巴尔通体菌(Bartonella)

巴尔通体是一群广泛寄生在哺乳动物体内的革兰氏阴性,变形球杆菌(Pleomorphic coccobacillus),已经证实其中一些和人类疾病有关。对目前国内外巴尔通体菌的分类及一些基本特性进行了阐述。

Seronegative disseminated Bartonella spp. infection in an immunocompromised patient

An 11 year old, hispanic girl with a history of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia was admitted to the hospital for symptoms compatible with Bartonella henselae infection. The first molecularly diagnosed case of disseminated Bartonella henselae infection was reported in an immunocompromised patient in Lima, Peru. The analysis was confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction and automated sequencing of a liver biopsy sample, even though the serologic tests were negative. In conclusion, Bartonella spp. infection should have a particular diagnostic consideration in immunocompromised patients with fever of unknown origin and further investigation regarding the patient's past exposures with cats should also be elicited.

Seroprevalence of Bartonella henselae and Identification of Risk Factors in China

Serum samples were tested for Bartonella henselae Ig G antibodies using indirect immunofluorescence assays.We then analyzed associated risk factors.Serum samples were considered positive when reactive at a dilution of more than 1:320.

Bartonella species in small mammals and their potential vectors in Asia

In this article,authors review the current knowledge of Bartonella infection in small mammals including rodents,insectivores,bats and exotic small mammal pets and their vectors in Asia.Species of Bartonella are Gram-negative intracellular bacteria that infect erythrocytes of various mammalian and non-mammalian animals and mainly transmitted by blood sucking arthropod vectors.The genus Bartonella includes several species of important human diseases with severe clinical signs.Several new Bartonella species were isolated from rodents and other small mammals,and from human patients in Asia.Bartonella species are identified using standard polymerase chain reaction amplification and a sequencing targeting two housekeeping genes(glt.A and rpoB) and the internal transcribed spacer fragment.Authors also discuss the implications in term of potential emerging zoonotic diseases.

Encephalitis with convulsive status in an immunocompetent pediatric patient caused by Bartonella henselae

Cat scratch's disease caused by Bartonella henselae, is known to be a self-limited benign process in immunocompetent children. The association with neurologic manifestations is very uncommon especially in patient with no immunologic defects and in cases without specific treatment. A 7 years old male patient, without any immunocromised defect, presented an atypic presentation of the cat scratch disease. The patient came to the hospital in two opportunities in a status epilepticus, in both cases the diagnosis was encephalitis by Bartonella henselae and the evolution with treatment was monitored with PCR(polymerase chain reaction) in cerebrospinal fluid and blood, as well as IFI(IgM, IgG) serology(indirect immunofluorescence). The patient had a favorable clinical and laboratory evolution for 6 months showing no recurrence of the disease.

Human seroreactivity against Bartonella species in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Objective:To assess the presence and identity of Bartonella species in a pool of human blood samples from DRC Congo.Methods:Blood(±120μL) was collected anonymously from Congolese patients and placed on calibrated filter papers.Bartonella serology determination was performed using an indirect immun of luorescence assay(IFA) against six specific Bartonella antigens and Coxiella burnetii(C.burnetii) antigen.The end cut- of f value for Bartonella sp.was a titre greater than 1200.Results:None of the patients was positive for Bartonella elizabethae, Bartonella vinsonii subsp.vinsonii or Bartonella vinsonii subsp.arupensis nor for C.burnetti, but 4.5%of the 1SS samples were positive for either Bartonella henselae,Bartonella quintana, or Bartonella clarridgeiae.Conclusions:This preliminary study presents the first report of Bartonella species in the DR Congo and the first report of antibodies to Bartonella clarridgeiae in an African human population.Although few experimental trials have established the link between fleas and Bartonella transmission,the repeated detection of similar Bartonella species in fleas and humans in several countries suggests that Bartonellosis could be another flea-borne disease which specific reservoirs are still unknown.

Bartonella infection in asymptomatic horses and donkeys from Tuscany,Central Italy

Objective: To investigate the occurrence of Bartonella sp. infection in asymptomatic horses and donkeys living in Tuscany, Central Italy.Methods: Blood samples were collected from 77 horses and 15 donkeys and tested by indirect immunofluorescent test to detect antibodies against Bartonella sp. and by PCR to detect the pathogen.Results: Fifty-four(58.69%; 95% CI: 47.95%–68.87%) animals, 9 donkeys and 45 horses, were seropositive with antibody titers ranging from 1:64 to 1:512. PCR assays detected 9 horses positive for Bartonella sp. and 3 donkeys for Bartonella henselae genotype I.Conclusions: The detected sero-prevalence suggests a common and frequent exposure of equids living in Central Italy to bartonellae and PCR results show that Bartonella sp.infection is possible both in horses and donkeys. At the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Bartonella henselae infection in donkeys.

First evidence of Bartonella phoceensis and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemomuris subsp. ratti in synanthropic rodents in Malaysia

Rodent-borne leptospirosis is by far the most common bacterial zoonosis and it is an important emerging global public health concern in Southeast Asia.Bacterial pathogens associated with rodents,especially those that live in close association with humans have been underreported.To fill this knowledge gap,the present study was undertaken to explore other neglected disease agents that can naturally infect synanthropic rodents.

Bartonella Species Investigated among Rodents from Shaanxi Province of China

Bartonella spp.are rod-shaped,Gram-negative,aerobic,fastidious,slow bacteria which cause diseases in humans and animals by parasitizing the endothelial and red blood cells of their hosts[1,2].Rodents are the most important natural reservoir hosts of Bartonella[3].In 57 countries,epidemiological studies of rat-borne Bartonella have been carried out.Information on the Bartonella infection rate in rodents has been obtained from most of these countries.The infection rate of rodents in Portugal,Egypt,Japan,Canada,and the United States is more than 90%,the infection rate in Thailand and Russia is about 80%,and the infection rate in China is about 67%.To date,22 species of rodent-borne Bartonella have been described.Of these,B.grahamii,B.vinsonii subsp.arupensis,B.vinsonii subsp.Berkhoffii,and B.elizabethae have been found to be associated with human illness.People become infected with rodent-borne Bartonella incidentally,especially when they are exposed to the habitats of wild rodents harboring various Bartonella species.Bartonella infection can affect multiple organs and poses a risk to public health[4].

2021—2023年青岛市小兽携带鼠传病原体监测分析

目的调查青岛市小兽携带病原体基本情况,为鼠传疾病的防控工作提供理论依据。方法2021—2023年在青岛市西海岸新区、即墨区、胶州市、平度市和莱西市采集小兽肝、脾、肾和肺组织的核酸样本,采用实时荧光定量PCR(Quantitative Real-time PCR,qPCR)检测致病性钩端螺旋体和巴尔通体,反转录实时荧光定量PCR(Reverse transcription-qPCR,RT-qPCR)方法检测汉坦病毒和新型布尼亚病毒。对种群构成比、病原体感染率进行统计学分析。结果本次共捕获小兽624只,其中褐家鼠最多,占比为4311%,小家鼠占比为3686%、黑线姬鼠占比为1394%、鼩鼱占比为609%。病原学检测结果显示,鼠传病原体中汉坦病毒感染率为337%,致病性钩端螺旋体感染率为096%,巴尔通体感染率为112%;未检出新型布尼亚病毒。褐家鼠和小家鼠均检出3种病原体,以褐家鼠携带病原体感染率最高;监测生境中农田耕地生境鼠病原体检出感染率最高为820%。结论青岛市存在汉坦病毒、巴尔通体、致病性钩端螺旋体的鼠传病原感染情况,应加强农村地区的鼠传病原体监测和防控工作,降低人群鼠传病原体的感染风险。

巴尔通体（Bartonella tribocorum）P26蛋白原核重组表达研究

目的 构建巴尔通体表面蛋白p26基因的原核重组表达载体,表达和纯化重组表达蛋白P26,并鉴定其抗原性.方法 利用PCR方法从巴尔通体B.tribocorum厦门分离株的基因组DNA中扩增出p26蛋白基因,并将该基因的编码区克隆到pGEX-4T-1表达载体中,从而构建GST-p26融合蛋白原核重组表达载体.将表达载体转化大肠埃希菌（E.coli DH5α）,诱导表达GST-p26,并运用亲和层析技术纯化蛋白.通过蛋白质斑点印迹试验和间接ELISA法检验GST-p26是否具有抗原性.结果 成功构建了p26的原核表达载体,该表达载体可在E.coli DH5α中大量表达GST-p26,原核表达的GST-p26能够与感染动物血液样本发生特异性免疫反应.结论 原核重组表达的GST-p26可作为潜在的抗原,应用于巴尔通体的血清学检测.

临床药师参与1例汉赛巴尔通体脑膜炎的药物治疗分析

临床药师参与1例汉赛巴尔通体脑膜炎患者的抗感染治疗,根据患者临床表现、脑脊液定量宏基因组二代测序(mNGS)检测结果确诊为汉赛巴尔通体感染,参考相关临床指南及国外个案治疗报道,建议选用盐酸米诺环素胶囊口服联合利福平注射液治疗,基于患者脑脊液及相关炎症指标复查结果动态调整患者后续治疗方案。治疗过程中,临床药师发挥专业特长,为患者提供个体化的药学服务,优化抗感染方案,进一步推进临床合理用药。

Optimization of Bartonella henselae multilocus sequence typing scheme using single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis of SOLID sequence data

Background Multi-locus sequence typing （MLST） is widely used to explore the population structure of numerous bacterial pathogens. However, for genotypically-restricted pathogens, the sensitivity of MLST is limited by a paucity of variation within selected loci. For Bartonella henselae （B. henselae）, although the MLST scheme currently used has been proven useful in defining the overall population structure of the species, its reliability for the accurate delineation of closely-related sequence types, between which allelic variation is usually limited to, at most, one or two nucleotide polymorphisms. Exploitation of high-throughput sequencing data allows a more informed selection of MLST loci and thus, potentially, a means of enhancing the sensitivity of the schemes they comprise. Methods We carried out SOLID resequencing on 12 representative B. henselae isolates and explored these data using single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） analysis. We determined the number and distribution of SNPs in the genes targeted by the established MLST scheme and modified the position of loci within these genes to capture as much genetic variation as possible. Results Using genome-wide SNP data, we found the distribution of SNPs within each open reading frame （ORF） of MLST loci, which were not represented by the established B. henselae MLST scheme. We then modified the position of loci in the MLST scheme to better reflect the polymorphism in the ORF as a whole. The use of amended loci in this scheme allowed previously indistinguishable ST1 strains to be differentiated. However, the diversity of B. henselae was still rare in China. Conclusions Our study demonstrates the use of SNP analysis to facilitate the selection of MLST loci to augment the currently-described scheme for B. henselae. And the diversity among B. henselae strains in China is markedly less than that observed in B. henselae populations elsewhere in the world.

黑龙江省同江口岸首次发现花鼠携带Bartonella washoensis的分子生物学证据

目的探索黑龙江省同江口岸鼠类中可能携带Bartonella washoensis的分子生物学证据。方法 2016年6月,在黑龙江省同江口岸林缘地中,采用夹捕法和笼捕法捕获啮齿动物,采集啮齿动物脾样本,利用巴尔通体rpo B基因序列保守区引物,用PCR法检测巴尔通体,获得的阳性样本通过基因测序进一步分析。结果在捕获的113只鼠中共获得69份阳性样本,获得的序列与Gen Bank中的序列进行比对,在花鼠脾脏中获得的巴尔通体rpo B基因片段(编号:TJ2016-107)与同样是分离自花鼠的B.washoensis SR22-1株和SR25-1株同源性最高,分别为99%和98%。提示黑龙江省同江口岸花鼠中可能携带B.washoensis。结论首次在花鼠脾脏中扩增出与B.washoensis同源性较高的rpo B基因片段,这也是黑龙江省可能存在B.washoensis的直接证据。

Bartonella henselae neuroretinitis in a patient without cat scratch

Neuroretinitis is characterized by optic disc swelling with macular star,and affects 1%-2%of the patients with Bartonella henselae infection.This condition needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of unilateral optic neuropathy in young adults.A 44-year-old woman presented with a progressive visual loss in right eye that was described as a central scotoma with altered color perception.Medical history was negative except for Hashimoto's thyroiditis.The examination evidenced a relative afferent pupillary defect in right eye and marked papillary oedema involving the macular region.Brain and orbits magnetic resonance imaging were normal,and fundoscopy showed star-shaped hard exudates.Autoimmune and infective screening revealed IgM and IgG antibodies against Bartonella henselae,suggesting for recent cat-scratch disease.She was treated with high-dose intravenous steroids and doxycycline.One month later she fully recovered,and she had no relapses.We diagnosed a Bartonella henselae neuroretinitis(finally the patient recalled she had stroked stray cats,not being scratched).In conclusion time course and absence of pain differentiate neuroretinitis from other optic neuropathies.Fundoscopic image of macular star is a clue for diagnosis,and visual recovery is usually excellent.

2022年中哈边境阿拉山口口岸地区鼠形动物携带巴尔通体调查

目的 了解中国-哈萨克斯坦边境阿拉山口口岸地区鼠群中携带巴尔通体(Bartonella)情况,研究与分析其基因同源性及系统进化情况,为海关开展口岸鼠传疾病的监测与排查提供科学依据。方法 2022年3至11月,采用夹夜法在阿拉山口口岸城区、郊区、野外和出入境通道处选取8个监测区域,捕获鼠形动物后进行分类鉴定与剖检,无菌采集肝脏组织,进行核酸提取,利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增巴尔通体枸橼酸合酶基因(gltA),对阳性产物测序后,再进行同源性和遗传进化树分析。结果 共捕获鼠形动物1目2科5属5种101只,其中优势鼠种为大沙鼠,共计67只,占捕获总数的66.34%;其余为子午沙鼠、灰仓鼠、褐家鼠和小家鼠等。PCR检测鼠肝脏样本共101份,在其中7只大沙鼠中检出gltA基因核酸阳性,检出率为6.93%,经测序及遗传进化分析表明除alsk2022092302外,其他序列均较为相近,同源性分析显示其与GeneBank中6种已知巴尔通体gltA基因(AB444984.1、MG887832.1、KT327028.1、KT327032.1、MH618792.1、JN402992.1)同源性分别为95.56%~100%,提示阿拉山口口岸地区大沙鼠鼠群中存在巴尔通体分子种类多样性的特征。结论 研究再次证实阿拉山口口岸地区鼠形动物,特别是大沙鼠中存在巴尔通体感染,应加强监测与防控力度,防止其经国境口岸传入或传出。

Botanical Medicines With Activity Against Stationary Phase Bartonella henselae

Bartonella henselae is a Gram-negative bacterium and is the causative agent of cat scratch disease.In humans,infections with B.henselae can result in acute or chronic systemic infections with diverse clinical symptoms.The current treatment for Bartonella infections with antibiotics such as doxycycline and rifampin is not always effective,presumably due in part to bacterial persistence.There are various anecdotal reports of herbal extracts used for treating patients with persistent Bartonella infections but their activity on B.henselae is unknown.In order to identify more effective therapies for persistent Bartonella infections,in this study,we tested the antimicrobial activity of botanical and herbal medicines and screened an herbal product collection against stationary phase B.henselae in vitro using a SYBR Green I/propidium iodide viability assay.We identified five herbal product extracts(at 1.67 mg/mL or 2.5mg/mL),including Cryptolepis sanguinolenta,Juglans nigra,Polygonum cuspidatum,Scutellaria baicalensis,and Scutellaria barbata,that had high activity against stationary phase B.henselae.Among them,C.sanguinolenta,J.nigra,and P.cuspidatum could eradicate all stationary phase B.henselae cells within 7days at 0.83 mg/mL or 1.25 mg/mL in drug exposure time-kill assays,whereas S.baicalensis and S.barbata showed relatively poor activity.These top hits were active against both stationary phase nongrowing B.henselae and log phase growing B.henselae in minimum inhibitory concentration testing.These findings may have implications for improved treatment of persistent Bartonella infections.

新疆乌什县绵羊羊蜱蝇巴尔通体检测及gltA基因分析

试验旨在掌握新疆乌什县绵羊体外寄生羊蜱蝇所携带巴尔通体的感染状况,随机从乌什县绵羊体表采集羊蜱蝇78只,应用数码体视显微镜对羊蜱蝇进行初步形态学鉴定,对羊蜱蝇18S rRNA基因以及巴尔通体病原gltA基因运用分子生物学技术进行PCR扩增,测序结果应用序列分析软件MEGA 7.0构建系统发育进化树并进行遗传进化分析。结果显示,采集物种为羊蜱蝇并检测到其携带巴尔通体,经鉴定为蜱蝇巴尔通体(Bartonella melophagi)。研究表明,乌什县绵羊羊蜱蝇携带巴尔通体病原,结果可为新疆地区巴尔通体的研究提供数据支撑。

布鲁氏菌、弓形虫及巴尔通体多重TaqMan荧光PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为建立一种应用于宠物布鲁氏菌、弓形虫及巴尔通体的高通量、高灵敏、高特异的检测方法,根据各自保守序列合成了特异性引物及TaqMan探针,通过优化反应体系,建立了多重TaqMan荧光PCR检测方法,并利用该方法对2021年厦门市抽检的304份犬猫全血样品进行了检测。结果显示:该方法特异性好,可特异性扩增布鲁氏菌、弓形虫和巴尔通体阳性核酸,其他对照菌株核酸均无扩增信号;抗干扰性强,检测混合模板时,不同成分间无交叉干扰反应;灵敏度高,最低检出限均为3×10^(0)copies/μL;重复性好,批内及批间重复试验变异系数均小于2%。应用该方法在4 h内即可完成304份临床样品的快速检测,此次临床抽检样品中未检出布鲁氏菌、弓形虫及巴尔通体阳性核酸。该方法大大提高了检测效率,为多种动物布鲁氏菌、弓形虫及巴尔通体感染的早期诊断及筛查提供了技术支持。

巴尔通体分离培养特性观察

从鼠类血液中分离巴尔通体（Bartonella）。观察其分离培养特性。被检鼠血为2004年收集自云南省的4个县，采用含5％去纤维兔血脑心浸液琼脂培基置于35℃舍5％CO2培养葙中分离培养巴尔通体。进行观察。涂片革兰染色镜检，疑似菌落用巴尔通体属特异性引物进行聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增特异基因片段[枸檬酸合酶基因（gltA）的379bp片段]，电泳图中出现目标带即判断为阳性菌株。从397份鼠血分离到巴尔通体47份，分离率为11．8％。阳性菌落长出时间最早为3d，多数为1～2周，占70．2％（33／47）。阳性菌落形态随培养时间延长而改变，特点多样。PCR阳性的菌经革兰染色。镜下均可见革兰阴性小杆菌。结果可见。可先用涂片革兰染色镜检。时疑似菌落进行初筛。巴尔通体种类多、形态多样，培养时间延长，菌落形态可能发生变异，有待进一步探索。