Carbonate Platform Margin Slope Characteristics of Cambrian Chefu Age in Baojing-Fenghuang and Adjacent Areas,Western Hunan,China

The Cambrian paleogeography in south Ch ina can be divided into Yangtze platform, platform margin slope (including upper slo pe and lower slope) and basin. The carbonate gravity deposits are well developed there, particularly in the Yangtze platform adjacent areas. This paper mainly d eals with declivity fan characters of the Chefu age in Fenghuang adjacent areas, western Hunan Province. According to their distribution and thickness, three ma in declivity fans have been divided in the study areas, namely, Dama (∈c dsf), Machong (∈c msf) and Huangheyuan (∈c hsf) declivity fans. Each fan's charac ters are described in detail in this paper. Based on their distribution range, s cale and fossiliferous layers, two peak periods (fair developmental period) are distinguished: (1) Linguagnostus reconditus Zone (time), and (2) Glyptagno stus reticulatus Zone (time). They were characterized by huge thick limestone breccia layers (single layer 3-4 m thick) and closely spaced spread. Besides, th ere are also two developmental periods: (1) Lejopyge laevigata Proagnostus b ulbus Zone (time), and (2) Agnostus inexpectans Proceratopyge protracta Z one (time) to Erixanium Zone (time) to Corynexochus plumula Sinoprocerato pyge cf. kiangshanensis Zone (time), while Glyptagnostus stolidotus Zo ne (time) was an interstitial period (without or rare limestone breccias). All t hese features may verify the relative movement of the earth crust and paleoclima te variety of the Chefu age in the study areas.

Innovative Research Group of Hunan Province

Team Profile Focusing on the major needs of national ecological civilization construction and soil environmentalprotection,the team systematically carried out researches on mining&metallurgy sites remediation,and the soilformation of bauxite residue.A new model of physical-chemical-biological based ecological disposal for bauxiteresidue was proposed,and a replicable and popularized soil-groundwater collaborative remediation technologyfor smelting sites was formed,with the demonstration projects of 250000 m^(2).

Origin of the Yueguang gold deposit in Xinhua, Hunan Province, South China: insights from fl uid inclusion and hydrogen–oxygen stable isotope analysis

The Yueguang gold deposit is located in Fengjia,Xinhua County,Hunan Province,South China.It represents a recently discovered small-scale gold deposit situated in the southwestern region of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt,west of the Baimashan granitic batholith.In order to discern the characteristics of the ore-formingfluids,the underlying mineralization processes,and establish a foundation for the origin of the Yueguang gold depositfluid inclusion micro-thermometry,as well as quartz hydrogen and oxygen isotope analysis,have been carried out on samples obtained from various stages of mineralization.The hydrothermal miner-alization stages within the Yueguang gold deposit can be categorized into three stages:(i)the barren,pre-ore quartz-pyrite stage(Stage Ⅰ),the quartz-pyrite-gold stage(Stage Ⅱ),and the post-ore quartz-carbonate stage(Stage Ⅲ),with the second stage being the main mineralization stage.Thefluid inclusions identified in samples from the main min-eralization stage can predominantly be described with the NaCl–H_(2)O and CO_(2)–NaCl–H_(2)O systems.These inclusions display homogenization temperatures ranging from 158.8 to 334.9℃,and thefluid salinity ranges from 0.3%to 4.0%(wt.%NaCl equiv.).Laser Raman spectroscopy analysis of individual inclusions further reveals the presence of gas-phases such as CO_(2),CH_(4),and N_(2).Isotopic analysis indicatesδ^(18)Ofluid values ranging from 3.95 to 6.7‰ and δDH_(2)O values ranging from-71.9 to-55.7‰.These results indi-cate that the ore-formingfluid of the Yueguang gold deposit belongs to metamorphic hydrothermalfluids of middle-low temperature and low salinity.In the process of ore formation,gold is transported in the form of Au(HS)2-complexes,with gold deposition being driven byfluid immiscibility.Therefore,the Yueguang gold deposit is categorized as an orogenic gold deposit dominated by metamorphic hydrother-malfluid.It may become a new target for gold exploration in the Baimashan region,central Hunan Province.

Re–Os and Pb isotope features of pyrite in the Shihangli graphite deposit:implications of coal-generated graphite mineralization in central Hunan,South China

The coal metamorphism in Central Hunan pro-vides valuable information about hydrothermal activity and water/rock reactions.Learning how to collect age data on hydrothermal fluid systems is necessary for understanding the history and genetic mechanisms of large-scale coal-generated graphite deposits.The Shihangli graphite deposit,formed by significant siliceous hydrothermal alteration,is the most distinctive in Central Hunan.Re–Os dating of pyrite from the Shihangli graphite deposit demonstrates that the coal-generated graphite mineraliza-tion age is-127.6±3.8 Ma.Based on in-situ mineral analysis,the hydrothermal pyrite in the Shihangli graphite deposit is mostly enriched in Sb,As,Au,W,Ag,Cu,Pb,and Zn.Based on the pyrite Re–Os isochron,the initial(^(187)Os/^(188)Os)values of pyrite were 1.03±0.24 and the Os(t)values varied from 571.8 to 755.1.Pyrite from the Shihangli graphite deposit comprises a Pb isotope composition similar to that of the Madiyi Formation bulk rock and stibnite from the Xikuangshan Sb deposit.Based on the Re–Os,Sr,S,and Pb isotopic compositions of sul-fides in the graphite and Sb deposits in Central Hunan,the Madiyi Formation was likely the primary source of ore-forming elements(Sb,Au,and As).The Re–Os and Pb isotope compositions of pyrite most likely reflect when large-scale fluid migration and coal-generated graphite mineralization occurred in Central Hunan.

The Late Tremadocian(Ordovician)Graptolite Kiaerograptus from Central Hunan,China:Taxonomy and Biostratigraphy

Well-preserved graptolites of the genus Kiaerograptus are first reported from the upper Tremadocian Yinchupu Formation in the Nanba section,Yiyang,Hunan Province,South China,including four species,i.e.,Kiaerograptus lauzonensis(Erdtmann,1966),Kiaerograptus stoermeri(Erdtmann,1965),Kiaerograptus cf.supremus?Lindholm,1991,and Kiaerograptus sp.,which are robust in form.Based on these new specimens,the Kiaerograptus biozone is established for the first time in South China,increasing the late Tremadoc graptolite biozones in South China from four to five,in ascending order as follows:the Adelograptus tenellus biozone,the Aorograptus victoriae biozone,the Kiaerograptus biozone,the Sagenograptus murrayi biozone,and the Hunnegraptus copiosus biozone.A review of the occurrence records for robust Kiaerograptus species worldwide reveals that the distribution is restricted to the Aorograptus victoriae biozone and Kiaerograptus biozone in the late Tremadocian.This limited stratigraphical distribution makes Kiaerograptus a valuable taxon for precise biostratigraphical correlation at both the regional and global scales.

The Pathogenic Characteristics of the Initial Three Mpox Cases in Hunan Province, China

Mpox virus (MPXV) belongs to the family Poxviridae,subfamily Chordopoxvirinae,and genus Orthopoxvirus,which also includes Variola virus(VARV),Cowpox virus (CPXV),and Vaccinia virus(VACV).Clinical symptoms of mpox are similar to smallpox but are relatively milder^([1]).MPXV was first isolated from crab-eating monkeys in the tropical rainforests of Africa in 1958^([2]).The first human case of MPXV infection was reported in the Congo in1970^([3]).Following the eradication of smallpox in1977,mpox has emerged as one of the prominent viral members of the Poxviridae family,significantly impacting public health^([4]),mainly prevalent in Central and West Africa.Starting from May 2022.

CREG promote the acquisition of CREG Hunan

China Rare Earth Group(CREG)announced on November 21st that the company issued80,331,800 A-shares to 14 specific targets at a price of 26.1 yuan/share,raising a total of about 2.097billion yuan,and after deducting related expenses,the net raised funds were about 2.081 billion yuan.The Central SOEs Industrial Investment Fund for Rural Area was the single largest subscriber,and was allocated 22,988,500 shares,with an allocation amount of about 600 million yuan,accounting for28.6%of the total fundraising.After the issuance,the fund would become the third largest shareholder of CREG with a shareholding ratio of 2.17%.

New Bivalved Arthropods from the Cambrian(Series 3, Drumian Stage) of Western Hunan, South China

We report two new three-dimensionally phosphatized microfossils, Cambrolongispina reticulata gen. et sp. nov. and Cambrolongispina glabra gen. et sp. nov., from the middle Cambrian （Series 3, Drumian Stage） at Wangcun, Yongshun County, western Hunan, South China. They are bivalved arthropods, with thin, pliable, originally chitinous or chitin-calcareous shields （c. 350-517 I1 m long）. The shields are equipped with a pair of antero-dorsal spines. The spines are internally hollow, varying in length from 1/2 of to as long as the shield length in C. reticulata, and uniformly longer than the shield length in C. glabra. The spines of C. reticulata are ornamented with a longitudinal row of conical or blade-shaped denticles along the posterior edge. Cambrolongispina lacks marginal rims, valve lobation and sulci which are diagnostic of the Bradoriida sensu stricto. It also lacks a donblure/duplicature characteristic of phosphatocopids and some bradoriids. It could be related to the Monasteriidae （which may belong to Bradoriida sensu lato）, both characterized by a pair of antero-dorsal spines. Cambrolongispina may have been meiofaunai detritus feeders that lived on or within sediments. The antero-dorsal spines may have been sensory organs to detect nearby predators. The posterior denticles on these spines might have facilitated the sensory function of the spines.

Emergy analysis of paddy farming in Hunan Province, China： A new perspective on sustainable development of agriculture

The multi-functionality of paddy farming has become a hot issue recently. Paddy farming provides numerous ecosystem services that are crucial to human well-being. However, evaluation of the contribution of paddy farming to human well-being usually focus on its economic value, while its non-market services are usually ignored. Only evaluating the market profits or market relative benefits cannot reflect comprehensively the contribution of paddy farming to people＇s well-being. This will affect people＇s choices for or against paddy farming activities and people＇s opt for invest or not invest in it. A comprehensive evaluation of paddy farming can provide an important reference for the government and society to conserve the multi-functionality of paddy farming and achieve sustainable development. To this end, this paper reports a case evaluation of paddy farming in Hunan, the largest rice producing as well as rice yield province in China, and uses emergy theory to make a comprehensive evaluation for paddy farming. The emergy evaluation results of the paddy ecosystem in Hunan are as follows： in 2010, the input emergy of the paddy ecosystem in Hunan is 2.51E＋22 sej and the output emergy is 6.31E＋22sej. For the input emergy, the part from natural resources is 1.96E＋21 sej and the part from human society is 2.32E＋22sej; for the output emergy, the part from products is 2.22E＋22 sej, the part from impositive externality is 4.16E＋22 sej and the part from negative externality is –7.41E＋20 sej. Taking the non-market outputs into consideration, the gains from the human economic society＇s 1 $ input in paddy farming, emergy sustainability index（ESI） and emergy profit rate are respectively 2.73 $, 3.53 and 151.31%. If the evaluation leave out the non-market output, the three indexes are only 0.96 $,1.24 and 30.67%. The research results show that non-market services of paddy farming contribute significantly to human well-being. Therefore, in order to protect the multi-functionality of paddy farming and achieve the sustainable management,the government should take reasonable measures and make incentive plans.

Analysis of an Abrupt Rainstorm Process in Central Hunan Province

[Objective] The aim is to expound the abrupt rainstorm in the central Hunan Province on May 6 in 2010.[Method] By dint of NCEP 1°×1° reanalysis data,routine observation data,auto-station precipitation and FY-2C satellite data,the large-scale circulation background and physical condition during the large rainstorm period from the night on May 5 to 6 in 2010 were analyzed.The large scale environment,meso-scale characteristics and potential causes for the formation of large precipitation were revealed.By dint of FY-2D satellite and water-vapor cloud image,infrared cloud image,4 black light temperature,the variation characteristics of heavy rainstorm convection system were analyzed.[Result] Under the favorable environment background,the rainstorm was induced by the meso-scale convection system,and it had close relation with the upper-air trough,shear line in the middle and low layer,ground weak and cold air and the torrent in the upper and low latitude.The result of all kinds of physical quantities suggested that the meso-scale rainstorm above the air had distinct characteristics and the heavy precipitation was in the middle Hunan Province.It was caused by meso-system.The dynamic dry belt above the satellite,TBB=-60℃ center and the large value area of the gradient could provide references for the forecast and pre-warning of large rainstorm.[Conclusion] The study accumulated experiences for the forecast and report of rainstorm in Hunan Province.

A New Species of the Genus Tylototriton (Urodela: Salamandridae) from Northeastern Hunan Province, China

We describe a new species from the family Salamandridae from northeastern Hunan Province of China based on morphological and molecular genetic evidences.The new species,Tylototriton liuyangensis,is a member of the T.asperrimus group,and shares a number of similarities with T.wenxianensis and T.broadoridgus.The dorsal surface of the new Tylototriton species is completely black,with nodule-like warts distributed evenly along the lateral margin of dorsal body,and there is no transverse striae between the warts.There are several diagnostic characters of the new species that differ from those of T.wenxianensis and T.broadoridgus as follows：（1）the interorbital space（IOS）is comparatively wide;（2）there is a bony ridge present on the dorsal head surface,running along the upper eyelids;（3）the space between axilla and groin（AGS）is comparatively large,with the mean male AGS approximately equal to 50%of the snout-vent length（SVL）and the mean female AGS being 53%of SVL;and（4）there is a small genital armature on the anterior angle of labial folds present inside the anal fissure of adult males during the breeding season.The result from the molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Tylototriton（including the type specimen of the new species）based on the complete DNA sequence of the mitochondrial ND2 gene（1035 bp）indicated that the new species was similar to T.wenxianensis,T.dabienicus,and T.broadoridgus,but formed an independent clade.This result was consistent with the morphological analysis above,supporting that the Liuyang Population represented a distinct species.

Source and location mechanism for lode gold deposits hosted in metamorphic rocks in northeastern Hunan, China

For understanding the source and location mechanism of lode gold deposits hosted in metamorphic rocks in northeastern Hunan, the authors analyzed the REE (rare earth elements) in ores and their host rocks, metallogenic elements in host rocks near and distant from the ore bodies, and characteristics of ore controlling structures, and deduced their genetic implication. Their geochemical features of REE and metallogenic elements suggest that they are formed by mobilization of dispersed metallogenic materials in Lengjiaxi Group of Middle Proterozoic during deformation and metamorphism process, mainly in Wulingian period. From the attributes of ore controlling structures and regularity of location of gold metallization, it is concluded that the location of gold deposits is closely related to reverse shearing. Ore forming fluids are focused on the secondary faults and extension fractures of reverse shear zones of nearly EW strike by stress driven diffusion and seismic pumping.

Biota and Organic Matter in the Late Sinian and EarlyCambrian Black Rock Series of West Hunan andIts Significance for Metallization

Abstract: A great amount of black rock series has been found in the Upper Sinian Members 2 and 4 of the Jinjiadong Formation, middle-upper Liuchapo Formation and the Lower Cambrian Xiaoyanxi Formation in West Hunan, which is associated with periodic sea-level changes. By the studies of relationships between the distribution and development of the biota and the abundance of Au, Ag, U, V, Ni, Mo and Cu in the Upper Sinian and Early Cambrian black rock series in Cili, Dayong, Yuanling, Xupu and Qianyang of West Hunan, central China, it has been revealed that the enrichment of Ag, V, and Mo is related with the development of multi-cell plants and vendotaenides, and that of Cu and Ni is related to flourishing of bacteria and shelly fossils. The black rock series in the study area contains abundant organic matter, among which the siliceous shale contains the highest TOC, amounting to 4.51–13.4%. All the values of the equivalent vitrinite reflectance (medium values) determinated with the IR-spectroscopic method in the area are over 2.65%, indicating that the organic evolution was at an overmature stage. Due to the effect of enhancement of organic maturation by hydrothermal fluids, the Upper Sinian and Lower Cambrian had a reverse organic maturity profile in most areas of West Hunan. The enrichment of Ag, V, Ni, Mo and U is a result of organic absorption, and that of Au might be attributed to the migration by hydrothermal fluids.

Incidence of Interpersonal Violence among Individuals with Drug Addiction Receiving Compulsory Treatment: A Survey at Two Drug Detention Centers in Hunan, China

Drug dependence is a serious global health problem.To assist individuals with drug addiction,China alone has established 678 Compulsory Detoxification Detention Centers （CDDCs） that treat over300,000i ndividuals who are required by national law to receive compulsory treatment;because community-based outpatient treatment failed.

Geochemical Indication of Sinian Bedded Siliceous Rocks in the Hunan-Guizhou-Guangxi Area and Their Environmental Significance

In the Hunan-Guizhou-Guangxi area there have developed very thick bedded siliceous rocks of the late Sinian. The rocks have a fairly pure composition, with an average content of siliceous minerals exceeding 95%. They are relatively rich in Fe and Mn, and poor in Al, Ti and Mg. The Fe/Ti, (Fe+Mn)/Ti, Al/(Al+Fe+Mn) and U/Th ratios and the Al-Fe-Mn and Fe-Mn-(Ni+Co+Cu)×10 triangle diagrams all show that they are hydrothermal sedimentary siliceous rocks. In the rocks the total amount of REEs is low, the δCe shows an obvious negative anomaly and the δEu a weak anomaly, and LREE>HREE, all indicating that they are products of hydrothermal processes. The δ30Si and δ18O values, as well as the formation temperature of the rocks all clearly show that the silica forming the rocks comes from hot water. Besides, analyses of the depositional environment of the rocks using the MnO/TiO2 ratio and the δCe and δ30Si values yield the same conclusion that they are formed in environments from continental marginal slopes of a bathyal environment to oceanic basins of a deep-sea environment.

Production Performance of Different Varieties of Oat A vena sativa) in Winter Dry Land of Hunan

The phenological phase, plant height, filler number, nutritional composition, yield and stem/leaf ratio of three oat （Arena sativa） varieties （lines） in winter dry land of Hunan were studied. The result shows that the three oat varieties were greatly different in plant height, nutritional composition, yield and stem/leaf ratio. Baiyan 7 had the best performance, with the plant height, tiller number and fresh yield of 101.67cm, 7.6 tiller/plant and 70.15 t/hm2 respectively ; the crude protein content of dry matter of Baiyan 7 was 32.63% ; the leaf weight per tiller of Baiyan 7 accounted for 31.6% of single tiller weight, while those of Baiyan 8 and Baiyan 2 accounted for 31.3% and 29.2%, respectively. The single tiller weight of oat could be estimated/calculated by the model/formula Y = 0.043 7X - 2.89 （ R2 = 0.913 4, P 〈 0.01 ）, where Y is the single tiller weight （ g ） and X is the plant height （cm）. Comprehensive analysis showed that Baiyan 7 had higher yields and stem/leaf ratio. Thus, Baiyan 7 is more suitable for planting as a winter-spring forage in the winter dry land of Hunan.

On the Age of the Dongtang Formation in the Hengyang Basin of Hunan and the Cretaceous and Tertiary Boundary

Since the coexistence of the Cretaceous and Palaeocene was ascertained in the Hengyang Basin of Hunan in the middle of the 1960's, the Cretaceous and Tertiary boundary has been discussed in several papers, but it still remains controversal. The points at issue are the connotation, stratigraphical position and lateral correlation of the Dongtang (or Chejiang) Formation.

Tuntian System in Miao Region of Western Hunan in Independent Subprefecture Period

After the Miao insurgence in the Qianlong and Jiaqing periods,the government of Qing Dynasty directly raised four separate subprefectures to the independent subprefecture( Zhili Ting),and the state power penetrated into villages of Miao People. The success of this strategy lies in adjustment of Qing government to taxation mode in Miao Region of Western Hunan,which formed the taxation mechanism dependent on Tuntian system. This has both the background of the times and the foresight and sagacity of designers,and shows unique rationalist spirit of the Confucian culture.

Analysis on the Disastrous Weather of Serious Drought in Northwest Hunan in Summer and Autumn of 2009

[Objective] The research aimed to analyze the disastrous weather of serious drought in Northwest Hunan in summer and autumn of 2009.[Method] According to the meteorological data in Zhangjiajie of Northwest Hunan during the drought period from June to September,2009,the disaster characteristics of continuous drought in summer and autumn were analyzed.Based on NCEP/NCAR 2.5°×2.5° reanalysis data,by using the climatic diagnostic method,the formation reason of serious drought was initially analyzed from the circulation characteristics in the middle and high latitudes,Western Pacific subtropical high,the abnormal characteristics of sea surface temperature in the equatorial Middle Eastern Pacific Ocean and the tropical system activity.[Result] The characteristics of serious drought in Northwest Hunan in summer and autumn of 2009 were the quick developed speed,wide influence range,long duration,big disaster loss and long high temperature time.The influence range,duration and harm degree were rare to see in the history.During the arid period(June-September),the atmospheric circulation was abnormal.The polar vortex in the northern hemisphere was weak,and the center was by north.It was two-trough-one-ridge type in the middle and high latitudes of Eurasia.The long-wave trough existed respectively near Balkhash Lake and from Sea of Okhotsk to the east coast in China.The long-wave ridge maintained from Lake Baikal to Central Asia and stabilized in 90°-110° E of Central Asia.From the middle dekad of June to the middle dekad of September,the westerly index increased.The zonal circulation was the main one in the middle and high latitudes of Eurasia.The cold air in the high-latitude frontal zone spread eastward with the small-amplitude fluctuation form along the latitude circle direction,and was difficult to pass the westerly barrier near 45° N to reach the low latitude.Meanwhile,Western Pacific subtropical high jumped northward to control Jiangnan and South China for a long time.The down airflow was prevalent.It was hot and rainless.The drought developed quickly.The sea surface temperature in the equatorial Middle Eastern Pacific Ocean started to rise in June,and it entered into El Nino state.When El Nino event of obvious temperature increasing started to appear in spring and summer,the plum rain amount was less in the middle and low reaches of Yangtze River in the year or next year.The probability was 80%.In El Nino year,the typhoon was less.In addition,for the influence of strong Western Pacific subtropical high,the landing pathway of typhoon was by east or south.The kind of typhoon had the small role for easing the drought in Northwest Hunan.[Conclusion] The research provided the theory basis for improving the prediction level of short-term climate and the understanding of extreme climate event.

Non-ferrous Metal Industry in Hunan Province

In the last ten years (1982～1991) 2.26 Mt of 10 kinds of nonferrous metals had been pro-duced in Hunan Province. Up to date the mining capacity achieves 6.52 Mt, ore-dressing capacity--7.25 Mt, smelt capacity--334 kt and the processing capacity--113 kt. In 1991 the output of10 kinds of nonferrous metals amounted to 292.8 kt. At present Hunan Province produces alloys,oxides and other compounds for copper, aluminium, lead, zinc, antimony and mercury. Species ofrare-earth metals and its alloys produced in Hunan Province amount to 160 and more. In this