Flume experimental study on evolution of a mouth bar under interaction of floods and waves

Based on the characteristics of hydrodynamics and sediment transport in the bar area in the Modaomen Estuary,a flume experiment was performed to study the evolution of the longitudinal profile of the mouth bar.The mouth bar evolution was investigated under the impacts of floods with different return periods as well as flood-wave interaction.The results showed that floods with different return periods had significant influences on the evolution of the river mouth bar.Particularly on the inner slope of the mouth bar,the sediment was substantially active and moveable.The inner slope and the bar crest tended to be remarkably scoured.The erosion was intensified with the increase of the magnitude of floods.Moreover,the bar crest moved seawards,while the elevation of the bar crest barely changed.Under the flood-wave interaction,a remarkable amount of erosion on the inner and outer slopes of the mouth bar was also found.The seaward displacement of the bar crest under the interaction of floods and waves was less than it was under only the impact of floods,while more deposition was found on the crest of the mouth bar in this case.

A Novel Traveling Wave Ultrasonic Motor Using a Bar Shaped Transducer

A novel traveling wave ultrasonic motor was proposed. The structure of the motor is rather simple and different from the conventional traveling wave ultrasonic motors. Its production processes are very convenient. It is composed of a stator constituted with a ring and a bar shaped transducer and two cone shaped rotors. The rotors were pressed on inner surface of the ring by means of a pre-pressure system. The bar shaped transducer has a sand- wich-like configuration,where two sets of piezoelectric element are bolted. One set excites a longitudinal vibration of the bar, and the other set excites a flexural vibration of the bar. The ring＇s traveling wave excited with the longitudinal vibration and the bending vibration of the bar transducer was simulated with FEM （finite element method）. The prototype of the motor was made and investigated experimentally for its performance. Its maximum torque and rotating speed are 0.25 N · m and 50 r/min, respectively.

Wave decomposition phenomenon and spectrum evolution over submerged bars

Wave decomposition phenomenon and spectrum evolution over submerged bars are investigated by a previously developed numerical model. First, the computed free surface displacements of regular waves at various locations are compared with the available experimental data to confirm the validity of the numerical model, and satisfactory agreements are obtained. In addition, variations of decomposition characteristics with incident wave parameters and the change of energy spectrum for regular waves are also studied. Then the spectrum evolution of irregular waves over submerged bars, as well as the influence of incident peak wave period and the steepness of the front slope of the bar on spectrum evolution, is investigated. Wave decomposition and spectral shape are found to be significantly influenced by the incident wave conditions. When the upslope of the bar becomes 1：2, the length of the slope becomes shorter and will not benefit the generation of high frequency energy, so spectrum evolution is not significant.

Numerical Simulation of Wave Field near Submerged Bars by PLIC-VOF Model

Investigating the wave field near structures in coastal and offshore engineering is of increasing significance. In the present study, simulation is done of the wave profile and flow field for waves propagating over submerged bars, using PLIC-VOF （Pieeewise Linear Interface Construction） to trace the free surface of wave and finite difference method to solve vertical 2D Navier-Stokes （N-S） equations. A comparison of the numerical results for two kinds of submerged bars with the experimental ones shows that the PLIC-VOF model used in this study is effective and can compute the wave field precisely.

Bragg Reflection of Waves by Different Shapes of Artificial Bars

Experiments are performed in a wave flume to demonstrate the Bragg reflection of linear gravity waves by artificial bars. Three different artificial bars with rectangular, triangular and rectified cosinoidal shapes are placed discretely on the seabed for measurement of the Bragg reflection. A series of experimental conditions including the number of bars, the periodic bar spacing, the water depth and various wave conditions are tested. Key parameters influencing the Bragg resonances are investigated. The experimental data are compared with the values from both theoretical and numerical models. Some key parameters have proved to be effective in describing the primary resonances. Predictive equations of the characteristics for the Bragg reflection are proposed in this paper.

Dynamic Buckling of Laminated Composite Bars Subjected to Axial Impact

The impact buckling of a laminated composite bar is investigated in case of one of its ends moving due to axial impact compression. The governing equations considering the first- order shear deformation effect are derived by the Hamilton principle and solved by the finite difference method. The critical axial shortness is determined by the B - R cirterion. The given example is used to highlight the influences of initial imperfection, impact velocity, stress wave and coupled stiffness. It is found that the unsymmetrically laminated bar has a quite different dynamic buckling behaviour from that of the symmetrically laminated bar.

AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE DYNAMIC AXIAL BUCKLING OF CYLINDRICAL SHELLS USING A KOLSKY BAR

Several experiments were performed with a Kolsky Bar(Split Hop- kinson Pressure Bar)device to investigate the dynamic axial buckling of cylindrical shells.The Kolsky Bar is a loading as well as a measuring device which can subject the shells to a fairly good square pulse.An attempt is made to understand the in- teraction between the stress wave and the dynamic buckling of cylindrical shells.It is suggested that the dynamic axial buckling of the shells,elastic or elasto-plastic,is mainly due to the compressive wave rather than the flexural or bending wave.The experimental results seem to support the two critical velocity theory for plastic buck- ling,with V_c1 corresponding to an axisymmetric buckling mode and V_c2 corresponding to a non-svmmetric buckling mode.

THE DYNAMICAL LOADING ON ROCK WITH DIFFERENT LOADING WAVE SHAPES CONVENTIONAL SHPB

Since loading wave shapes are very important in the study of rock dynamical properties, a new procedure for obtaining a variety of wave shapes using equidiameter impact hammer of conventional SHPB device is proposed based on theoretical analysis. Experiment shows that different loading wave shapes can be obtained through varying the radius at impact end of hammer. Experiment results are quite consistent with the theoretical analysis.

IMPACT BIFURCATION OF SEMI-INFINITE ELASTIC THIN BARS

The dynamic buckling problem of elastic bars subjected to axial impact has been investigated by many authors in different ways.In this paper the problem,in which the elastic bars are assumed to be ideally straight,is reformulated in connection with the bifurcation due to the stress wave propagation.The example of a semi-infinite elastic bar is used for illustration.

基于广义波阻抗理论的SHPB试验中弹性压缩阶段试件应力-应变曲线的应力波效应及其影响机理

定量研究分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)试验中弹性压缩阶段试件中的应力波效应是解耦准确材料弹性曲线的基础。在满足平面波假设的基础上,基于广义波阻抗理论,对杆与试件面积不匹配时试件弹性压缩阶段应力波演化造成的结构效应开展了定量理论研究,分析了不同情况下弹性阶段内试件唯象工程及实际材料应力-应变曲线的偏差特征与主要因素,并揭示了影响这种偏差的影响规律及其机理。研究表明:对于线性入射加载波,当无量纲时间为0.5的倍数时,即使其他参数改变,试件唯象与材料实际的应力-应变曲线仍对应相等;试件两端的应力差较大时,若应力差的变化趋于稳定,则试件唯象与材料实际的应力-应变曲线差异较小。计算了不同波动区间内试件的最大应力偏离值及其变化趋势和对应的无量纲时间,研究了入射波是双线性组合波时试件的应力-应变曲线。研究表明:双线性波入射时,2个线性区间可以独立分析,无论如何组合线性区间或应力差如何变化,只要试件两端应力差为近似恒定曲线,对应的试件唯象工程应力-应变曲线都是相对准确的。

应力波作用下红砂岩复合动态断裂特征研究

为探究应力波作用下红砂岩的复合动态断裂特性,采用分离式霍普金森压杆和数字图像技术对带预制裂缝的半圆盘三点弯曲试样开展冲击加载实验,分析加载率、波长对红砂岩动态拉伸、断裂特征的影响。结果表明:①红砂岩试样加载率与动态抗拉强度、断裂韧度及破坏率均呈一次函数关系;断裂能随加载率增大而增长415.27%。②随着波长增加,动态抗拉强度增长742.14%,其中断裂能增长54.49%,但能量吸收率呈下降趋势;裂纹扩展平均速度增长4.09%,且首尾裂纹应变增长时间出现滞后现象;破坏率增长效应得到强化。③冲击速度8 m/s时试件主裂纹首尾监测点位的应变平均增加84.31%。

夹心杆系统中一维弹塑性波演化精细分析(Ⅱ):弹塑性交界面与平台段反射衰减

相对于入射波加载阶段透反射分析过程,入射波平台段持续时间长且弹塑性传播与演化行为复杂得多,此阶段试件内弹塑性波相互作用的影响非常明显。开展了矩形入射波作用下试件内弹塑性波的相互作用及其在两个界面上的弹塑性透反射行为计算,定量研究了夹心杆系统中反射波的衰减特征。结果表明:强入射波作用下,由于弹塑性波相互作用,试件内形成了曲线型弹塑性交界面,使透射端达到屈服状态的时间明显提前,该弹塑性交界面以大于弹性声速的速度向反射端变速传播;在塑性阶段,反射波的衰减是试件截面积增大引起的广义波阻抗增大和压缩引起的塑性波往返次数增加两个方面导致的衰减量之和。计算显示,试件的密度变化虽然明显影响其波速和广义波阻抗,但两个方面引起的衰减量之和正好接近于零,使得密度变化对透反射波平台段变化的影响可以忽略;塑性模量的增大使得反射波在平台端衰减更快,而试件直径对反射波衰减速度的影响并不是单调的,从4 mm增大到10 mm,反射波衰减速度增大,但增大到12 mm后衰减量反而有所减小。研究结果可为分离式Hopkinson压杆试验透反射波形的深入分析以及精细化试验设计与数据处理提供参考。

弯折波导杆的超声斜入射方法

波导杆技术是一种有效的超声辅助检测方法,在提升高温关键承压设备安全运行方面具有重要作用。现有的波导换能器因直入式发射声波,常被用来在线监测壁厚的腐蚀进程,难以对指定方向的缺陷进行有效检测。为了解决这个难题,基于斯涅耳定理以及导波的频散特性提出了一种弯折结构的波导杆来实现超声斜入射。首先分析了弯折波导杆中水平剪切波的传播特性,探究了波导杆的厚度、弯折角度对杆中声波传播的影响规律;然后,进一步研究了弯折波导杆在半无限空间内的声束指向性;最后通过一对弯折波导杆在线检测结构内部缺陷的试验证明了波导超声斜入射的应用价值。研究结果为基于斜入射技术的波导超声在线监测提供了坚实的理论基础。

E波段矩形环对角双杆行波管的研究

高功率、宽频带是当前科研人员研究行波管的主流方向,中国工信部最新规定E波段的频率范围在71-76 GHz/81-86 GHz。虽然传统的环圈慢波结构有更高的互作用阻抗,但是当其达到E波段及以上由于其结构特点在现实中难以加工,所以难以实现工作在E波段,为了提升输出功率,本文设计了E波段矩形环对角双杆慢波结构行波管的研究,对其进行注波互作用模拟仿真和计算,带状电子注采用19.1 kV的电压,电流为0.14 A的条件下,行波管可获得最大400 W的瞬时输出功率,增益为46.02 dB、电子效率15%。

基于超材料的动态压剪复合加载实验新技术

材料或结构在动态压剪复合加载条件下的力学性能对于其工程应用具有重要影响。然而,现有的动态复合加载实验技术存在压缩波和剪切波难以同步施加到试件、实验设备昂贵等问题。本文中利用压扭超材料进行应力波转化,在一维分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)上实现动态压剪同步复合加载。该实验技术具有荷载精准同步、剪压比可控、简单便捷、低成本等优点。针对当压扭超材料转化出来的扭转波幅值较大,透射杆惯性约束不足情况下出现的扭转信号三角波的问题进行详细讨论,并提出相应的解决方案。选用屈服应力各不相同的金属钛、304不锈钢和316L不锈钢等3种材料进行了实验测试,证实了动态压剪同步复合加载技术的有效性。借助有限元模型,深入分析压扭超材料的几何参数对其压扭系数及承载能力的影响,并结合实验结果讨论了该实验技术的适用范围,预测动态压剪同步复合加载技术能测试的材料强度可达约1 GPa,施加给试件的剪压比可达1.18。

基于摆锤加载岩杆SHPB装置的充填体动态力学特性测试方法

针对充填体试样SHPB(split Hopkinson pressure bar)试验测试中存在的透射波测量的难点问题,采用岩石长杆代替钢杆作为入射杆和透射杆的方法改进摆锤冲击加载SHPB试验系统,探讨了SHPB试验中黏弹性波的传播及波阻抗匹配问题;基于应力波在岩石杆件系统中的传播规律研究,定义了应力波在入射杆和透射杆上传播的黏性衰减系数、试样-岩杆界面的透反射衰减系数;基于Kelvin-Voigt模型,利用一维波动分析程序,得到了岩石杆件-充填体的波阻抗匹配系数与透反射衰减系数的关系;依据现场充填体特性、波阻抗匹配系数和透反射衰减系数,选取了四种岩石长杆改进摆锤冲击加载SHPB试验装置;利用一维波动分析程序,计算了岩杆的黏性系数、充填体和岩杆界面的应力和应变,分析了透射波的波形特征和信噪比,发现四种岩石与充填体波阻抗的匹配程度从好到差依次为绿砂岩、花岗岩、大理岩、玄武岩;建立了以绿砂岩为入射杆和透射杆的摆锤冲击加载SHPB试验系统,开展了充填体的动态冲击试验,验证了试样中的应力平衡。

粘弹性Hopkinson压杆中波的衰减和弥散

研究了线性粘弹性Hopkinson压杆中由于粘性效应和横向惯性效应引起的应力波衰减和弥散 .导出计及横向惯性效应的线性粘弹性杆中纵波控制方程和应力解应变解 ,进而导出表征波衰减和弥散性质的纵波传播系数的修正公式 .这一修正公式计入粘性效应和几何效应 ,与Bacon公式相比 ,其形式简单 ,更便于在实验数据处理中应用 .

活性粉末混凝土冲击压缩性能实验研究

通过对活性粉末混凝土材料进行Hopkinson压杆冲击压缩实验,得到不同钢纤维含量的活性粉末混凝土在不同应变率下的应力-应变全曲线,并给出了不同应变率下材料的动态压缩强度和动态增长因子,实验结果表明,活性粉末混凝土具有应变率敏感性,钢纤维的掺入部分提高了材料的冲击压缩性能。

分离式大直径Hopkinson杆实验技术研究进展

分离式大直径Hopkinson杆(SHB)是一种用于研究混凝土和其他非均匀材料动态力学性能的重要手段,杆直径增大会导致传统分离式Hopkinson压杆实验技术的基本假定失效,因此对实验技术、数据处理及实验结果分析等形成了新的挑战。介绍了大直径SHB杆实验技术的发展历程,总结了杆直径增加所带来的几何弥散效应、试件应力均匀性、试件端面平行性和横向惯性效应等问题及相应的解决方法,分析了大直径SHB实验技术的研究方向和热点问题。

应力脉冲在变截面SHPB锥杆中的传播特性

为研究混凝土材料的动态力学性能 ,将原有的SHPB装置改装成直锥变截面式SHPB。系统分析了应力脉冲在直锥变截面杆中的传播特性 ,讨论了大小端杆径、过渡段长度以及锥角等对波传播的影响 ,为合理设计直锥变截面式SHPB装置提供了理论依据。