Effects of Nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium Combined Fertilization on Rice Yield and Fertilizer Use Efficiency in Jianghan Plain

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the rational formula for rice fertilization in Jianghan Plain.[Methods]An experiment on the combined application of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers was carried out in Jianghan Plain,an important rice producing area in Hubei,with a total of five treatments to study the effects of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on the fertilizer use efficiency and yield of rice.[Results]Fertilization had a significant effect on improving rice yield,and nitrogen fertilizer had the greatest effect on rice yield,followed by potassium fertilizer and phosphorous fertilizer.[Conclusions]This study provides a scientific basis for the application of rice fertilizers and the reduction and efficiency improvement of chemical fertilizers in Jianghan Plain.

Effect Models of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizer Formulation in Banana

[Objective] The aim was to modify the application amount of N,P and K fertilizer so as to provide a reference for establishing balanced fertilization index system of banana.[Method]The N,P and K fertilizer ＂3414＂ test was carried out on banana,and then regression analysis was performed on the fertilizer effect.Ternary quadratic,binary quadric and one-variable quadratic regression equations for the fertilizer effect on the banana yield were constructed.[Result]Suitable amount of N,P and K fertilizer had significant yield improving effect,whereas overdose of fertilizer application led to decreasing of utilization rate of fertilizer.Therefore,suitable amount of N,P and K fertilizer should be selected in production.It could be concluded that one-variable quadratic regression equations was the best model to calculate the suitable fertilizer amount.The best yield range of banana in the tested field was 44.193-45.904 t/hm2,while the corresponding optimum application amount of N,P2O5 and K2O was 795.1,262.3 and 1 236.9 kg/hm2 respectively,and the ratio among nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium are 1∶0.33∶1.55.[Conclusion]The result in this study could provide references for the soil types similar to the tested field.

Effects of Grape Balanced Nutrition Fertilizer on Yield and Quality of Wine Grapes

In this study,the wine grapes balanced nutrient fertilizer(BNF)was designed according to the wine grape nutritional requirements in different growth stages,and objected to reduce fertilizer application rate of wine grape cultivation,improve fertilizer utilization rate,achieve stable yield and improve the quality of wine grapes.The experiment was carried out at the Great Wall Sanggan Winery,and the Aristocratic Winery.The experiment was designed with two treatments:Namely BNF treatment,and the traditional fertilization(CK).We investigated the effects of BNF on the quality of wine grapes by examining the plant traits of wine grapes in different experimental areas during the growing season,the fruit traits at maturity,and determined the contents of VC,organic acids,amino acids,flavonoids,soluble total sugars,soluble solids,tannins,total phenols and catechins.The results show that:①The application of grape BNF greatly reduced the application amount of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium,while the vine had no fertilizer deficiency phenomenon;②It increased the single fruit weight,the ear weight and yield to varying degrees,and the yield increase range was between 12% and 41%;③The wine grapes with BNF had the following characteristics:tight infructescence,even color,small fruit less,no fruit dropped,strong fruit colloid feeling,better aroma and taste;④It greatly improved the quality of wine grapes,and increased the content of soluble solids,soluble total sugar,organic acids,VC,total phenols,flavonoids,amino acids and tannins in fruits;⑤It greatly increased the total catechin content of"Riesling"and"Syrah",and had no significant effects on the catechin content of"Merlot"and"Cabernet Sauvignon".In summary,the application of grape BNF has certain practical significance for guiding the production of local wine grapes,ensuring the yield while improving the quality,increasing the income and reducing the environmental pollution caused by excessive fertilization.

Effects of different ration of NPK fertilizer on the grain yield and protein content in forage rice

Different ratios of NPK were adopted in this research to study its effects on the objective traits of 2 early forage-rice varieties, and to obtain the optimum ratio to further improve the application technique in theory. At the same time, the possibility of increasing yield and protein content in the grain through cultivation technique was also studied. The conclusions were：

Spatiotemporal Changes in Soil Nutrients:A Case Study in Taihu Region of China

The accurate assessment of the spatiotemporal changes in soil nutrients influenced by agricultural production provides the basis for development of management strategies to maintain soil fertility and balance soil nutrients. In this paper, we combined spatial measurements from 2 157 soil samples and geostatistical analysis to assess the spatiotemporal changes in soil organic carbon （SOC）, total nitrogen （TN）, available phosphorus （AP） and available potassium content （AK） from the first soil survey （in the 1980s） to the second soil survey （in the 2000s） in the Taihu region of Jiangsu Province in China. The results showed that average soil nutrients in three soil types all exhibited the increased levels in the 2000s （except for AK in the yellow brown soil）. The standard deviation of soil nutrient contents increased （except for TN in the paddy soil）. Agricultural production in the 20 years led to increases in SOC, TN, AP and AK by 74, 82, 89 and 65%, respectively, of the Taihu areas analyzed. From the 1980s to 2000s all the nugget/sill ratios of soil nutrients indices were between 25 and 75% （except for AK in the yellow brown soil in the 2000s）, indicating moderate spatial dependence. The ratio of AP in the yellow brown soil in the 2000s was 88.74%, showing weak spatial dependence. The spatial correlation range values for SOC, TN, AP and AK in the 2000s all decreased. The main areas showing declines in SOC, TN and AP were in the northwest. For AK, the main region with declining levels was in the east and middle of western areas. Apparently, the increase in soil nutrients in the Taihu region can be mainly attributed to the large increase in fertilizer inputs, change in crop systems and enhanced residues management since the 1980s. Future emphasis should be placed on avoiding excess fertilizer inputs and balancing the effects of the fertilizers in soils.

Effect of Fertilizer Application on the Yield of Walnut (Juglans regia L.)

[Objectives] This study was conducted to explore the fertilization ratio of walnut, so as to provide a basis for rational fertilization of walnut. [Methods] Under the condition of gravelly yellow soil in Chaotian District, Guangyuan City, the orthogonal design of L_9(3~4) was used to test the fertilization ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. [Results] The effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on walnut yield ranked as phosphate fertilizer>potassium fertilizer>nitrogen fertilizer. The different treatments had great effects on the yield of walnut, and for the land with gravelly yellow soil, the suitable annual fertilization amount of walnut was urea 1 200 g/plant + calcium superphosphate 1 500 g/plant + potassium sulfate 940 g/plant. [Conclusions] This study provides a theoretical basis for rational fertilization of walnut in Sichuan Province.

北京地区蔬菜施肥的问题与对策

目前北京地区蔬菜施肥中氮、磷、钾养分比例不协调，土壤养分收支不平衡，氮、磷盈余而钾不足。这不仅造成蔬菜品质的下降和对环境的污染，也使某地发生次生盐渍化，并使蔬菜易发生病害。采用土壤诊断与植株诊断相结合的平衡施肥技术，是解决上述问题的有效措施。文章提出了今后蔬菜施肥中需要研究的问题。

缓释肥及平衡施肥对干制辣椒氮磷钾吸收的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究2种缓释肥及平衡推荐施肥对干制辣椒干物质累积、经济产量、氮磷钾养分吸收及肥料利用率的影响。结果表明,各施肥处理较不施肥干制辣椒植株干物质累积量、经济产量及果实对氮磷钾的累积吸收量显著增加。与习惯施肥处理相比较,平衡推荐施肥、缓释复合肥及脲精施用果实干质量(或经济产量)及对氮磷钾的累积吸收量也均显著增加,其中,经济产量分别增加20.94%、17.5%和14.54%,果实氮的累积吸收量分别增加21.53%、18.46%和13.19%,果实磷的吸收量分别增加14.08%、15.76%和10.44%,果实钾的吸收量分别增加22.66%、15.73%和16.28%,氮肥的利用率分别提高5.84、7.14、8.33个百分点,磷肥的利用率分别提高3.32、3.27、2.47个百分点,但是由于钾的投入量增大,而导致钾肥的利用效率降低,而且氮肥、磷肥总体利用率偏低。同时,平衡推荐施肥及2种缓释肥能减少氮的施用量20%～50%,从而降低环境污染的风险,缓释肥还可以减少施肥次数而显著降低劳动力成本,符合社会节能减排、节本增效和环境保护的多重目的。

氮磷钾均衡管理对戈壁滩日光温室有机基质栽培春茬黄瓜产量与养分吸收的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了氮磷钾均衡管理对戈壁滩日光温室有机基质栽培春茬黄瓜产量与养分吸收的影响。结果表明：1日光温室春茬黄瓜栽培基质营养主要限制因子是氮和钾,施磷也有一定增产效果,施氮、施钾和施磷分别增产51.2%、45.2%和10.0%。2推荐施肥处理较习惯施肥处理能大幅度增加产量和经济效益,平均增产35.7%,增收40.7%;推荐施肥处理产量和经济效益均略高于高氮和高钾处理,产量分别增加4.3%和3.8%,经济效益分别增加4.4%和3.9%。3推荐施肥处理能显著促进黄瓜对氮磷钾的吸收,提高化肥氮磷钾利用率,化肥氮、磷和钾利用率分别达到31.7%、34.1%和78.9%,而习惯施肥处理的化肥氮、磷和钾利用率分别仅为4.6%、0.9%和11.7%。4本试验条件下日光温室有机基质栽培春茬黄瓜适宜N、P2O5和K2O用量范围分别在350-430、135-160、370-430g·m^-3（基质）之间,生产1000kg黄瓜产品对N、P2O5和K2O的推荐量范围分别在2.0-2.4、0.8-0.9、2.1-2.3kg之间。

NPK配施对莴苣产量品质的影响研究

在酸性灰棕紫泥土上施用Ｎ２０．７，Ｐ１２，Ｋ３６ｇ／ｍ￣２（１．７３：１：３）莴苣的产量、品质和经济效益最高。

油-稻-稻种植制下晚稻氮、磷、钾肥施用效果

在大田条件下研究了鄂东地区水旱轮作三熟制中晚稻生长和产量对氮、磷、钾肥的反应。其中钾肥增产效果最好,最高达43.3%,氮肥最高为25.9%,而磷肥的最高增产率仅2.6%。结果还显示,一种养分增产效果的发挥受其他养分供应水平的影响,只有在其他养分供应充足时才能发挥氮、磷或钾的增产作用。根据肥料效应方程,每公顷最高产量的N、P2O5和K2O用量分别为161kg、21.5kg和451kg。

氮、磷、钾肥对绣球‘花手鞠’容器苗生长及养分状况的影响

为指导绣球容器苗的合理施肥,该研究以两年生盆栽绣球‘花手鞠’(Hydrangea macrophylla‘Hanatemari’)为材料,利用“3414”平衡施肥设计,研究了氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)三种肥料的4个水平(N、K_(2)O:0、4、8、12 g·plant^(-1);P_(2)O_(5):0、1.5、3.0、4.5 g·plant^(-1))对‘花手鞠’生长及植物养分状况的影响,并利用临界浓度法确定适宜的施肥量,为绣球容器苗的科学施肥提供依据。结果表明:(1)在氮(N)肥处理中,‘花手鞠’苗高、蓬径、植物生长指数(PGI)、地上部分及全株生物量均随施肥量升高呈上升趋势,当施肥量超过“2”水平时,这些指标升高不再显著,或略有下降。(2)低水平磷(P)肥(P1)和低水平钾(K)肥(K1)有利于绣球‘花手鞠’生物量的积累。(3)绣球‘花手鞠’叶片和茎中的养分含量均随N、P、K施肥量的增加而升高,而根系中K含量随K肥水平的升高变化不显著,与对照无显著差异。(4)根据临界浓度法确定绣球‘花手鞠’叶片中N和P的适宜范围分别为35.31~46.64 g·kg^(-1)和1.88~2.28 g·kg^(-1)。综合考虑养分含量、植物生长指标及生产成本,盆栽绣球N、P、K肥适宜的用量为N2(8 g N·plant^(-1))、P1(1.5 g P_(2)O_(5)·plant^(-1))和K1(4 g K_(2)O·plant^(-1))。

江西稻田施肥效应及其对土壤肥力变化的影响

本文论述1984-1987年在江西五种土壤进行五个定位试验结果:(1)稻田氮、磷、钾、有机肥、化肥与有机肥配施增产效应.(2)化肥与有机肥配施具有培肥改土稳产高产效果.(3)要求年亩产800公斤所需养分状况.(4)施肥对养分平衡以及水稻营养和土壤肥力消长关系.为全省稻田合理分配施用化肥,预测土壤肥力变化提供科学依据.

Chinese yam yield is affected by soil nutrient levels and interactions among N, P, and K fertilizers

Objective: The current fertilization methods for Chinese yam are uneconomic and unfriend to environment. A rational one is very important to achieve desired balance of high yield of Chinese yam, economic and friend to environment. Here, we studied the effects of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), and potassium(K) fertilizers on the yield of ’Qinfeng’ Chinese yam in shallow-groove directional cultivation.Methods: The experiments were conducted in Dehua County, Fujian Province, China using a "3414" optimal design. Overall, three fertilizer factors(N, P, and K) were evaluated at the following four levels: 0, no fertilizer;1, 0.5-fold the typical rate;2, typical fertilization rate;and 3, 1.5-fold the typical rate. There were 14 different fertilization treatments.Results: Treatment 6(N2P2K2) produced the longest(75.6 cm) and thickest tubers(4.9 cm) with the highest tuber fresh weight(1311.9 g) and yield(41 015.9 kg/hm2), whereas, treatment 1 produced the shortest(65.6 cm) and thinnest tubers(3.9 cm) with the lowest fresh weight(953.4 g) and yield(28 532.8 kg/hm2) among the 14 fertilizer combinations. The experimental data could be fitted to single-variable quadratic and binary quadratic models but not to a ternary quadratic polynomial model. Appropriate N, P, and K fertilizer application rates increased Chinese yam yield. However, excessive fertilization lowered the yield. Chinese yam yield was significantly and strongly correlated with the amounts of N, P, and K fertilizer applied.Conclusion: Based on the single variable quadratic and binary quadratic models, we propose that the quantities of N, P, and K fertilizer used to grow 1 hm^(2)’Qinfeng’ Chinese yam should be 360–388.3,90–100.95, and 416.3–675 kg, respectively.