area.

Application of fluid modulus inversion to complex lithology reservoirs in deep-water areas

It has been a challenge to distinguish between seismic anomalies caused by complex lithology and hydrocarbon reservoirs using conventional fluid identification techniques,leading to difficulties in accurately predicting hydrocarbon-bearing properties and determining oil-water contacts in reservoirs.In this study,we built a petrophysical model tailored to the deep-water area of the Baiyun Sag in the eastern South China Sea based on seismic data and explored the feasibility of the tri-parameter direct inversion method in the fluid identification of complex lithology reservoirs,offering a more precise alternative to conventional techniques.Our research found that the fluid modulus can successfully eliminate seismic amplitude anomalies caused by lithological variations.Furthermore,the seismic databased direct inversion for fluid modulus can remove the cumulative errors caused by indirect inversion and the influence of porosity.We discovered that traditional methods using seismic amplitude anomalies were ineffective in detecting fluids,determining gas-water contacts,or delineating high-quality reservoirs.However,the fluid factor Kf,derived from solid-liquid decoupling,proved to be sensitive to the identification of hydrocarbon-bearing properties,distinguishing between high-quality and poor-quality gas zones.Our findings confirm the value of the fluid modulus in fluid identification and demonstrate that the tri-parameter direct inversion method can significantly enhance hydrocarbon exploration in deep-water areas,reducing associated risks.

Petroleum geology controlled by extensive detachment thinning of continental margin crust: A case study of Baiyun sag in the deep-water area of northern South China Sea

The relationships between crustal stretching and thinning,basin structure and petroleum geology in Baiyun deep-water area were analyzed using large area 3D seismic,gravity,magnetic,ocean bottom seismic(OBS),deep-water exploration wells and integrated ocean drilling program(IODP).During the early syn-rifting period,deep-water area was a half-graben controlled by high angle faults influenced by the brittle extension of upper crust.In the mid syn-rifting period,this area was a broad-deep fault depression controlled by detachment faults undergone brittle-ductile deformation and differentiated extension in the crust.In the late syn-rifting period,this area experienced fault-sag transition due to saucer-shaped rheology change dominated by crustal ductile deformation.A broad-deep fault depression controlled by the large detachment faults penetrating through the crust is an important feature of deep-water basin.The study suggests that the broad-deep Baiyun sag provides great accommodation space for the development of massive deltaic-lacustrine deposition system and hydrocarbon source rocks.The differentiated lithospheric thinning also resulted in the different thermal subsidence during post-rifting period,and then controlled the development of continental shelf break and deep-water reservoir sedimentary environment.The high heat flow background caused by the strong thinning of lithosphere and the rise of mantle source resulted in particularities in the reservoir diagenesis,hydrocarbon generation process and accumulation of deep-water area in northern South China Sea.

The Relationship between Tectonic Subsidence and BSR of Upper Neogene in the Deep-Water Area of the Northern Continental Slope, South China Sea

BSR （Bottom Simulating Reflector） occurs widely in the strata since the late Miocene in the deep-water area of the northern continental slope of South China Sea （SCS）. It is an important seismic reference mark which identifies the gas hydrate and its distribution influenced by the tectonic movements. Single-point basin modeling was conducted using 473 points in the study area. To discuss the relationships between the tectonic subsidence and BSR, the volume and rate of tectonic subsidence in each geological time have been simulated. The results show that there are three tectonic accelerate subsidence processes in the study area since the late Miocene, especially since 1.8Ma the tectonic subsidence accelerates more apparently. Since the Late Miocene to Pleistocene, the rate of tectonic subsidence in deep-water underwent a transformation from weak to strong. The ratio of tectonic subsidence to the total subsidence was relatively high （65-70%）. Through the superposition of the BSR developed areas and the contours of tectonic subsidence in this area, it was discovered that more than 80% of BSR tend to be distributed at the slope break or depression-uplift structural transfer zone and the average tectonic subsidence rate ranges from 70 m/Ma to 125 m/Ma.

Geoacoustic Inversion for Bottom Parameters in the Deep-Water Area of the South China Sea

Bottom acoustic parameters play an important role in sound field prediction. Acoustic parameters in deep water are not well understood. Bottom acoustic parameters are sensitive to the transmission-loss （TL） data in the shadow zone of deep water. We propose a multiple-step fill inversion method to invert sound speed, density and attenuation in deep water. Based on a uniform liquid hMf-space bottom model, sound speed of the bottom is inverted by using the long range TL at low frequency obtained in an acoustic propagation experiment conducted in the South China Sea （SCS） in summer 2014. Meanwhile, bottom density is estimated combining with the Hamilton sediment empirical relationship. Attenuation coefficients at different frequencies are then estimated from the TL data in the shadow zones by using the known sound speed and density as a constraint condition. The nonlinear relationship between attenuation coefficient and frequency is given in the end. Tile inverted bottom parameters can be used to forecast the transmission loss in the deep water area of SCS very we//.

Structural characteristics of central depression belt in deep-water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin and the hydrocarbon discovery of Songnan low bulge

The Qiongdongnan Basin has the first proprietary high-yield gas field in deep-water areas of China and makes the significant breakthroughs in oil and gas exploration.The central depression belt of deep-water area in the Qiongdongnan Basin is constituted by five sags,i.e.Ledong Sag,Lingshui Sag,Songnan Sag,Baodao Sag and Changchang Sag.It is a Cenozoic extensional basin with the basement of pre-Paleogene as a whole.The structural research in central depression belt of deep-water area in the Qiongdongnan Basin has the important meaning in solving the basic geological problems,and improving the exploration of oil and gas of this basin.The seismic interpretation and structural analysis in this article was operated with the 3D seismic of about 1.5×104 km2 and the 2D seismic of about 1×104 km.Eighteen sampling points were selected to calculate the fault activity rates of the No.2 Fault.The deposition rate was calculated by the ratio of residual formation thickness to deposition time scale.The paleo-geomorphic restoration was obtained by residual thickness method and impression method.The faults in the central depression belt of deep-water area of this basin were mainly developed during Paleogene,and chiefly trend in NE–SW,E–W and NW–SE directions.The architectures of these sags change regularly from east to west:the asymmetric grabens are developed in the Ledong Sag,western Lingshui Sag,eastern Baodao Sag,and western Changchang Sag;half-grabens are developed in the Songnan Sag,eastern Lingshui Sag,and eastern Changchang Sag.The tectonic evolution history in deep-water area of this basin can be divided into three stages,i.e.faulted-depression stage,thermal subsidence stage,and neotectonic stage.The Ledong-Lingshui sags,near the Red River Fault,developed large-scale sedimentary and subsidence by the uplift of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during neotectonic stage.The Baodao-Changchang sags,near the northwest oceanic sub-basin,developed the large-scale magmatic activities and the transition of stress direction by the expansion of the South China Sea.The east sag belt and west sag belt of the deep-water area in the Qiongdongnan Basin,separated by the ancient Songnan bulge,present prominent differences in deposition filling,diaper genesis,and sag connectivity.The west sag belt has the advantages in high maturity,well-developed fluid diapirs and channel sand bodies,thus it has superior conditions for oil and gas migration and accumulation.The east sag belt is qualified by the abundant resources of oil and gas.The Paleogene of Songnan low bulge,located between the west sag belt and the east sag belt,is the exploration potential.The YL 8 area,located in the southwestern high part of the Songnan low bulge,is a favorable target for the future gas exploration.The Well 8-1-1 was drilled in August 2018 and obtained potential business discovery,and the Well YL8-3-1 was drilled in July 2019 and obtained the business discovery.

Control effects of the synsedimentary faults on the basin-marginal fans in the central part of the deep-water area of early Oligocene Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea

The synsedimentary faults and basin-marginal fans located in the central part of the deep-water area of the early Oligocene Qiongdongnan Basin have been investigated using seismic profiles,boreholes,and well-log data.Through the formations of the characterized paleogeomorphology,such as transverse anticlines,fault ditches,and step-fault belts,the synsedimentary faults are known to have controlled the development position,distribution direction,and extension scales of the basin-marginal fans.For example,at the pitching ends of two adjacent faults,transverse anticlines developed,which controlled the development positions and distributions of the fans.During the early Oligocene,the faults controlled the subsidence center,and fault ditches were formed at the roots of the faults.In the surrounding salient or low salient areas,which were exposed as provenance areas during early Oligocene,the fault ditches acted as the source channels and determined the flow paths of the clastics,where incised valley fills were obviously developed.The fault ditches which developed in the sedimentary basins were able to capture the drainage systems and influenced the distributions of the fans.The large boundary faults and the secondary faults generated two fault terraces and formed step-fault belts.The first fault terrace caused the clastics to be unloaded.As a result,fans were formed at the entrance to the basin.Then,the second fault terrace caused the fans to move forward,with the fans developing in a larger extension scale.The results obtained in this study will potentially be beneficial in the future prospecting activities for reservoirs and coalmeasure source rocks in the basins located in the deep-water areas of the South China Sea.

A New Discovery of Deep-Water Benthic Organisms from the Southwestern Dongsha Area,South China Sea

Dongsha waters are poorly studied for gas hydrates. Previous multi-channel seismic reflection and Chirp sub- bottom profiles show that numerous submarine mounds stand up to 100 m high above the seafloor over the continental slope of the SW Dongsha Island in northern margin of the South China Sea （SCS）. These mounds are characterized by hardened seabed, seafloor gas venting and folded structures, which implies the existence of active mud volcanoes. This work aims to confirm this speculation by seafloor sample dredging and to explore the potential of gas hydrates.

Thermal-history reconstruction of the Baiyun Sag in the deep-water area of the Pearl River Mouth Basin, northern South China Sea

The Baiyun Sag, located in the deep-water area of the northern South China Sea, is the largest and deepest subbasin in the Pearl River Mouth Basin and one of the most important hydrocarbon-accumulation depression areas in China. Thermal history is widely thought to be of great importance in oil and gas potential assessment of a basin as it controls the timing of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion from the source rock. In order to unravel the paleo-heat flow of the Baiyun Sag, we first analyzed tectonic subsidence of 55 pseudo-wells constructed based on newly interpreted seismic profiles, along with three drilled wells. We then carried out thermal modeling using the multi-stage finite stretching method and calibrated the results using collected present-day vitrinite reflectance data and temperature data. Results indicate that the first and second heating of the Baiyun Sag after 49 Ma ceased at 33.9 Ma and 23 Ma. Reconstructed average basal paleo- heat flow values at the end of the rifting periods are -57.7- 86.2 mW/m2 and -66.7-97.3 mW/m2, respectively. Following the last heating period at 23 Ma, the study area has undergone a persistent thermal attenuation phase, and basal heat flow has cooled down to ～64.0-79.2 mW/m2 at present.

Geochemical characteristics of Oligocene-Miocene sediments from the deepwater area of the northern South China Sea and their provenance implications

Geochemical and detrital zircon U-Pb dating data for drilled sediments from the Baiyun deepwater area of the northern South China Sea demonstrate a change of sedimentary sources from the Oligocene to the Miocene.Zircon ages of the pre-rift Eocene sequences are dominated by Yanshanian ages with various peak values（110–115 Ma for U1435 and L21; 150 Ma for H1）, indicating local sediment supply from the pre-existing Mesozoic magmatic belt. For the Oligocene sediments in the northern part of the basin, the rare earth elements show different distribution characteristics, indicating sediment supply from the paleo-Zhujiang River（Pearl River）, as also confirmed by the multimodal zircon age spectra of the Lower Oligocene strata in Well X28. By contrast, a positive Eu anomaly characterizes sediments from the western and southern parts of the basin, indicating potential provenances from intermediate to basic volcanic rock materials. The Baiyun Movement at the end of the Oligocene contributed to a large-scale subsidence in the deepwater area and also a northward retreat of continental shelf break, leading to deepening depositional environment in the basin. As a result, all the detrital zircon ages of the Upper Oligocene strata from Wells X28, L13, and L21 share a similar distribution, implying the possible control of a common source like the Zhujiang River. During the Miocene, whereas sediments in the northern area were mainly sourced from the Zhujiang River Delta, and those in the southern deepwater area continued to be affected by basic volcanic activities, the Dongsha Uplift could have contributed as the main source to the eastern area.

地震横波建模技术及其在深水天然气田储层预测中的应用

深水区缺少横波资料,在叠前反演的建模环节中,一般通过线性关系或者相控将纵波模型转换为横波模型,但实现过程受人为因素影响较大,反演结果无法完整、可靠地表征地层特点和储层分布。为此,结合生产需求,提出基于远道地震数据提取三维空间的泊松比信息,作为纵、横波数据之间的转换关系,进而获得泊松比约束的横波低频模型。具体步骤为:(1)优选对岩性敏感的地震波入射角;(2)反演泊松比弹性阻抗PEI;(3)建立横波低频模型。在白云深水区的勘探实践表明,由于初始模型更好地反映了地层岩性背景,减少了反演结果的异常值,2号砂体的平面分布与气/水边界吻合,与实钻结果一致,落实了储层分布,扩大了天然气探明储量,取得了较好的经济效益。

关于南海北部深水重力流沉积问题的讨论

深水沉积主要泛指陆架以外的沉积,尤以沉积物重力流成因的沉积受到深水油气勘探界的关注,它的沉积成因、过程和相组成均与河流、三角洲、浅海等牵引流沉积有很大的差异。当前南海北部大规模深水勘探已经全面展开,正确认识深水重力流沉积具有重要意义,但由于我国油气勘探对深水重力流沉积缺乏勘探实践,目前对深水重力流沉积有不同的理解,如深水重力流沉积一定要在多深的水下沉积,深水重力流沉积的判识一定要有深水环境的标志,深水重力流沉积作用保留在地层中的沉积层理构造特征一定是重力流流态的等。通过南海北部深水实钻资料和沉积体系的研究,认为深水重力流沉积具有偶发而动、沿坡搬运、择低而积、有限分布的特点。陆架坡折带以外的粗陆源碎屑沉积以重力流沉积成因为主,低位体系域的重力流更易于发育砂岩储层。陆坡区深水重力流沉积的特点表明储层识别是深水勘探的关键工作。

南海北部白云凹陷深水区SQ13.8深水扇砂体识别与分布研究：以SF-5为例

珠江口盆地白云凹陷在继"白云运动"之后,在13.8 Ma发生了一次大规模的海退事件,海平面下降至陆架坡折带附近,三角洲向盆地方向推进最远,十分有利于深水扇的发育。通过深水陆坡区B6井及陆架边缘多口井的井震标定,结合钻井、测井分析,系统总结出具有厚度较大(20～40 m)、以泥质粉砂岩为主的斜坡扇储层,对应低频、短轴、强振幅的地震反射特征,在负极性显示的地震剖面上,表现为强波谷地震响应。层序地层格架分析认为工区处于SQ13.8"陆架边缘三角洲—沉积过路区—斜坡扇"的沉积环境,并在层序格架的约束下,通过合成地震记录建立井-震关系,对斜坡扇区第5套砂层组(SF-5)进行储层识别与追踪解释,确定SF-5砂层为主体分布在陆架坡折带外侧陆坡区的丘状体,平面形态似帚状或朵叶状,具有斜坡扇的特征,其优质储层主要分布在工区的中部-西部地区,呈NW-SE方向条带状展布。

成岩相分析方法在南海北部深水区储层预测的应用——以珠江口盆地白云凹陷为例

成岩相分析方法旨在在碎屑岩储层成岩作用和孔隙演化之间建立一种成因联系,建立研究区孔隙演化与成岩作用关系模型,为孔隙演化机理和主控因素分析及储层平面分布预测提供理论依据。研究表明,机械压实、胶结和溶蚀作用是本区主控成岩作用类型,据此可划分出5种主要的成岩相组合:早期碳酸盐胶结弱溶蚀相、弱压实强溶蚀相(<1800m)、中等压实强溶蚀相(1800～2800m)、较强压实—较强溶蚀相(2800～3800m)和强压实—弱溶蚀相(﹥3800m)。其中深水区储层主要受控于较强压实较强溶蚀相,孔隙度分布在10%～20%之间,为Ⅲ类储层夹Ⅱ和Ⅰ类储层。珠海组(E32zh)总体以较强压实强溶蚀相为主,在三角洲平原水道、滨岸砂形成以Ⅱ类储层为主的优质储层分布区,这与第一个次生孔隙发育带有关。同样,受强溶蚀作用影响,在三角洲平原区形成了Ⅲ类储层夹部分Ⅱ类和Ⅰ类储层的相对有利储层分布区,而在三角洲前缘由于水动力条件相对较弱,砂岩粒度细,加之相对较强的压实改造,多形成Ⅲ类储层分布区。

珠江口盆地深水区白云凹陷始新统—下渐新统沉积特征

以珠江口盆地白云凹陷钻井和地震资料为基础,根据地震相、地震速度岩性指数、沉积古地形特征和区域地质背景等资料综合分析了白云凹陷古近系主要层序各体系域的沉积相发育特征。研究结果表明,白云凹陷古近系文昌层序与恩平层序是属于两个不同演化阶段的层序。文昌层序是断陷期沉积,低位体系域发育滨浅湖相沉积,湖扩体系域发育中深湖相沉积,高位体系域沉积期有北部、西南部和东南部3个物源体系,发育(扇)三角洲-滨浅湖-中深湖沉积体系。恩平层序属于断陷向坳陷转换期的沉积,低位体系域在构造高部位发育河道充填沉积,在凹陷内发育滨浅湖相沉积;湖扩体系域发育中深湖相沉积;高位体系域沉积期有北部和南部2个物源体系,发育(扇)三角洲-滨浅湖-中深湖沉积体系。

珠江口盆地白云深水区珠海组石英颗粒表面特征

石英具有较大的硬度和较高的化学稳定性,较好地保留了搬运和沉积过程中各种地质营力所形成的微观形貌特征,这些微观形貌可为沉积物搬运机制、沉积环境解释提供依据。通过对珠江口盆地白云凹陷深水区珠海组单颗粒石英的表面形貌特征的研究发现,该组的沉积石英颗粒表面微观形貌类型可划分为机械、化学、机械化学成因等3大类和26小类。其中以次棱角状、V形撞击坑、直弯沟/刻痕、机械上翻片、磨蚀疲劳等碰撞磨蚀压刻等机械成因的微观形貌特征最为突出,表明研究区珠海晚期的沉积作用以中等的搬运距离、高能的水动力条件(上部流动体制)和跃移为主的搬运机制为特征。该研究填补了中国深水区此项研究的空白,虽然这些微观形貌的具体沉积环境意义还有待深入研究,但这将为沉积过程的研究提供新的思路和证据。

地震波波形分析方法在南海北部陆坡白云深水区含气砂岩层识别中的应用

2006年,我国第一口深水探井C3(水深达1 480m)取得了重大天然气发现,证实了南海北部陆坡白云深水区蕴藏着巨大的油气资源量。但由于识别深水优质含气砂岩层的难度较大,仅通过地震同相轴或地震剖面宏观解释,很难到达理想的效果。采用地震波波形分析方法,即根据砂岩含气之后导致地震波传播速度降低,在地震波波形上凸显出独有的特征,可识别含气砂岩层。该方法对含气砂岩层的刻画和油气开发意义重大。

南海北部陆坡白云深水区深水沉积结构要素

在回顾深水沉积结构要素研究的基础上,结合白云深水区的勘探实践,对白云深水区深水沉积的结构要素进行了研究。将白云深水区深水沉积划分为4种结构要素,分别为水道、天然堤-溢岸沉积、席状砂和块体搬运沉积。水道是白云深水区深水沉积的主要组成部分,也是重要的储层;水道按成因可分为侵蚀型、侵蚀/加积型和加积型;水道充填沉积物的岩性变化较大,有砾岩、砂岩、泥岩以及几种岩性的混合。天然堤-溢岸沉积主要以泥岩、粉砂岩为主,平面上,天然堤-溢岸沉积与水道走向平行,横向上远离水道扩散,侧向连续性好但垂向连续性差。席状砂位于水道末端,具有朵叶状外形,分为层状和合并状2种类型:层状席状砂具有相对低的砂岩体积分数,泥岩和砂岩互层;而合并状席状砂岩体积分数高,砂层和砂层接触,夹有少量的泥。块体搬运沉积包括滑塌、滑块、块体流、碎屑流、坡身失稳复合体、块体搬运复合体等;块体搬运沉积常直接位于层序界面上,对下伏地层侵蚀明显,分布广泛,可作为良好的油气封盖层。

广州市白云区露天蔬菜地土壤及地下水硝酸盐污染调查研究

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活性白云粉生产工艺及其物化性能研究

活性白云粉 (ABP)是在白云岩经过破碎、细粉碎、表面改性的基础上得到的一种新型改性功能填料。本文利用河南辉县市的拍石头和张村两地产出的白云岩作为实验原料 ,对其表面改性的实验方法、改性剂选择及用量、改性条件及改性效果等方面进行了一定的探讨。并且对改性前后的白云石粉体的粒度、比表面积等性能及红外光谱特征做了对比研究。生产工艺和物性测试研究表明 :活性白云粉代替轻质碳酸钙作橡胶填料前景广阔 ;与轻钙相比 ,活性白云粉的粒度不够均匀 ,经优化和改善生产工艺条件 ,可望进一步提高其应用价值。