Research on Early Warning of Banking Crises from the Perspective of Credit Structures

The relationship between credit expansion and banking crises is complex and cannot be fully explained by total credit alone.A systematic analysis of the relationship between the amount and structure of total credit and banking crises is important for an objective prediction of the influence of potential financial risks.This paper,drawing on data from 15 selected countries,delves into the power of credit indicators in the early warning of banking crises from the perspectives of industrial structure,sector structure,and term structure of credit.Various machine learning methods were used,including Logistic Regression,Random Forest,Decision Tree,Support Vector Machine(SVM),Bagging,and Boosting models.The empirical findings indicate that credit expansion plays a crucial role in triggering banking crises.However,total credit is better suited for the early warning of short-term banking crises,whereas credit structure is more useful for the early warning of long-term banking crises.Moreover,in an early warning system,identifying key early warning indicators is more meaningful than merely increasing the number of indicators.Machine learning can somewhat enhance the early warning power,but it may not always be robust.Therefore,more attention should be paid to potential systemic banking crises resulting from an imbalance in credit structure while regulating the total credit threshold.

ISO Certification and Technical Efficiency in the Banking Sector:An Evidence from WAEMU’s Countries Using the DEA Method

In the view of the international organization of standardization,the introduction of ISO standards is typical of quality management systems oriented towards strengthening the efficiency of enterprises.Business banks are not excluded from this requirement.The current study aims to evaluate the effect of ISO certification on the technical performance of WAEMU banks.Using BCEAO data(2020),the DEA model and Tobit estimates show that ISO certification has no effect on the efficiency scores of the banks in the sample.It is therefore appropriate for these banks to work on improving their business climate.

Private banking development in China under two organizational structures:Economic analysis from an organizational innovation perspective

This paper investigates optimal decisions for private banking development in China under two innovative organizational structures—the big retail mode(BRM)and the independent development mode(IDM).Under the BRM,the retail and private banking divisions form a cooperative relationship wherein the former transfers highnet-worth customers to the latter.In addition,retail banking receives a share of private banking revenues.We investigate the optimal revenue-sharing ratio between the two divisions and the optimal effort by private banking to serve transferred customers within the cooperative relationship.The analytical results show that as the private banking division becomes more developed,the optimal revenue-sharing ratio decreases,and the private banking division’s optimal effort to serve transferred customers decreases because it puts more effort into acquiring new customers.Under the IDM,the two divisions form a competitive relationship since they compete to acquire customers independently.We investigate customer acquisition efforts in this interdivisional competition.Optimal customer acquisition efforts by both divisions increase in potential assets and rates of return.This paper contributes to the literature by(1)analyzing financial innovation by private banks from an organizational perspective;(2)providing an economic analysis for private banking development in China.

Evaluating Banking Efficiency in Kuwait --A Pre and Post Recession Perspective

This paper studies banking efficiency from a Kuwaiti banking sector perspective. This will be accomplished by comparing and analysing the efficiency of Kuwaiti banking operations before and after the International Financial Crisis. Traditional and Islamic banks will be taken into consideration. The overall goal of this inquiry is to determine whether the efficiency of Kuwaiti banks has improved and why. Internal and external influences on Kuwaiti banking efficiency will be examined as well. Methods of work performed by bank managers and policy makers in Kuwait contributing to banking operations efficiency will be considered as well.

Dental pulp stem cells and banking of teeth as a lifesaving therapeutic vista

Exfoliated deciduous or an extracted healthy adult tooth can be used to harvest,process,and cryogenically preserve dental pulp stem cells.Future stem cell-based regenerative medicine methods could benefit significantly from these mesenchymal stem cells.Teeth serve as a substantial source of mesenchymal stem cells,otherwise disposed of as medical waste.Care should be taken to store this treasure trove of stem cells.Collective responsibility of patients,dentists,and physicians is necessary to ensure that this valuable resource is not wasted and that every possible dental pulp stem cell is available for use in the future.The dental pulp stem cells(DPSC)inside teeth represent a significant future source of stem cells for regenerative medicine procedures.This review describes the ontogeny,the laboratory processing and collection,and isolation methods of DPSC.This review also discusses currently available stem cell banking facilities and their potential use in regenerative medicine procedures in dental and general medical applications in the future.

Does country risk impact the banking sectors’non‑performing loans?Evidence from BRICS emerging economies

This study aims to fill the gap in the literature by specifically investigating the impact of country risk on the credit risk of the banking sectors operating in Brazil,Russia,India,China,and South Africa(BRICS),emerging countries.More specifically,we explore whether the country-specific risks,namely financial,economic,and political risks significantly impact the BRICS banking sectors’non-performing loans and also probe which risk has the most outstanding effect on credit risk.To do so,we perform panel data analysis using the quantile estimation approach covering the period 2004–2020.The empirical results reveal that the country risk significantly leads to increasing the banking sector’s credit risk and this effect is prominent in the banking sector of countries with a higher degree of non-performing loans(Q.25=−0.105,Q.50=−0.131,Q.75=−0.153,Q.95=−0.175).Furthermore,the results underscore that an emerging country’s political,economic,and financial instabilities are strongly associated with increasing the banking sector’s credit risk and a rise in political risk in particular has the most positive prominent impact on the banking sector of countries with a higher degree of non-performing loans(Q.25=−0.122,Q.50=−0.141,Q.75=−0.163,Q.95=−0.172).Moreover,the results suggest that,in addition to the banking sectorspecific determinants,credit risk is significantly impacted by the financial market development,lending interest rate,and global risk.The results are robust and have significant policy suggestions for many policymakers,bank executives,researchers,and analysts.

Open banking and inclusive finance in the European Union:perspectives from the Dutch stakeholder ecosystem

In the European Union(EU),the revised Payment Services Directive(PSD2)aims to provide more convenient and customized financial products through open banking(OB)platforms.However,little attention has been paid to the role of OB in improving the financial well-being of the growing number of the EU’s underserved groups,which currently constitute approximately a quarter of its population.This study examines how the PSD2 and OB impact inclusive finance in the EU based on the perspectives of the Netherlands’ecosystem,one of the leaders in the EU’s financial technology(FinTech)landscape.A fundamental distinction can be drawn between the OB users and the ecosystem’s players.Regarding the impact of financial services on the users’inclusivity,while the PSD2 strengthens the infrastructure necessary for financial inclusion,many challenges remain,mainly because it was not designed for this purpose.This study identifies several areas of improvement that include adjustments to the know your customer and anti-money laundering processes for underserved customers,innovative ways to communicate the PSD2’s potential,and the regulation of technology providers’activities to build trust.Meanwhile,from the ecosystem’s position,there is a need to strengthen and improve microfinance regulation according to the opportunities provided by the PSD2 to support microfinance institutions(MFIs)in scaling up and reaching underserved clients across borders with innovative services.OB improvements can also be achieved by organizations formed by MFIs and FinTechs in collaboration with banks.Such hybrid institutions will combine the best features of each of them:knowledge of the needs of local underserved clients from MFIs,technological innovations from FinTechs,and large and trusted customer bases,infrastructures,and access to institutional investments and governments from banks.Finally,an EU inclusive OB sector depends on the centrality of trusted regulators as coordination bodies.The PSD2 requires adjustments for underserved populations’specific needs.OB improvements can be achieved by organizations formed by MFIs and Fin-Techs in collaboration with banks.Regulated technical service providers(TSPs)are crucial to building trust and customer adoption in OB.The European Banking Authority(EBA)may function as coordination body to design inclusive rules by engaging with OB stakeholders.As inclusive finance moves into open-finance and data eras,an increasing regulatory complexity and scope will require networks of innovative and trusted regulators.

Data envelopment analysis for scale elasticity measurement in the stochastic case:with an application to Indian banking

In the nonparametric data envelopment analysis literature,scale elasticity is evaluated in two alternative ways:using either the technical efficiency model or the cost efficiency model.This evaluation becomes problematic in several situations,for example(a)when input proportions change in the long run,(b)when inputs are heterogeneous,and(c)when firms face ex-ante price uncertainty in making their production decisions.To address these situations,a scale elasticity evaluation was performed using a value-based cost efficiency model.However,this alternative value-based scale elasticity evaluation is sensitive to the uncertainty and variability underlying input and output data.Therefore,in this study,we introduce a stochastic cost-efficiency model based on chance-constrained programming to develop a value-based measure of the scale elasticity of firms facing data uncertainty.An illustrative empirical application to the Indian banking industry comprising 71 banks for eight years(1998–2005)was made to compare inferences about their efficiency and scale properties.The key findings are as follows:First,both the deterministic model and our proposed stochastic model yield distinctly different results concerning the efficiency and scale elasticity scores at various tolerance levels of chance constraints.However,both models yield the same results at a tolerance level of 0.5,implying that the deterministic model is a special case of the stochastic model in that it reveals the same efficiency and returns to scale characterizations of banks.Second,the stochastic model generates higher efficiency scores for inefficient banks than its deterministic counterpart.Third,public banks exhibit higher efficiency than private and foreign banks.Finally,public and old private banks mostly exhibit either decreasing or constant returns to scale,whereas foreign and new private banks experience either increasing or decreasing returns to scale.Although the application of our proposed stochastic model is illustrative,it can be potentially applied to all firms in the information and distribution-intensive industry with high fixed costs,which have ample potential for reaping scale and scope benefits.

After the Euro and Interstate Banking:Present Monetary and Financial Surfacing Conflicts 2023

This paper reconsiders the outcome of the adoption of a single legal currency in the 1999 Euro Act. Installing a central bank, several different solutions surfaced among the EU members and in the global economy, since the 1922 Genoa summit. The last Euro solution came after the severe, unexpected stock market crash on October 19, 1987. Furthermore, the sub-prime bubble 2007, the financial collapse 2008 and the final 2012 the banking melt down, induce to reconsider the overlapping monetary and financial fallouts. The 89 Interstate Banking Act and the Riegle Community Development and Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994, induce a monetary and financial evolving infrastructure. This paper focuses on the conflicts at the enlarging EU community seen the unavoidable monetary and financial integration, considering that the unique definition of the monetary functions as its essence is misinterpreted, in a clear common asymmetry affecting the whole evolving situation.

After the Euro and Interstate Banking:Fall-Out Hypothesis Euro-Reconsidered 2022

This paper revises the crucial outcome of adopting a single legal currency,within the environment of a classic based competing central bank infrastructure,in an uncertain monetary category definition class,from a generally closed economy,to a competing quasi-global market,for an unbiased monetary unit alone.The fallout effects of such a system include the transfer of capitals,the unavoidable reallocation of resources,and the non-homogenous economic development in different regional areas.The recent USA Interstate Banking Act experience,after the Riegle Community Development and Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994,constitutes a valid example of some necessary frameworks when opening a new financial operating infrastructure.This new paper focuses on the special conditions in the EU community States and the necessity-pending their financial integration-of a consideration of some likely negative fallout effects,in order to implement and consolidate some effective balancing measures.Nevertheless,the role that the globalization of the economic activity plays,especially in the financial community,is endorsing a rapid integration of the technology and operating techniques,that require critical volumes of trading and rapidly adjusting enterprise dimensions and operating techniques.The latter call for some form of institutional frameworks,considering the correct definition of the monetary function and its essence,requires a clear and unique common monetary framework.

Mobile Banking and Commercial Bank Performance Nexus in Zimbabwe (2011-2021): Impact and Implications

The study investigated mobile banking and commercial banks’performance nexus in Zimbabwe for the period 2011-2021.The investigation employed a pragmatic approach and a descriptive design.Primary data as well as secondary data were used to achieve the study objectives.Questionnaires,interviews and documentary guides were used to collect primary and secondary data respectively.There were 108 questionnaires distributed to staff members and customers of 6 sampled commercial banks in Zimbabwe having mobile banking experience.The interview guide was administered to bank managers to get a deeper understanding of the topic under research and as a mitigation strategy for addressing the flaws of the questionnaires.Analysis of quantitative data utilised descriptive analysis tools,correlations analysis tools as well as regression analysis tools whereas theme analysis was used for qualitative data.SPSS version 26 was used for this purpose.The study implications established that mobile banking and commercial banks’performance nexus in Zimbabwe was significant and also enhanced mobile banking security capabilities and strengthened commercial banks’performance.The investigation concluded that mobile banking’s success in enhancing commercial banks’performance hinged on its ability to allow the user to get easier,cheaper and timely access to services.However,the study results showed that the cost of mobile banking services,government policies and intense competition inhibited the uptake of banking services.Commercial banks are recommended to continue strengthening the security of mobile banking services and to boost their uptake by bank customers in Zimbabwe.

Banking of perinatal mesenchymal stem/stromal cells for stem cellbased personalized medicine over lifetime:Matters arising

Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells(MSCs)are currently applied in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.Numerous clinical studies have indicated that MSCs from different tissue sources can provide therapeutic benefits for patients.MSCs derived from either human adult or perinatal tissues have their own unique advantages in their medical practices.Usually,clinical studies are conducted by using of cultured MSCs after thawing or short-term cryopreserved-then-thawed MSCs prior to administration for the treatment of a wide range of diseases and medical disorders.Currently,cryogenically banking perinatal MSCs for potential personalized medicine for later use in lifetime has raised growing interest in China as well as in many other countries.Meanwhile,this has led to questions regarding the availability,stability,consistency,multipotency,and therapeutic efficiency of the potential perinatal MSC-derived therapeutic products after longterm cryostorage.This opinion review does not minimize any therapeutic benefit of perinatal MSCs in many diseases after short-term cryopreservation.This article mainly describes what is known about banking perinatal MSCs in China and,importantly,it is to recognize the limitation and uncertainty of the perinatal MSCs stored in cryobanks for stem cell medical treatments in whole life.This article also provides several recommendations for banking of perinatal MSCs for potentially future personalized medicine,albeit it is impossible to anticipate whether the donor will benefit from banked MSCs during her/his lifetime.

Development of E-banking channels and market share in developing countries

There is fierce global competition within the banking industry.Therefore,banks endeavor to grow and strive to increase their market share.We analyzed the effect of developing innovative channels of presenting bank services on banks’market share.The statistical population of this research was Shahr bank’s central headquarter and its branches in Tehran,Iran.We developed questionnaires for gathering the data.The validity and reliability of the scales were tested by EFA,CFA,experts’opinion,and Cronbach’s alpha.We used linear regression to assess the impact of innovative channels,including internet banking,automatic teller machines(ATMs),mobile banking,telephone banking(TB),and point of sales(POS)on banks’market share.The results indicated that some of these channels,including internet banking,POS,and TB,positively affect a bank’s market share.The effect of two other platforms,including mobile banking and ATM development,on banks’market share was rejected.The findings of this study expand our understanding of how bank managers can improve their market share by developing innovative e-banking channels.

Factors Affecting Internet Banking Adoption: An Application of Adaptive LASSO

This research investigates a broad range of possible factors affecting the adoption of new technology in the banking industry using adaptive LASSO and a standard logit model.The research integrated the adoption of the innovation framework and the technology acceptance theory to develop a conceptual framework for the analysis.Primary data was collected from 400 bank customers in North Cyprus.Risk perception and other customerspecific factors such as perceived risk index and negative attitude toward new technologies index were formulated for the proposed conceptual model.The findings indicated that individuals with a negative attitude toward new technology are least likely to adopt internet banking.In addition,the logit model suggested that age,education level,and general(innate)innovativeness significantly impact the adoption of internet banking.However,gender,income,occupation,perceived risk,familiarity with the internet,and social inclusion have no significant impact on internet banking adoption in North Cyprus.

The Efficiency and Productivity Analyses of the Turkish Banking Sector After the Restructuring Program

After the 2001 economic crisis, the banking sector restructuring program （BSRP） has been designed for the establishment of a stronger financial framework and the improvement of competition in the Turkish banking sector. The program constitutes the policies for solving specific problems such as the mismanaged assets of some banks and the recovery of regulating and supervising of the sector. This study aims to analyze the efficiency and productivity changes in the Turkish banking sector during 2002-2009. During this period the Banking Sector Restructuring Program has been applied. The data envolepment analysis （DEA） is conducted for the efficiency measurement under the production and intermediation approaches and it is observed that the efficiency of banks increased for both approaches. The mean efficiency values for the intermediation approach are higher than the values for the production approach, indicating a better functioning in financial intermediation as compared to their operational performance. The Malmquist index based on the intermediation approach is calculated to determine the productivity of the banking sector. It is observed that the productivity of banks increased during the period and the increase resulted mainly from investments in technology.

Towards an Egyptian Mobile Banking Era

Banks have moved towards technology-based customer services such as mobile banking （m-banking）; as an alternative to traditional inter-personal services. However, M-banking still faces resistance that may hamper customers＇ adoption in Egypt. Following a mixed method approach, this study involves two main phases. First, a quantitative Consumer survey is conducted in the form of 350 structured questionnaires to identify the main barriers towards m-banking. Then, decision makers in 5 different public and private banks are interviewed in order to find similarities and difference, and identify service providers＇ roles regarding these barricrs. Questionnaire data was statistically analysed using independent T-Test, Chi-squares, frequencies and cross tabulations, while interview data was interpretively analysed. Results enabled the researchers to identify the risk, usage, and tradition as the most m-banking barriers that discourage m-banking adoption in Egypt as seen by the two main players.

Banking crises and financial system in Turkey

The important part of the macroeconomic policies is related to financial sector. Banking, which is a portion of this sector, takes the most important place in both the operation of economic system and the realization of the institutional or individual activities. It is well known that the foundation of banking system is based on trust, stability and strong capital formation. The birth and development of the banking sector in Turkey is relatively new. If the roots of the Turkish banking are traced, it is seen that the history goes back to the middle of the nineteenth century. Since the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, the targets of the economic development have been tried to be reached through supporting the industry and banking in the leadership of the State. But the obstacles in the financial system have limited the development of the Turkish banking sector. Since the application of the liberalization policies in the markets, particularly after 1980＇s, the banking sector has been one of the most affected sectors from the liberalization. When the fundamental problems of the Turkish banking sector have been analyzed, they can be enumerated as economic instability, being the financier of the public deficits, being too sensitive to the market risks and being fragile, high input costs, inefficient use of capital, defects in the booking system or weaknesses in the control, problems with restructuring, defects in domestic control, lack of risk management and institutional inner-management. In this study, the development of banking sector will be briefly analyzed for determined periods since 1923. The analysis will include the developments which create economic crises, the role of banks in this process, the defects of the banking sector and the financial system, and the effects of crises on the banking sector on the basis of the cause and effect relation. Economic crisis of February 2001 and the banking crisis will be examined in detail. The new arrangements after the 2001 crisis in the banking sector have been overviewed.

Marcel Jeucken:Sustainable Finance and Banking

UK.:The Earthscan Publication Ltd.,2001.318页,ISBN 1-85383-766-0。在很多人看来,银行业与可持续发展是风马牛不相及的。实则不然。环境问题及其直接或间接的后果已经影响到整个经济体系的运转,银行业作为经济系统的一部分,必受其累。反之亦然。银行内部运营及其相关业务客观上也会对环境造成一定影响。因此,自20世纪90年代始,银行业与可持续发展的关系逐渐受到欧美学者和业界人士的关注。

Blockchain application and outlook in the banking industry

Blockchain technology is a core,underlying technology with promising application prospects in the banking industry.On one hand,the banking industry in China is facing the impact of interest rate liberalization and profit decline caused by the narrowing interest-rate spread.On the other hand,it is also affected by economic transformation,Internet development,and financial innovations.Hence,the banking industry requires urgent transformation and is seeking new growth avenues.As such,blockchains could revolutionize the underlying technology of the payment clearing and credit information systems in banks,thus upgrading and transforming them.Blockchain applications also promote the formation of“multi-center,weakly intermediated”scenarios,which will enhance the efficiency of the banking industry.However,despite the permissionless and self-governing nature of blockchains,the regulation and actual implementation of a decentralized system are problems that remain to be resolved.Therefore,we propose the urgent establishment of a“regulatory sandbox”and the development of industry standards.

The contribution of botanic gardens to ex situ conservation through seed banking

Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation calls for 'at least 75 per cent of threatened plant species in ex situ collections, preferably in the country of origin, and at least 20 per cent available for recovery and restoration programmes by 2020'.Botanic gardens make a significant contribution to ex situ conservation of wild species with more than a third of plant species represented in botanic gardens collections. These collections are a combination of living collection and seed banked material. Seed banking can provide an efficient form of conservation for wild plant genetic diversity.Information from Botanic Gardens Conservation International's(BGCI) databases(GardenSearch,PlantSearch, ThreatSearch and GlobalTreeSearch) has been analysed as well as survey data to report on global, regional and national seed banking trends.Information from BGCI's databases indicates that there are at least 350 seed banking botanic gardens in 74 countries. In total 56,987 taxa have been banked including more than 9000 taxa that are threatened with extinction. 6881 tree species are stored in ex situ seed bank collections. More than half(3562) of these tree species are single country endemics and represent species from more than 166 countries.This study suggests that institutions are increasingly conserving plant species via seed banking.However the majority of species in collections that have a conservation assessment are not threatened with extinction. This disjunction between species that are threatened and those conserved in seed banks needs to be addressed. Data from BGCI's databases can be used to enable prioritisation of threatened plant species for collection and conservation in seed banks. Further recommendations for botanic gardens involved in seed conservation are presented.