A Review of Basic Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Scrimber Based on Small-Scale Specimens

This review summarizes the existing knowledge about the mechanical properties of bamboo scrimber(BS)in literature.According to literature reviews,the strength of BS under different load modes is affected by a series of factors,such as the type of original bamboo,growth position,resin content,treatment method and density.Therefore,different production processes can be adopted according to different requirements,and bamboo scrimbers can also be classified accordingly.In addition,this review summarizes the changes in different factors considered by scholars in the research on the mechanical properties of BS,so that readers can have an overall understanding of the existing research and make more innovative and valuable research on this basis.This review provides and discusses the conclusive observations,the current research gaps and future research directions on the mechanical properties of BS.

Dynamic Testing of Elastic Modulus,Shear Modulus,and Poisson’s Ratio of Bamboo Scrimber

The bamboo scrimber is an anisotropic material.The elastic constant values of the bamboo scrimber specimens measured by the dynamic and static methods are consistent,and the dynamic test method has the advantages of rapidity,simplicity,good repeatability,and high precision.Bamboo scrimber has strong potential as a building material,and its elastic constant is an important index to measure its mechanical properties.To quickly,simply,non-destructively,and accurately detect the elastic constant of the bamboo scrimber,they were dynamically tested by the free plate transient excitation method and cantilever plate torsional vibration method.The static four-point bending method was used to verify the accuracy and reliability of the dynamic elastic modulus,shear modulus,and Poisson’s ratio of the bamboo scrimber.The mechanism analysis and evaluation of the quality grade,homogeneity,and size effect of the bamboo scrimber whole board were carried out.The main results show that the dynamic elastic modulus,shear modulus,and Poisson’s ratio of the bamboo scrimber are 12 GPa,1500 MPa,and 0.31,respectively,which meet the requirements of GB/T 40247-2021 for structural bamboo scrimber.

新型CFRP网格-重组竹复合板力学试验研究

为提高重组竹的力学性能并减轻其各向异性缺陷,设计了一种新型CFRP网格-重组竹复合板(CBCP).分别对8组CBCP拉伸试样和18组CBCP拉拔试样进行单轴拉伸试验和拉拔试验,以分析其力学行为并评估复合方法的影响.选择3个相似的构成模型对拉拔试样的黏结应力-滑移曲线进行拟合,根据试验结果确定CFRP网格和重组竹的临界锚固长度及计算方法,并分析讨论了CFRP层数、横向CFRP束特性和锚固长度对CFRP网格与重组竹黏结性能的影响.结果表明,复合CFRP网格可使重组竹的顺纹和横纹抗拉强度分别提高35.77%和135.20%,从而改善了重组竹的各向异性缺陷.增加网格层数和间距可提高CBCP的拉伸性能.随着锚固长度的增加,平均界面黏结强度呈幂函数递减,而峰值载荷滑移则线性递减.

基于响应面法的菌草重组材制备工艺优化

菌草资源是目前世界上最丰富的农业资源之一,具有广阔的发展前景。以菌草绿洲一号为原料,制备菌草重组材,采用响应面Box-Behnken试验设计方法研究不同浸胶时间、热压时间、热压温度对菌草重组材主要物理力学性能的影响。在响应面试验结果基础上增加碱处理和帚化处理,探究改性对菌草表面结构及物理力学性能的影响。结果表明,菌草重组材的较佳制备工艺参数为浸胶时间33 min,热压时间1.12 min/mm,热压温度155℃。帚化制备的菌草重组材浸胶时间降低至15 min,其静曲强度(MOR)136.56 MPa和弹性模量(MOE)14.80 GPa比未帚化制备的菌草重组材分别提高154%和14%;吸水厚度膨胀率(TSR)5.84%和吸水宽度膨胀率(WSR)0.93%分别比未帚化制备的菌草重组材降低7和1.82个百分点,均达到GB/T 40247—2021《重组竹》的要求。碱处理试验结果显示,在NaOH质量分数为2%时MOR和MOE最佳,分别143.13 MPa和15.05 GPa;在NaOH质量分数1%时TSR和WSR最低,分别为1.85%和0.30%。通过扫描电镜分析可知,碱处理后菌草表面蜡质层出现降解,粗糙度增加;帚化处理产生的裂隙有利于酚醛树脂胶黏剂渗透到菌草内部,有利于菌草重组材的胶合,提高了力学性能和耐水性。本研究制备的菌草重组材为菌草新材料的开发提供新途径,对加快推进菌草重组材产业发展具有重要意义。

高密度重组竹的物理力学性能研究

分析了高密度重组竹的孔隙率、微观结构、耐水性和力学性能,并通过构建性能参数与密度的关系,探究密度对物理力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:随着密度的增大,孔隙率逐渐降低。当密度为1.37 g/cm3时,孔隙率仅为5.52%,竹材细胞基本实现了密实化;薄壁细胞和导管细胞发生严重变形,但纤维细胞的形态几乎未受影响。经4 h水煮-20 h 60℃干燥-4 h水煮处理后,吸水率、厚度膨胀率和宽度膨胀率均随密度的增大而下降,分别低至9.67%、7.62%和1.47%。水平剪切强度、顺纹抗压强度、静曲强度(MOR)和弹性模量(MOE)则随密度的增大而增大,分别高达28.83、215.53、354.00 MPa和28.75 GPa。所有重组竹的性能参数均达到了户外用重组竹的性能要求,且部分参数远超国标中规定的最高等级要求。此研究结果可为重组竹性能的调控与应用提供理论依据和数据参考。

压缩率和施胶量对毛白杨重组木干状和湿状表面粗糙度的影响

表面粗糙度是评价木质材料表面质量和加工性能的重要指标之一。以毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)单板和酚醛树脂为原料,采用单因素试验制备重组木,探讨压缩率(50%、55%、59%)和施胶量(10%、15%、20%)对重组木干状和湿状表面粗糙度的影响。结果表明,压缩率对干状和湿状表面粗糙度影响显著,且对干状表面粗糙度的影响大于湿状;随着压缩率的增大,重组木的干状表面粗糙度逐渐降低,湿状表面粗糙度逐渐增大;施胶量对干状和湿状表面粗糙度影响显著,且对湿状表面粗糙度的影响大于干状;随着施胶量的增加,重组木干状和湿状表面粗糙度均逐渐降低。与毛白杨单板相比,在压缩率为59%和施胶量为15%时,重组木干状粗糙度参数Ra和Rz分别降低了79.64%和73.07%,湿状粗糙度参数Ra和Rz分别降低了62.85%和50.00%。在实际生产过程中,可通过控制压缩率和施胶量调控重组木干状和湿状表面粗糙度,以满足不同应用场景对重组木材料表面粗糙度的需求。

辊压树脂浸胶法对桉木重组木尺寸稳定性影响机理

【目的】为解决重组木制备过程中重组单元施胶不均匀导致的尺寸稳定性差的问题,通过辊压树脂浸胶工艺制备重组木,探究辊压树脂浸胶工艺对桉木重组木尺寸稳定性的影响机理。【方法】分别通过吊笼式浸胶法和辊压树脂浸胶法制备桉木重组木,采用超景深显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、微计算机断层扫描仪和激光共聚焦显微镜观察重组单元和重组木表面形貌、微观结构和胶液分布情况,并采用X射线光电子能谱仪、粗糙度仪、接触角测定仪以及63℃水泡24 h和28 h循环法(沸水煮4 h,63℃烘20 h,沸水煮4 h)研究重组木表面化学成分、表面粗糙度、表面润湿性和耐水性能。【结果】与吊笼式浸胶法制备的重组木(CWS)相比,辊压树脂浸胶法制备的重组木(RWS)表面裂隙减少,粗糙度降低,表面润湿性减弱,耐水性能显著增强。RWS表面粗糙度R_(a)和R_(z)相比CWS分别下降了34.38%和72.75%。接触角测试结果表明,第20 s时RWS的表面接触角相对于CWS增大幅度为283.95%。63℃水泡24 h测试结果显示:RWS的吸水厚度膨胀率和吸水宽度膨胀率分别为5.47%和1.11%,与CWS相比降低幅度分别达到52.16%和50.09%。28 h循环测试结果显示:RWS的吸水厚度膨胀率和吸水宽度膨胀率分别为6.24%和1.17%,与CWS相比降低幅度分别为51.45%和58.51%。辊压浸胶过程对重组单元产生了二次破坏,增加了胶液进入的通道;同时,辊压使细胞在被压缩到恢复原貌的过程中产生的负压,增加了胶液的渗透深度,形成网状胶合结构,加强了重组木的胶合性能,抑制了木材细胞在吸水后的回弹。【结论】辊压树脂浸胶法提高了重组木内部胶液分布的均匀性,降低了桉木重组木表面的粗糙度和润湿性,显著提高了重组木的耐水性能,改善了重组木的尺寸稳定性,对重组木的工艺优化和连续化生产具有重要的参考和指导意义。

疏解工艺对簕竹重组材力学性能及尺寸稳定性的影响

本文以簕竹为原料制备重组材,研究了不同疏解工艺对簕竹重组材力学性能和尺寸稳定性的影响,并通过与毛竹重组材对比,探讨其利用价值。结果表明:随着疏解程度的增加,竹束的载胶量增大,竹青竹黄的存在使竹束对胶黏剂的吸附能力下降;相同条件下,簕竹重组材与毛竹重组材水平剪切强度相当,弹性模量及静曲强度约为毛竹的2倍左右,经28 h循环水处理吸水厚度膨胀率约为毛竹的1/2;带青带黄疏解有利于提高簕竹重组材的抗弯性能,制备的重组竹静曲强度达215 MPa,弹性模量达28 GPa,分别高于常规疏解的8.64%和12.92%,但其水平剪切强度略有下降。竹青的存在可以提高簕竹表面的耐水性,簕竹青黄宽疏解在60 s时接触角仍能达到60°,较其余条件耐水性高。以簕竹开发制备重组材在工程应用上具有较大潜力。

高密度重组竹的漆膜附着性能研究

为阐明高密度重组竹的表面涂饰性能,分析了不同密度重组竹的表面形貌、粗糙度、润湿性和漆膜附着力,考察了密度对漆膜附着力的影响。结果表明:重组竹的密度越高,其表面越光滑,粗糙度越小,Ra最低仅为1.71μm。同时,随着重组竹密度的增大,蒸馏水、甲酰胺和二碘甲烷三种极性不同的液体的接触角变大,表面自由能也随之降低。受表面粗糙度和润湿性的影响,低密度的重组竹与高密度的相比,具有更高的漆膜附着性能。然而,根据GB/T4893.4—2013对漆膜附着力的分级,所有重组竹对水性和油性木器底漆的表面漆膜附着力均为2级,表明密度对重组竹表面的漆膜附着力无显著影响。研究结果可为高密度重组竹的表面涂饰处理提供理论支持。

重组竹方销对正交胶合木力学与声学特性的影响

为提升正交胶合木(CLT)的中低频隔声性能,设计了一种以重组竹方销为声散射体的二维声子晶体结构的CLT,探究对嵌入重组竹方销的杉木CLT力学和声学特性的影响。采用短梁剪切法,研究了跨中面外开孔的CLT短梁和嵌入重组竹方销的CLT短梁层间剪切强度、最大正应力和静态韧性系数;采用阻抗管测试法,研究了周期性排布的重组竹方销对CLT隔声量的影响规律。短梁剪切试验表明:与未开孔CLT相比,开孔使CLT的层间剪切强度下降了13.0%~16.5%;与开孔CLT相比,方孔中嵌入重组竹方销可使开孔CLT的层间剪切强度提升8.5%~12.7%,从而与未开孔CLT的层间剪切强度差异不显著,其最大正应力分别与开孔和未开孔的CLT最大正应力差异不显著,为24.52~29.45 MPa;方孔中嵌入重组竹方销的CLT在静态韧性系数上相比未开孔的CLT上升了13.9%~19.1%。隔声量测试结果表明:嵌入重组竹方销的CLT属局域共振型声子晶体结构,在1 400 Hz出现吻合效应的隔声量谷值约33.41 dB;以重组竹方销为声散射体的二维声子晶体结构随重组竹方销边长的增加,提高了CLT的密度和中低频的隔声量,其中,600 Hz以下的隔声量可提升约20.22%。在不改变CLT厚度、密度增量小于20%且力学性能差异不显著的前提下,以重组竹方销增强CLT隔声性能是可行的。

基于微创预处理的重组木防霉防腐性能

【目的】研究不同预处理工艺对重组木防霉和防腐性能的影响,旨在寻求最优处理方法以提升重组木在户外多变环境中的使用性能。【方法】采用传统的水煮法、微波法和创新性提出的微创法对重组木进行预处理,利用有机碘化物3-碘代-2丙炔基甲氨酸丁酯(IPBC)对其进行浸渍并采用异氰酸酯胶黏剂(MDI)饰面。通过防霉、防腐试验分析3种处理工艺重组木的防治效力,通过孔隙率、力学性能和尺寸稳定性研究3种处理工艺对重组木质量的影响。【结果】(1)通过微创预处理工艺,重组木的总孔隙率增加了64.1%,载药量提高了88.0%。(2)防霉试验结果显示重组木对照样对黑曲霉和可可球二孢菌的感染等级均为4级,而经过微创预处理/IPBC浸渍工艺的重组木对两种菌的感染等级均为0级,此外通过MDI饰面的重组木抗流失性提高了63.0%。(3)防腐试验结果显示重组木对照样对白腐菌和褐腐菌仅为Ⅱ耐腐等级,而经过微创预处理/IPBC浸渍工艺的重组木对白腐菌和褐腐菌均为Ⅰ耐腐等级。(4)力学和尺寸稳定性试验的结果表明:经过微创预处理/IPBC浸渍工艺的重组木有效保证了优异的力学性能和尺寸稳定性;相比重组木对照样,其抗弯强度和水平剪切强度相比对照样分别提高了14.9%和17.4%,其吸水宽度膨胀率和吸水厚度膨胀率分别降低了25.0%和49.2%。【结论】采用微创预处理/IPBC浸渍工艺制备的重组木对霉菌、变色菌和腐朽菌都具有优异的防治效力,同时提升了力学性能和尺寸稳定性。此外,该微创工艺绿色简单,可有效解决重组木户外应用难题。

单板厚度对杨木重组木性能的影响

以杨木单板为原料制备高性能特种重组木,重点探讨单板厚度对重组木性能的影响。结果表明,单板越薄,重组木及其内部单板表芯层密度差异越小,耐水性能也越好,但是垂直层向的抗压强度越低;0.7 mm单板制备重组木的静曲强度最高,为203.3 MPa,0.7 mm和1.0 mm单板制备重组木的弹性模量高于1.3 mm和1.8 mm单板制备重组木。

Theoretical Analysis on Deflection and Bearing Capacity of Prestressed Bamboo-Steel Composite Beams

A theoretical analysis of upward deflection and midspan deflection of prestressed bamboo-steel composite beams is presented in this study.The deflection analysis considers the influences of interface slippage and shear deformation.Furthermore,the calculation model for flexural capacity is proposed considering the two stages of loading.The theoretical results are verified with 8 specimens considering different prestressed load levels,load schemes,and prestress schemes.The results indicate that the proposed theoretical analysis provides a feasible prediction of the deflection and bearing capacity of bamboo-steel composite beams.For deflection analysis,the method considering the slippage and shear deformation provides better accuracy.The theoretical method for bearing capacity matches well with the test results,and the relative errors in the serviceability limit state and ultimate limit state are 4.95%and 5.85%,respectively,which meet the accuracy requirements of the engineered application.

重组竹抗弯试验及特征值确定

[目的]通过重组竹抗弯力学性能试验和理论分析,提出重组竹抗弯强度和抗弯弹性模量特征值取值建议,拟合相关关系,为重组竹在建筑结构中的应用提供参考。[方法]参考ASTM D143-14等规范,对40个重组竹试件进行抗弯力学性能试验,结合试件的荷载-跨中位移关系曲线以及各阶段的破坏模态,分析其受力性能;运用统计学理论,分别采用参数法、非参数法以及相关规范计算抗弯强度和抗弯弹性模量特征值。[结果]由试件的荷载-跨中位移关系曲线可知,重组竹抗弯破坏经历3个阶段,加载初期变形与荷载呈线性关系,此时试件处于弹性阶段;随着荷载增大,试件受拉区最外侧竹纤维的拉应力达到抗拉强度发生断裂,截面刚度降低,此时试件处于弹塑性阶段;继续加载,裂缝沿试件纵向和中性轴处发展,最终试件达到极限荷载后发生破坏,试件受压区未发现明显破坏。对于抗弯强度特征值,参数法计算结果均高于非参数法,基于正态分布和对数正态分布计算的抗弯强度特征值十分接近,且均大于Weibull分布计算的特征值;对于抗弯弹性模量,参数法、非参数法以及相关规范计算的特征值较为接近。[结论]对比3种计算方法的准确度,取非参数法计算的5%分位值作为抗弯强度特征值,取参数法计算的5%分位值作为抗弯弹性模量特征值,在此基础上,提出不同抗弯弹性模量等级对应的抗弯强度建议取值。

密度与含水率双因素作用下重组竹顺纹弹性模量的预测与分析

本研究选取3组不同密度(1.10、1.20、1.30 g/cm^(3))和5组不同含水率(4%,8%,12%,16%,20%)的重组竹试件进行顺纹抗拉、抗压试验,分析不同密度和含水率作用下重组竹顺纹抗拉、抗压弹性模量的变化规律。结果发现,重组竹顺纹抗拉、抗压弹性模量随密度的增大而增大,随含水率的升高而减小并趋于平衡;通过试验研究和数据拟合提出重组竹顺纹抗拉、抗压弹性模量的双参数耦合模型,线性组合模型和ASTM组合模型均能较好地预测重组竹顺纹抗拉、抗压弹性模量随密度和含水率变化后的理论值,顺纹抗拉弹性模量的实测值与线性组合模型和ASTM组合模型预测值之间最大误差为5.28%和8.20%;顺纹抗压弹性模量的实测值与线性组合模型和ASTM组合模型预测值之间最大误差为8.91%和8.67%,因线性组合模型计算更为简便,建议在实际应用中优先选用。

Mechanical Properties and Stress Strain Relationship Models for Bamboo Scrimber

In order to investigate the basic mechanical properties and stress strain relationship model for bamboo scrimber manufactured based on a new technique,a large quantities of experiments have been carried out.Based on the analysis of the test results,the following conclusions can be drawn.Two main typical failure modes were classified for bamboo scrimber specimens both under tension parallel to grain and tension perpendicular to grain.Brittle failure happened for all tensile tests.The slope values for the elastic stages have bigger discreteness compared with those for the specimens under tensile parallel to grain.The failure modes for bamboo scrimber specimens under compression parallel to grain could be divided into four.Only one main failure mode happened both for the bending specimens and the shear specimens.With the COV values of 28.64 and 25.72 respectively,the values for the strength and elastic modulus under tensile perpendicular to grain have the largest discreteness for bamboo scrimber.From the point of CHV values,the relationship among the mechanical parameters for bamboo scrimber were proposed based on the test results.Compared with other green building materials,bamboo scrimber manufactured based on a new technique has better mechanical performance and could be used in construction area.Three stress strain relationship models which are four-linear model,quadratic function model,and cubic function model were proposed for bamboo scrimber specimens manufactured based on a new technique.The latter two models gives better prediction for stress strain relationship in elastic plastic stage.

Long-Term Bending Behaviour of Prestressed Glulam Bamboo-Wood Beam Based on Creep Effect

Creep is an important characteristic of bamboo and wood materials under long-term loading.This paper aims to study the long-term bending beha-viour of prestressed glulam bamboo-wood beam(GBWB).For this,14 pre-stressed GBWBs were selected and subjected to a long-term loading test for 60 days.Then,a comparative analysis was performed for the effects of pre-tension values,the number of pre-stressed wires,and long-term load on the stress variation of the steel wire and the long-term deflection of the beam midspan.The test results showed that with the number of prestressed wires increasing,the total stress of the steel wire in the beam midspan and the ratio of the long-term deflec-tion to the total deflection decreases decreased,but when the number of steel wires exceeded 4,the total stress and long-term deflection was less infuenced;with the pre-tension value increasing,the ratio of the total stress of the steel wire in the beam midspan and the ratio of the long-temm deflection to the total deflec-tion also decreased,but when the prestress force was greater than 3.975 kN,the:total stress and long-term deflection were less affected;with the other parameters unchanged,when the value of the long-term load increased,the total stress of the steel wire decreased,and the long-temm deflection of the beam midspan increased,which shall be more significant with the long-term load greater than 30%of the standard ultimate bearing capacity.After the test,the experimental data were fitted,and the creep coefficient was given.Finally,the long-term stiffness calcula-tion fommula of the pre-stressed GBWB based on creep effect was proposed.The research findings have certain theoretical significance and engineering value.

Experimental and Theoretical Study on Bonding Properties between Steel Bar and Bamboo Scrimber

To further verify the feasibility of newly designed reinforced bamboo scrimber composite(RBSC)beams used in building construction,the bonding properties between steel bar and bamboo scrimber were investigated by anti-pulling tests.Results indicated that the anti-pulling mechanical properties were significantly correlated to the diameter,thread form and buried depth of steel bar,forming density of bamboo scrimber as well as the heat treatment of bamboo bundle.There were two failure modes for anti-pulling tests:the tensile fracture and pulling out of steel bar.Both the ultimate load and average shear strength of anti-pulling specimen could be increased greatly with the ribbed bar,high forming density of bamboo scrimber and un-heated bamboo bundle.Furthermore,a theoretical calculation model of the bonding interface between steel bar and bamboo scrimber was developed.Based on the theoretical calculation model,the change laws of normal stress of bamboo scrimber,and shear stress of glue layer along the buried depth of steel bar were revealed.This study is beneficial for the safety application of RBSC beams in building construction.

Flexural Performance of CFRP-Bamboo Scrimber Composite Beams

This study presents a new structure made up of bamboo scrimber and carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP)to address the low stiffness and strength of bamboo scrimbers.Three-point bending test and finite element model were conducted to study the failure mode,strain-displacement relationship,load-displacement relationship and relationships between strain distribution,contact pressure and deflection,and adhesive debonding.The results indicated that the flexural modulus and static flexural strength of the composite beams were effectively increased thanks to the CFRP sheets.The flexural modulus of the composite specimens were 2.33-2.94 times that of bamboo scrimber beams,and the flexural strength were 1.49-1.58 times that of bamboo scrimber beams.Adhesive debonding had a great influence on the strain distribution and deflection of the composite specimens.It was an important factor for the failure of the CFRP-bamboo scrimber composite specimens.According to the finite element simulation,the strain distribution,contact pressure and deflection also greatly changed with the adhesive debonding.After complete peeling,the deflection of the specimen was 3.09 times that of the unpeeled because it was no longer an integral beam.

我国重组材料科学技术发展现状与趋势

重组材料作为我国创制的一种新型绿色环保材料,经过近20年的发展,已初步建立基础理论体系和工艺技术装备体系,重组竹和重组木实现了大规模工业化生产。剖析重组材料发展过程中面临的微观结构的重构过程与机制,密度对重组材料影响机制、界面性能、耐候性、表面性能等科学问题,以及重组单元制备技术、热处理技术、连续化浸渍技术与装备、重组单元整张化技术、热(冷)压成型等重大技术问题,深入探讨重组材料在户外景观、家居、地板、结构材等领域的发展前景。