Accounting and Responsibility Allocation on Carbon Emissions Embodied in International Trade

This paper calculated the scale of carbon emissions embodied in the import and export of the world＇s major countries based on input-output principles and international trade data, as well as data on various countries＇carbon emissions in 2005 from domestic consumption and emissions embodied in trade. The results illustrate that, because of international trade, consumers in developed countries should bear the responsibility for a large portion of CO2 emissions. The researchers separated the net transfer balance of embodied emissions in international trade according to four different effects： size effect, exchange rate effect, structural effect, and pure technical effect, all of which favor the sharing of responsibilities between producers and consumers.

Estimation of the embodied carbon in China's wood products trade using input–output methodology

This study calculates the embodied carbon in imports,exports,net exports,and the processing trade of China's wood product sector between 2001 and 2016 using a non-competitive input-output(I-O)model.The results demonstrate that embodied carbon showed a decreasing trend between 2001 and 2016.Embodied carbon was lowest in wood furniture imports and highest in paper and paperboard imports.The embodied carbon in sawnwood and veneer sheet exports was the lowest and paper and paperboard exports was the highest.The embodied carbon in the processing trade of paper and paperboard was the highest.To reduce the embodied carbon in China's wood products,the government should promote technological transformation and upgrading and encourage the implementation of green technology innovation.

Embodied Pollution in China-U.S.Trade——An Empirical Study Based on Estimation of Input-Output Technology Matrix

Using input-output tables of China and the U.S., this paper has calculated the pollution embodied in trade and structure of pollution, the balance of emissions embodied in trade （BEET） and the pollution terms of trade （PTT） for 18 manufacturing sectors of China and the US. between 2001 and 2010. The calculation aims to verify whether China has become a ＂pollution haven＂ in bilateral trade with developed countries represented by the U.S., and whether Chinese exports are ＂dirtier＂ compared with imports from the U.S., and further conducting an industry structure analysis and effect decomposition study on pollution embodied in trade in industrial goods between China and U.S.. Result of our research indicates that according to our calculation of the BEET, China remains a country with environmental deficits in bilateral trade with the U.S. while the gaps between pollution embodied in China＇s export and import are narrowing. Pollution embodied in China＇s export has the tendency of increase before decline while pollution embodied in import demonstrates no significant tendency of decline. Through effect decomposition, we further found that the effect of technology arising from the substantial decline of pollution intensity effectively lowered pollution embodied in export and narrowed the environmental deficits of China in its bilateral trade. The effect of scale arising from growing export volumes significantly increased China＇s environmental deficits while the structural effect arising from changes in the structure of import and export is insignificant in reducing environmental deficits. Our calculation of the PTT led to the finding that China＇s export goods are more pollution intensive compared with import goods and that the structure of US exports to China is cleaner than the structure of Chinese exports to the US., which requires further improvements of China＇s import and export structure.

Research on carbon emissions embodied in China-Russia trade under the background of the Belt and Road

Based on the latest China-Russia input-output data sets over the period from 2007 to 2015,this study quantified the flow of embodied carbon emissions in China-Russia trade using the emission embodied in bilateral trade(EEBT)approach.In addition,the structural decomposition analysis(SDA)was employed to identify the potential driving factors that affect embodied carbon in imports and exports.The results showed as follow.1)China was a net exporter of carbon emissions in bilateral trade between China and Russia during 2007–2015.Despite that the bilateral trade scale had expanded considerably,the net export volume of CO_(2)from China to Russia decreased from 13.21 Mt in 2007 to 4.45 Mt in 2015.2)From the perspective of different sectors,the metal manufacturing and the chemical sectors of China and Russia were the main sources of CO_(2)emissions.3)In terms of driving factors,it was found that the carbon emission coefficient was the main reason for contributing to embodied emission reduction.Moreover,the contribution rate of carbon emission coefficient to reduce the carbon emissions in imports reached to 95.26%,as well as 108.22%in exports.The bilateral trade scale was the main driver for the increase in embodied carbon emissions,and the contribution rate to embodied carbon emissions in imports and exports were 14.80%and 65.17%,respectively.4)This study argued that China and Russia should further optimize the energy structure and improve the energy efficiency and intermediate technology in the future.

The energy-intensity of China's export trade

China is one of the world’s major importers and exporters. On the one hand, massive exports have created enormous economic value and employment opportunities for Chinese and become one of the vital forces underpinning the country’s economic growth. On the other hand, exports have caused a huge amount of energy resource consumption and carbon emissions and added pressure to the country for a sustainable growth. China exports a wide variety of products, each of which is attached to a different industry chain with different energy consumptions. Therefore, the evolution of the product structure has become one of the key factors affecting China’s future energy consumption and economic growth. To further promote nationwide energy conservation and emission reduction, reduce the pressure exerted by economic growth on energy consumption and the environment and win more space for sustainable economic growth, it is imperative to understand energy consumption and carbon emissions embodied in export products and provide support for China’s export policy adjustment. This study attempts to calculate, compare and analyze the embodied energy and carbon emissions in 46 major export products using the full life cycle assessment method, and concludes by offering policy recommendations.

中国农产品出口贸易隐含碳排放测算及异质性分析——来自“一带一路”沿线国家(地区)的证据

采用环境拓展投入产出法测算了2007—2021年中国对“一带一路”沿线国家(地区)农产品出口贸易的隐含碳排放,进而运用LMDI模型探究贸易规模因素、出口结构因素和农业技术因素对隐含碳排放变动的贡献值与贡献率,从农产品部门和贸易区域两个层面对隐含碳排放变动的驱动因素进行异质性分析。研究发现:第一,2007—2021年中国对“一带一路”沿线国家(地区)的出口贸易隐含碳排放整体呈上升趋势,农产品出口贸易隐含碳排放年均增长率超过农产品出口贸易额年均增长率2.75%,隐含碳排放效率下降。第二,农产品出口贸易隐含碳排放存在明显的部门差异,因不合理的出口结构,农业、食品制造业和食品加工业等中高度碳排放密集型部门对隐含碳排放总量变动的贡献值占比较大,而林业、畜牧业等低度碳排放密集型部门的这一占比较小。第三,农产品出口贸易隐含碳排放存在明显的区域差异,对东南亚国家(地区)出口农产品产生的隐含碳排放占总碳排放的60%以上,贸易规模因素和农业技术因素是造成区域差异的主导因素。上述发现揭示了中国农产品出口贸易隐含碳排放变动的原因,为优化农产品出口结构、调整农产品出口贸易策略及碳排放双控制度的实施提供了新的思路与经验证据。

基于多区域投入产出的黄河流域贸易隐含碳排放时空格局及结构分解

厘清黄河流域贸易隐含碳排放时空格局及其驱动因素,对于制定公平有效的减排方案,实现区域合作减排的重要目标至关重要。利用多区域投入产出模型深入研究2007—2017年黄河流域9个省区贸易隐含碳排放的构成,以及其在省级和行业层面的转移路径;通过结构分解方法,追踪黄河流域贸易隐含碳排放区域内外的影响因素,揭示其区域内外影响因素的异质性。结果表明:黄河流域整体呈净贸易隐含碳转出区域,主要由中间投入的贸易方式进入其他各省的生产需求时导致。该流域的生产供应和整体需求正向中西部和东北地区转移,而对东南沿海省份的供应和需求正逐渐减少。区域外的最终需求和本地的碳排放强度是影响转出贸易隐含碳的主要因素,区域内的最终需求和区域外的碳排放强度是影响转入贸易隐含碳的主要因素。此外,生产结构和最终需求是影响黄河流域贸易隐含碳排放的关键因素,前者对黄河流域贸易隐含碳排放起抑制作用,后者则主要起驱动作用。

国际贸易隐含碳转移溢出、转型风险与宏观金融稳定

在国际贸易、环境经济与气候金融相互影响的背景下,本文通过构建可以观察碳转移溢出效应的全球碳转移联通网络,实证分析了碳转移溢出对宏观金融稳定的影响及传导机制。结果表明:各经济体之间碳转移溢出明显降低了经济发展水平较低、气候损失较大以及气候表现绩效较差经济体的金融稳定水平,特别是增加了经济体的外债清偿风险、经常账户余额风险和国际储备流动性风险,资产价格重估视角下的转型风险是其中介机制。此外,本文还发现气候适应性措施能够有效减缓碳转移溢出对宏观金融稳定的影响,相比之下,现有的绿色宏观审慎监管框架需要进一步完善。本文探讨了气候金融框架下气候变化影响宏观金融稳定的一个可能传导链条,为从双循环视角推进我国经济绿色发展提供了新的证据。

中国出口服务贸易数字化水平对“双碳”目标的影响——基于中国与44个国家贸易数据的实证研究

“双碳”目标背景下,数字服务贸易这一新兴贸易形式为控制碳排放提供了新路径。本文根据最新的双边服务贸易数字化数据,选取中国与44个国家2007—2018年的贸易数据,实证检验中国出口服务贸易数字化水平对出口贸易隐含碳的影响。研究可知,中国出口服务贸易数字化水平的提升可以抑制出口隐含碳排放。

Estimation of China'S Embodied CO_2 Emissions during 2000-2009

The problem of CO2 embodied in international trade has attracted increasing attention in China. To analyze this issue, the present paper directly calculates emission factors for 15 industries in 2002, 2005 and2007. We then examine a consumption-based system and a single-region input-output model to estimate China＇s embodied emissions during 2000- 2009. Our results show that, when a consumption-based system is adopted, China＇s emissions are lower than those reported by some international organizations. The rapid growth in China ＇s exports＇ is a key determinant of China＇s rising total emissions. All countries shouM strengthen their cooperation in improving their current greenhouse gas inventories. Furthermore, China needs to encourage trade in low-carbon products and technology.

Research on Measurement of China’s Inter-Provincial Trade,International Trade and Low-Carbon Trade Competitiveness

In this paper,Embodied carbon emission competitiveness in international trade and inter-provincial trade is measured and comparative analysis is conducted.Specifi cally the non-competitive input-output model and low-carbon trade competitiveness index are constructed to study the embodied carbon emission competitiveness of 31 Chinese provinces in international trade and inter-provincial trade from the perspectives of the whole,three industries and product sectors.We find that Shanghai is the most competitive in low-carbon trade,while Qinghai is the least;carbon leakage in international trade is severe;the performance of different product sectors differ widely in embodied carbon emission competitiveness in international trade and inter-provincial trade;the primary and secondary industries are competitive in low-carbon inter-provincial trade and the tertiary industry is competitive in low-carbon international trade.The innovations of this paper is as follows:methodology in low-carbon trade competitiveness index is innovated;macro,meso and micro perspectives are taken;factors in international trade and inter-provincial trade are combined in content.In the end,development of low-carbon trade is promoted and references for policy are provided for a new round of trade competition.

中国省际贸易隐含碳及其城乡流通格局分析

开展省际贸易隐含碳流通研究,有助于揭示区级贸易的异地环境影响,识别并划分碳减排责任,对于区域协同减排、公平发展具有重要理论和实践意义。基于2017年中国区域间投入产出表及各省(区、市)能源消费数据,利用环境拓展的投入产出模型,在分析省际贸易隐含碳流通格局的基础上,进一步揭示城乡贸易隐含碳的空间格局和流通路径。研究表明:①贸易隐含碳的输入和输出具有较大的省际差异,净输入区域主要包括华东和西南地区,净输出区域主要集中在华北、东北和西北地区;②贸易隐含碳排放主要从第二产业发达或能源资源富集的经济欠发达地区向经济发达地区流动;③省际贸易隐含碳流通路径相对集中,城镇间贸易隐含碳流通格局与省际的基本一致,而农村间隐含碳贸易体量较小,碳排放路径较为分散;④从全国尺度看,城镇是贸易隐含碳输入的热点区域,而农村则是碳输出的主要源区。各省(区、市)农村输入城镇的贸易隐含碳量明显大于城镇输入农村的贸易隐含碳量,这表明农村在城乡贸易中承担了较大的碳排放压力,建议未来应进一步优化区域生产布局、提升贸易流通效率,并基于区域隐含碳开展省域及城乡之间的横向碳补偿,推动区域之间的协同减排和城乡公平发展。

全球价值链视角下的出口贸易隐含碳研究

从全球价值链视角研究碳减排,可以为中国“碳双减”提供政策启示。采用1995—2009年的跨国跨行业面板数据,结合规模效应、结构效应和技术效应,分析全球价值链嵌入位置对出口贸易隐含碳的影响。研究结果显示,产出上游度和投入下游度的上升均会导致出口贸易隐含碳水平升高,这说明如果一国以矿业、制造业为主要产业嵌入全球价值链分工体系,那么出口贸易隐含碳水平会升高,稳健性检验结果强化了这一结论。此外,对于污染密集型行业,全球价值链效应会更弱,但是对于劳动密集型行业,全球价值链效应会更加明显。因此,为了在2030年实现碳达峰目标,中国政府应当优化产业布局,通过约束污染密集型行业和劳动密集型行业出口,调整出口规模和改善出口贸易结构。

粮食贸易对中国隐含碳排放的影响研究

粮食系统是温室气体排放的主要来源之一。中国作为世界第一碳排放国以及世界粮食生产和贸易大国,在碳减排压力下探索粮食贸易对碳排放的影响具有重要现实意义。本文通过生命周期评估法测算1998-2020年中国粮食双边贸易隐含碳排放量,同时运用面板自回归分布滞后模型(ARDL)分析中国粮食双边贸易量对隐含碳排放的长期、短期影响。结果表明,2003年之后中国一直是粮食隐含碳排放净进口国,且中国粮食隐含碳排放净进口主要来源国为巴西、美国、阿根廷等。粮食进口贸易和出口贸易长期和隐含碳排放均呈倒U形关系。中国应在保证粮食安全的前提下适当增加粮食贸易的同时优化进口来源国结构,尽量选择从巴西和美国等经济发达国家进口粮食。

贸易协定环境条款深度与贸易隐含碳

本文基于贸易协定规则文本,测度不同国家对之间贸易协定环境条款深度,并结合2000—2018年64个国家矩阵50个细分行业的贸易隐含碳数据,实证探究贸易协定环境条款深度对贸易隐含碳的影响。研究发现,提升贸易协定环境条款深度能够显著降低贸易隐含碳,国家间绿色技术合作、国家内部环境治理能力和碳生产率发挥了重要传导机制。异质性分析表明,不同种类贸易协定环境条款的作用效果具有显著差异,与碳排放相关度较高的条款、贸易联系紧密度较高的国家组合、蕴含在出口产品中的国外碳排放,在提升贸易协定环境条款深度时对贸易隐含碳的削减效果更强;贸易协定环境条款深度提升对减少非技术密集型行业和高碳排放密集度行业贸易隐含碳的效果更加显著。

燃煤电厂碳排放核算技术体系研究与应用

国家“双碳”目标背景下,碳交易市场有序展开,燃煤电厂亟须精确核算碳排放数据,为加入碳交易市场奠定坚实的数据基础。依据国家发布的碳排放相关技术规范,建立量化平衡法+在线监测法燃煤电厂碳排放核算技术体系,通过交叉验证确保燃煤电厂碳排放数据的准确性。通过在两家电厂应用证实技术体系的应用价值,同时对燃煤电厂碳排放提出几点建议,旨在为电厂降碳优化运行及碳交易准备提供坚实的数据基础。

基于LMDI方法的中国国际贸易隐含碳分解

对国际贸易产生环境影响的定量研究正日益受到关注,特别是对隐含碳的研究。以中国2005年为例,对中国国际贸易隐含碳进行估算,应用对数平均D氏指数法(LMDI)对影响隐含碳净转移的因素进行分解分析。结果显示中国因生产排放碳量远大于其消费需要排放的碳量,从国外净转移到中国的隐含碳为395.66MtC;净转移隐含碳影响因素中强度效应(进出口商品完全碳排放系数差异)贡献率为60%,规模效应(进出额差异)贡献率为55%,结构效应(进出口结构差异)贡献率为-14%,此结果表明中国相比国外的高碳排放强度是造成目前碳转移额外增加的主要因素,分析结构效应发现中国主要净出口行业大部分不是高碳排放强度行业,而净进口行业却主要由高碳排放强度行业构成,特别是与碳排放密切相关的能源行业居净进口行业首位。

区域碳排放转移的演变特征与结构分解及减排对策分析——以河南省为例

通过耦合投入产出分析方法和结构分解模型,探讨2002~2010年区域碳排放转移的演变特征、驱动因素及其地理源特征。研究发现:2002~2010年流出和流入河南省的贸易隐含碳排放均处于不断增加的趋势,其中流出贸易隐含碳排放主要是受外部最终需求的影响,且主要集中在中国的中部和东南部地区,而流入贸易隐含碳排放则主要是受本地最终需求和本地最终产品结构的影响最为显著,且主要来源于中国的东部、东北部和中部地区。研究还发现,为减轻贸易对区域碳排放及其减排责任的影响,开展区域合作来共同减排比单个地区独自应对更为有利,但在区域合作中各地区的获益程度可能会有所差别。

增加值贸易视角下的中国区域间碳排放转移研究

借助增加值贸易概念,使用多区域投入产出模型在跨省跨产业的中国国内价值链框架下测算各省二氧化碳的生产侧排放、消费侧排放,将区域间排放转移按传统贸易、简单价值链贸易和复杂价值链贸易进行分解测算并评估不同贸易路径上排放转移的潜在环境成本。研究发现:(1)2012年中国大部分省份参与国内价值链过程中的碳排放占其生产侧总碳排放的80%以上,有一半的省份这一比例甚至超过了90%;(2)与通过跨省的传统贸易创造增加值方式相比,通过国内价值链贸易创造的增加值更高碳;(3)2012年中国跨区域的排放转移比2007年增加了148.2%,约29.8亿吨,其中通过简单价值链和复杂价值链的排放转移分别增加了119.6%和336.7%,约10.8亿吨和15.9亿吨,这两条价值链上排放转移的环境成本也有较大增加;(4)西北地区是碳排放净流出最多的区域,东部沿海地区是净流入最多的区域。

中国出口贸易中隐含碳排放增长的结构分解分析

作为出口贸易大国,中国的出口贸易中隐含碳排放总量相当可观,而且还呈现出不断增长的态势。采用投入产出分析方法,对1997和2007年中国出口贸易中隐含碳排放进行了核算,结果分别为290.61Mt和940.69Mt,占中国生产活动碳排放总量的比重分别为28.47%和45.53%。进而构建结构分解分析模型,将影响出口贸易隐含碳排放变化的因素分解为4种:直接碳排放强度效应、中间生产技术效应、出口总量效应和出口结构效应。并以1997-2007年为样本期,进行了实证分析。结果显示,上述4个因素的贡献值分别为-638.95Mt、132.41 Mt1、266.38 Mt和-109.77Mt。可见造成出口贸易隐含碳排放增加的主要原因就在于出口总量的不断增长;其次是中间生产技术的变化。虽然直接碳排放强度下降和出口结构改善都产生了一定的减排效应,但是相对于巨大出口量所产生的增排效应,仍显得微不足道,因而中国的出口贸易隐含碳排放还是呈不断增长态势。