Starlet:Network defense resource allocation with multi-armed bandits for cloud-edge crowd sensing in IoT

The cloud platform has limited defense resources to fully protect the edge servers used to process crowd sensing data in Internet of Things.To guarantee the network's overall security,we present a network defense resource allocation with multi-armed bandits to maximize the network's overall benefit.Firstly,we propose the method for dynamic setting of node defense resource thresholds to obtain the defender(attacker)benefit function of edge servers(nodes)and distribution.Secondly,we design a defense resource sharing mechanism for neighboring nodes to obtain the defense capability of nodes.Subsequently,we use the decomposability and Lipschitz conti-nuity of the defender's total expected utility to reduce the difference between the utility's discrete and continuous arms and analyze the difference theoretically.Finally,experimental results show that the method maximizes the defender's total expected utility and reduces the difference between the discrete and continuous arms of the utility.

融合用户聚类与Bandits算法的微博推荐模型

针对微博推荐系统中存在的新用户冷启动和数据稀疏性问题,提出一种微博推荐模型.该模型通过重要用户聚类和普通用户分类构建完整用户类,基于类兴趣表征普通用户兴趣,利用Bandits算法为完整用户类中的普通用户产生微博推荐列表,根据普通用户对推荐列表的反馈更新其所属完整用户类的历史数据,合理应对新用户冷启动,降低了数据稀疏度,实现了较为准确的微博推荐,为微博推荐模型的构建提供了新的思路.实验结果表明,该模型能够推荐给用户感兴趣的博文,推荐效果较现有随机探索类算法、置信区间类算法和概率匹配类算法分别最低提高5.62%、5.43%和33.37%.

Rebellion in Northern Manchuria During the Third Revolutionary War in China and Its Causes

The frequent rebellions in Northern Manchuria during the Third Revolutionary War occurred in the special context of the struggle between the Kuomintang(KMT)and the Communist Party of China(CPC)for Northeast China after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War.The rebellion reached its peak during the KMTs attack on Northeast China,followed by a second wave of rebellion after the defeat in the Defensive Battle of Siping.It tended to disappear after the downfall of the Jiang Pengfei Group.In addition to the blind recruitment of the CPC in traditional narratives,the instigation of the KMT,the traditional mutiny of the old army,the limitations of the early work of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army,the early activities of the KMT,and the regional conflicts between the local and foreign forces are also important reasons for the concentration of rebellions.

基于Fed-DPDOBO的分散式联邦学习

传统的客户-服务器架构联邦学习作为解决数据孤岛问题的有效手段,其中心服务器面临着巨大的带宽压力,分散式的对等架构联邦学习在一定程度上可改善这种情况。然而,联邦学习的客户端还存在着数据隐私泄露的风险,而且其成本函数梯度信息在某些情况下很难获得。针对这些问题,本文为一致性约束下的对等架构联邦学习设计一种Federated Differential Privacy Distributed One-point Bandit Online(Fed-DPDOBO)算法,可有效地解决中心服务器带宽限制和客户端梯度信息未知的问题。此外,差分隐私技术的运用,可很好地保护各客户端数据隐私。最后,通过利用MINST数据集进行分散式联邦学习实验,验证本文算法的有效性。

Adaptive Cyber Defense Technique Based on Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Strategies

The static nature of cyber defense systems gives attackers a sufficient amount of time to explore and further exploit the vulnerabilities of information technology systems.In this paper,we investigate a problem where multiagent sys-tems sensing and acting in an environment contribute to adaptive cyber defense.We present a learning strategy that enables multiple agents to learn optimal poli-cies using multiagent reinforcement learning(MARL).Our proposed approach is inspired by the multiarmed bandits(MAB)learning technique for multiple agents to cooperate in decision making or to work independently.We study a MAB approach in which defenders visit a system multiple times in an alternating fash-ion to maximize their rewards and protect their system.We find that this game can be modeled from an individual player’s perspective as a restless MAB problem.We discover further results when the MAB takes the form of a pure birth process,such as a myopic optimal policy,as well as providing environments that offer the necessary incentives required for cooperation in multiplayer projects.

Matching while Learning: Wireless Scheduling for Age of Information Optimization at the Edge

In this paper,we investigate the minimization of age of information(AoI),a metric that measures the information freshness,at the network edge with unreliable wireless communications.Particularly,we consider a set of users transmitting status updates,which are collected by the user randomly over time,to an edge server through unreliable orthogonal channels.It begs a natural question:with random status update arrivals and obscure channel conditions,can we devise an intelligent scheduling policy that matches the users and channels to stabilize the queues of all users while minimizing the average AoI?To give an adequate answer,we define a bipartite graph and formulate a dynamic edge activation problem with stability constraints.Then,we propose an online matching while learning algorithm(MatL)and discuss its implementation for wireless scheduling.Finally,simulation results demonstrate that the MatL is reliable to learn the channel states and manage the users’buffers for fresher information at the edge.

基于Bandit反馈的自适应量化分布式在线镜像下降算法

多智能体系统的在线分布式优化常用于处理动态环境下的优化问题,节点间需要实时传输数据流.在很多情况下,各节点无法获取个体目标函数的全部信息(包括梯度信息),并且节点间信息传输存在一定的通信约束.考虑到非欧投影意义下的镜像下降算法在处理高维数据和大规模在线学习上的优势,本文使用个体目标函数在两点处的函数值信息对缺失的梯度信息进行估计,并且根据镜像下降算法的性质设计自适应量化器,提出基于Bandit反馈的自适应量化分布式在线镜像下降算法.然后分析了量化误差界和Regret界的关系,适当选择参数可得所提算法的Regret界为O(√T).最后,通过数值仿真验证了算法和理论结果的有效性.

Distributed Weighted Data Aggregation Algorithm in End-to-Edge Communication Networks Based on Multi-armed Bandit

As a combination of edge computing and artificial intelligence,edge intelligence has become a promising technique and provided its users with a series of fast,precise,and customized services.In edge intelligence,when learning agents are deployed on the edge side,the data aggregation from the end side to the designated edge devices is an important research topic.Considering the various importance of end devices,this paper studies the weighted data aggregation problem in a single hop end-to-edge communication network.Firstly,to make sure all the end devices with various weights are fairly treated in data aggregation,a distributed end-to-edge cooperative scheme is proposed.Then,to handle the massive contention on the wireless channel caused by end devices,a multi-armed bandit(MAB)algorithm is designed to help the end devices find their most appropriate update rates.Diffe-rent from the traditional data aggregation works,combining the MAB enables our algorithm a higher efficiency in data aggregation.With a theoretical analysis,we show that the efficiency of our algorithm is asymptotically optimal.Comparative experiments with previous works are also conducted to show the strength of our algorithm.

Stochastic programming based multi-arm bandit offloading strategy for internet of things

In order to solve the high latency of traditional cloud computing and the processing capacity limitation of Internet of Things(IoT)users,Multi-access Edge Computing(MEC)migrates computing and storage capabilities from the remote data center to the edge of network,providing users with computation services quickly and directly.In this paper,we investigate the impact of the randomness caused by the movement of the IoT user on decision-making for offloading,where the connection between the IoT user and the MEC servers is uncertain.This uncertainty would be the main obstacle to assign the task accurately.Consequently,if the assigned task cannot match well with the real connection time,a migration(connection time is not enough to process)would be caused.In order to address the impact of this uncertainty,we formulate the offloading decision as an optimization problem considering the transmission,computation and migration.With the help of Stochastic Programming(SP),we use the posteriori recourse to compensate for inaccurate predictions.Meanwhile,in heterogeneous networks,considering multiple candidate MEC servers could be selected simultaneously due to overlapping,we also introduce the Multi-Arm Bandit(MAB)theory for MEC selection.The extensive simulations validate the improvement and effectiveness of the proposed SP-based Multi-arm bandit Method(SMM)for offloading in terms of reward,cost,energy consumption and delay.The results showthat SMMcan achieve about 20%improvement compared with the traditional offloading method that does not consider the randomness,and it also outperforms the existing SP/MAB based method for offloading.

对新产品开发的最优价值分析——基于Bandit过程的模型研究

新产品开发的成败直接关系到企业的生存和发展,因而有效的新产品开发始终是企业追求的目标。本文运用备择Bandit过程的原理对新产品开发的最优价值进行了一定程度的探讨。本文的最后结论认为新产品开发的最优价值取决于Gittins指标法则的有效性,即最终取决于市场占有率,对新产品需求预测的准确性,对消费者认知价值预测的准确性以及新产品投放市场的有效性,对这些变量的预测越精确,最优规则越有效,新产品开发成功的价值越大。

针对新用户冷启动问题的改进Epsilon-greedy算法

在解决新用户冷启动问题时,固定不变的Epsilon参数会使传统Epsilon-greedy算法收敛缓慢。为此,提出一种改进的Epsilon-greedy算法。利用免疫反馈模型动态调整Epsilon参数,从而使算法快速收敛。使用蒙特卡罗模拟方法对算法进行实验验证,结果表明,该算法能够在用户与推荐系统交互较少的情况下为用户进行有效推荐,且推荐效果优于传统的Epsilon-greedy、Softmax和UCB算法。

MOOB:一种改进的基于Bandit模型的推荐算法

提出了一种基于置信区间上界算法的多目标优化推荐算法.该算法可以在保证预测精准度的基础上有效地避免马太效应,并提高推荐系统对长尾物品的挖掘能力.采用Ya Hoo的新闻推荐数据集对算法进行了实验和评价,实验结果表明:多目标优化推荐算法能够在预测准确率较高的情况下,有效地解决长尾物品发掘问题,避免马太效应,提高推荐系统的精度和广度.

单臂Erlang(k) Bandit报酬过程

应用贝叶斯方法,对未知Band it报酬过程的抽样报酬基于Erlang(k)分布的单臂Erlang(k)Band it报酬过程提出计算描述最优选择的平衡值序列的算法.有效解决了单臂Erlang(k)Band it报酬过程的最优决策问题,将Band it报酬过程基于的分布从负指数分布推广至目前在实际中应用更为广泛的分布,是对Band it报酬过程的补充和推广.使用本算法通过数值计算可以得到G ittins指数的近似解.

QoS-Aware Dynamic Resource Management in Heterogeneous Mobile Cloud Computing Networks

In mobile cloud computing(MCC) systems,both the mobile access network and the cloud computing network are heterogeneous,implying the diverse configurations of hardware,software,architecture,resource,etc.In such heterogeneous mobile cloud(HMC) networks,both radio and cloud resources could become the system bottleneck,thus designing the schemes that separately and independently manage the resources may severely hinder the system performance.In this paper,we aim to design the network as the integration of the mobile access part and the cloud computing part,utilizing the inherent heterogeneity to meet the diverse quality of service(QoS)requirements of tenants.Furthermore,we propose a novel cross-network radio and cloud resource management scheme for HMC networks,which is QoS-aware,with the objective of maximizing the tenant revenue while satisfying the QoS requirements.The proposed scheme is formulated as a restless bandits problem,whose "indexability" feature guarantees the low complexity with scalable and distributed characteristics.Extensive simulation results are presented to demonstrate the significant performance improvement of the proposed scheme compared to the existing ones.

Optimal index shooting policy for layered missile defense system

In order to cope with the increasing threat of the ballistic missile(BM)in a shorter reaction time,the shooting policy of the layered defense system needs to be optimized.The main decisionmaking problem of shooting optimization is how to choose the next BM which needs to be shot according to the previous engagements and results,thus maximizing the expected return of BMs killed or minimizing the cost of BMs penetration.Motivated by this,this study aims to determine an optimal shooting policy for a two-layer missile defense(TLMD)system.This paper considers a scenario in which the TLMD system wishes to shoot at a collection of BMs one at a time,and to maximize the return obtained from BMs killed before the system demise.To provide a policy analysis tool,this paper develops a general model for shooting decision-making,the shooting engagements can be described as a discounted reward Markov decision process.The index shooting policy is a strategy that can effectively balance the shooting returns and the risk that the defense mission fails,and the goal is to maximize the return obtained from BMs killed before the system demise.The numerical results show that the index policy is better than a range of competitors,especially the mean returns and the mean killing BM number.

利用Bandit算法解决推荐系统E&E问题

当前推荐系统开发应用过程中普遍存在着E&E问题,笔者指出了推荐系统中E&E问题的产生和分类,提出用Bandit算法解决这一问题的思路,重点探讨Bandit算法的数学模型和用UCB策略建立的Bandit算法模型,用MATLAB编写了核心仿真程序,并指出了这种算法模型存在的优点和不足.

考虑抽样时间间隔的特殊单臂Bandit报酬过程

应用动态规划向后归纳法和贝叶斯方法,研究了一类特殊单臂Bandit报酬过程的最优决策问题。在这个模型中,未知Bandit过程是抽样时间间隔服从负指数分布,抽样值服从Erlang(2)分布,允许在任意时刻跳转的Bandit报酬过程。讨论了这类Bandit报酬过程Gittins指数的单调性质,并在此基础上将包含这类过程的单臂Bandit报酬过程的最优决策问题简化为一个最优停止问题,构造了计算过程最优停止时间的算法。

基于内容和最近邻算法的多臂老虎机推荐算法

为有效解决推荐系统的冷启动问题和动态数据建模问题,基于多臂老虎机算法与协同过滤算法,利用用户信息反馈在线及时更新推荐模型;将推荐系统的冷启动问题转化成探索和利用(Explore&Exploit,简称E&E)问题,利用多臂老虎机算法,在引入用户特征为内容的基础上,进一步考虑用户之间的协同作用,提出基于内容和最近邻算法的多臂老虎机推荐算法;采用Movielens和Jester的真实数据集进行对比实验,实验结果表明:k NNUCB算法更优且更具实用性,尤其在解决冷启动问题上效果显著.

基于应急融合网络应用的多路径Bandit优化算法

传统的无线通信网络由于结构单一,性能上诸多受限,难以保障应急通信的质量。为此,在认知无线自组织网络与移动蜂窝网络相融合的新背景下,提出一种多路径Bandit算法。将通信中的选路过程分为多时隙路径选择子阶段,通过对权衡网络时延和能效目标函数的计算进行路径优选,从而合理地分布网络中各节点的能耗。仿真结果表明,对比非应急业务应用和贪婪算法,在融合网络应急业务应用下,多路径Bandit算法的网络生存期提高了3%~20%。

Age of Transmission-Optimal Scheduling for State Update of Multi-Antenna Cellular Internet of Things

Timely information updates are critical for real-time monitoring and control applications in the Internet of Things(IoT). In this paper, we consider a multi-antenna cellular IoT for state update where a base station(BS) collects information from randomly distributed IoT nodes through time-varying channel.Specifically, multiple IoT nodes are allowed to transmit their state update simultaneously in a spatial multiplex manner. Inspired by age of information(AoI),we introduce a novel concept of age of transmission(AoT) for the sceneries in which BS cannot obtain the generation time of the packets waiting to be transmitted. The deadline-constrained AoT-optimal scheduling problem is formulated as a restless multi-armed bandit(RMAB) problem. Firstly, we prove the indexability of the scheduling problem and derive the closed-form of the Whittle index. Then, the interference graph and complementary graph are constructed to illustrate the interference between two nodes. The complete subgraphs are detected in the complementary graph to avoid inter-node interference. Next, an AoT-optimal scheduling strategy based on the Whittle index and complete subgraph detection is proposed.Finally, numerous simulations are conducted to verify the performance of the proposed strategy.