Lipid levels and insulin resistance markers in patients with colorectal cancer:Propensity score matching analysis

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer(CRC)is a prevalent malignant neoplasm characterized by subtle early manifestations.AIM To investigate the correlation among serum lipid profiles,the triglyceride-glucose(TyG)index,and the atherosclerotic index(AI)in patients with CRC.Furthermore,it explored the clinical diagnostic utility of combining serum lipids with cancer antigens in the context of CRC.METHODS A retrospective analysis encompassed 277 patients with CRC and 1034 healthy individuals.RESULTS Following propensity score matching,patients with CRC exhibited significantly reduced levels of serum triglyceride(TG),total cholesterol(TC),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),as well as a diminished TyG index.Conversely,they displayed elevated AI levels compared to their healthy counterparts.Patients in advanced stages exhibited lower serum levels of TG,TC,and LDL-C compared to those in early stages.Patients with positive lymph node metastasis demonstrated reduced levels of TG,LDL-C,and the TyG index.Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that the combination of the TyG index,carcinoembryonic antigen,and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 yielded the highest positive prediction rate for CRC at 75.3%.CONCLUSION Preoperative serum lipid profiles exhibit a robust association with patients with CRC.The concurrent assessment of multiple serum lipids and cancer antigens effectively enhances the diagnostic accuracy for CRC.

穿心莲化学、药理研究进展及质量标志物(Q-Marker)预测分析

穿心莲现已成为我国常用药用植物,具有清热解毒、凉血消肿和燥湿的功效,在临床应用中发挥举足轻重的作用。其化学成分主要包括内酯类、黄酮类、苯丙素类及其他类成分,具有解热、抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、调节免疫、改善心血管系统等药理作用,临床常用来治疗各种感染性疾病、肿瘤以及血栓闭塞性脉管炎等。对穿心莲的化学成分和药理作用进行系统的总结,并以此为基础,引入中药“质量标志物(quality marker,Q-Marker)”的概念,从植物亲缘学及化学成分特有性、化学成分与传统药性相关、化学成分与传统功效相关、化学成分可测性、不同配伍环境、化学成分传递与溯源六个方面进行穿心莲质量标志物的预测分析。结果发现二萜内酯类、黄酮类和生物碱类可作为穿心莲质量标志物的候选物质种类,初步推测穿心莲内酯、脱氧穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯、新穿心莲内酯、穿心莲黄酮、木犀草素、芹菜素等成分可作为穿心莲质量标志物的候选化合物,为建立完善的穿心莲质量评价体系奠定基础,也为保证穿心莲的药材质量提供指导,以期让化学和药理研究更好地服务于临床。

Hemogram-derived ratios as prognostic markers for major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction(NSTEMI)poses significant challenges in clinical management due to its diverse outcomes.Understanding the prognostic role of hematological parameters and derived ratios in NSTEMI patients could aid in risk stratification and improve patient care.AIM To evaluate the predictive value of hemogram-derived ratios for major adverse cardiovascular events(MACE)in NSTEMI patients,potentially improving clinical outcomes.METHODS A prospective,observational cohort study was conducted in 2021 at the Internal Medicine Clinic of the University Hospital in Tuzla,Bosnia and Herzegovina.The study included 170 patients with NSTEMI,who were divided into a group with MACE and a control group without MACE.Furthermore,the MACE group was subdivided into lethal and non-lethal groups for prognostic analysis.Alongside hematological parameters,an additional 13 hematological-derived ratios(HDRs)were monitored,and their prognostic role was investigated.RESULTS Hematological parameters did not significantly differ between non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction(NSTEMI)patients with MACE and a control group at T1 and T2.However,significant disparities emerged in HDRs among NSTEMI patients with lethal and non-lethal outcomes post-MACE.Notably,neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR)and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio(PLR)were elevated in lethal outcomes.Furthermore,C-reactive protein-to-lymphocyte ratio(CRP/Ly)at T1(>4.737)demonstrated predictive value[odds ratio(OR):3.690,P=0.024].Both NLR at T1(>4.076)and T2(>4.667)emerged as significant predictors,with NLR at T2 exhibiting the highest diagnostic performance,as indicated by an area under the curve of 0.811(95%CI:0.727-0.859)and OR of 4.915(95%CI:1.917-12.602,P=0.001),emphasizing its important role as a prognostic marker.CONCLUSION This study highlights the significant prognostic value of hemogram-derived indexes in predicting MACE among NSTEMI patients.During follow-up,NLR,PLR,and CRP/Ly offer important insights into the inflammatory processes underlying cardiovascular events.

Longitudinal Associations between Vitamin D Status and Systemic Inflammation Markers among Early Adolescents

Vitamin D deficiency(VDD)has emerged as a major nutritional problem among children and adolescents.Numerous studies have documented the adverse health effects of VDD,including conditions such as chronic kidney diseases,hypoparathyroidism,and autoimmune diseases.Nevertheless,these studies were conducted only in adults and among individuals with underlying medical conditions.Adolescence is at a unique stage of growth,where nutritional deficiencies may have profound implications on their future health.Thus,there is an urgent need to conduct research on the impact of vitamin D deficiency on adolescent health.

Effect of Germinated Brown Rice Supplementation on Prediabetes Markers: A 120-Day Dietary Intervention Study in Selected Female Groups

The rice variety,Co 51,was specifically selected for the development of white polished rice,brown rice(BR),and germinated brown rice(GBR).GBR rendered significant increases in nutrients,including dietary fiber,resistant starch,total antioxidant activity,γ-amino butyric acid(GABA),γ-oryzanol,and ferulic acid content compared with BR.The cooked GBR and white polished rice(120 g)were served with a known quantity of pulses and vegetables without affecting the physical activities of selected groups and the total experimentation period spanned 120 d.At the end of the study period,the experimental group consuming GBR showed a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose(FBG),average glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c),total cholesterol(TC),triglycerides(TG),and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),compared with the group taking white polished rice.These findings suggest that owing to GBR’s better nutrient composition and bioactive functional ingredients,the long-term consumption of GBR would effectively lower the risk of prediabetes related to FBG,HbA1c,and TG.

Predictive value of magnetic resonance imaging parameters combined with tumor markers for rectal cancer recurrence risk after surgery

BACKGROUND An increasing number of studies to date have found preoperative magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)features valuable in predicting the prognosis of rectal cancer(RC).However,research is still lacking on the correlation between preoperative MRI features and the risk of recurrence after radical resection of RC,urgently necessitating further in-depth exploration.AIM To investigate the correlation between preoperative MRI parameters and the risk of recurrence after radical resection of RC to provide an effective tool for predicting postoperative recurrence.METHODS The data of 90 patients who were diagnosed with RC by surgical pathology and underwent radical surgical resection at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University between May 2020 and December 2023 were collected through retrospective analysis.General demographic data,MRI data,and tumor markers levels were collected.According to the reviewed data of patients six months after surgery,the clinicians comprehensively assessed the recurrence risk and divided the patients into high recurrence risk(37 cases)and low recurrence risk(53 cases)groups.Independent sample t-test andχ2 test were used to analyze differences between the two groups.A logistic regression model was used to explore the risk factors of the high recurrence risk group,and a clinical prediction model was constructed.The clinical prediction model is presented in the form of a nomogram.The receiver operating characteristic curve,Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test,calibration curve,and decision curve analysis were used to evaluate the efficacy of the clinical prediction model.RESULTS The detection of positive extramural vascular invasion through preoperative MRI[odds ratio(OR)=4.29,P=0.045],along with elevated carcinoembryonic antigen(OR=1.08,P=0.041),carbohydrate antigen 125(OR=1.19,P=0.034),and carbohydrate antigen 199(OR=1.27,P<0.001)levels,are independent risk factors for increased postoperative recurrence risk in patients with RC.Furthermore,there was a correlation between magnetic resonance based T staging,magnetic resonance based N staging,and circumferential resection margin results determined by MRI and the postoperative recurrence risk.Additionally,when extramural vascular invasion was integrated with tumor markers,the resulting clinical prediction model more effectively identified patients at high risk for postoperative recurrence,thereby providing robust support for clinical decision-making.CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that preoperative MRI detection is of great importance for predicting the risk of postoperative recurrence in patients with RC.Monitoring these markers helps clinicians identify patients at high risk,allowing for more aggressive treatment and monitoring strategies to improve patient outcomes.

Improving predictive accuracy of early recurrence in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma:Role of postoperative serum tumor markers

In a recent study by He et al,the nomogram integrates postoperative serum tumor markers such as carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and carcinoembryonic antigen,thereby improving the accuracy of identifying high-risk patients compared to relying solely on preoperative markers,which has significant implications for customizing adjuvant therapy and potentially improving outcomes for this aggressive form of cancer.However,the study’s single-center design and short follow-up period may limit the generalizability of its findings and potentially introduce reporting bias.Future studies could consider additional confounding factors,such as adjuvant chemotherapy and variations in surgical techniques,to improve the model’s accuracy.Furthermore,it would be valuable to validate the nomogram in broader,prospective cohorts and explore the inclusion of additional markers like circulating tumor DNA to refine further its predictive power and applicability across diverse patient populations.

Basal-like型乳腺癌的研究进展

乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤。目前人们往往根据肿瘤病理组织学情况判断乳腺癌的预后。近年来,人们发现生物学指标不仅有助于判断肿瘤的预后,还能预测肿瘤对治疗的反应。根据浸润性乳腺癌基因表达情况,可以将乳腺癌分为4个亚型,即luminalA,luminalB,HER2过表达和basal-like型。各型有不同的临床预后,Basal-like型的临床预后较差。本文将简单介绍乳腺癌分子亚型的分布情况,概述basal-like型乳腺癌的特性以及其预后情况的近期研究进展。

Basal-like型乳腺癌临床特征与生存分析

目的分析Basal-like型乳腺癌所占比例、临床特征以及生存情况,为Basal-like型乳腺癌临床诊治提供参考依据。方法回顾性分析我院经手术治疗、资料完整、经病理确诊的女性乳腺癌患者171例。Basal-like型乳腺癌的判定采用Nielsen标准。比较Basal-like型乳腺癌与非Basal-like型乳腺癌的临床病理特征、复发转移及生存情况。结果 Basal-like型乳腺癌26例,占15.3%。Basal-like型乳腺癌具有组织学分级高(Basal-like型与非Basal-like型乳腺癌组织学分级Ⅲ级的比例分别为:69.23%和30.34%,P<0.001),淋巴结转移阳性率低(34.62%和58.62%,P=0.023),淋巴结转移率低(41.38%和65.38%,P=0.038)的特点。与非Basal-like型乳腺癌相比,Basal-like型乳腺癌肺转移发生率较高(15.38%和3.45%,P=0.012)。Basal-like型乳腺癌和非Basal-like型乳腺癌的5年生存率分别为70.3%和87.9%(P=0.042),5年无病生存率分别为59.5%和80.3%(P=0.013)。结论本组患者并没有发现回、汉族患者Basal-like型乳腺癌的发病率差别。本组Basal-like型乳腺癌患者具有组织学分级高、淋巴结转移阳性率低、淋巴结转移率低、易于发生肺转移和预后较差的特点。

Basal-like乳腺癌与干细胞的研究进展

0引言 目前基于基因谱将乳腺癌划分为5个分子亚型[1-2],其中Basa1-1ike乳腺癌具有独特的基因表型和形态特点,其恶性程度高,侵袭性强,临床预后差,引起了国内外肿瘤学家的高度关注。肿瘤干细胞是最近几年来肿瘤发生机制研究领域的热点,笔者就Basal-1ike乳腺癌及其与乳腺癌干细胞相关性作一综述。

CD44^+/CD24^-表型与BRCA1及basal-like乳腺癌的相关性

目的探讨CD44+/CD24-表型与BRCA1及basal-like乳腺癌的相关性。方法收集经病理诊断为乳腺癌患者的手术切除石蜡标本共217例,根据免疫学标志物把217例乳腺癌划分为5类分子亚型:basal-like型、luminalA型、luminal B型、Her2过表达型和normalbreast-like型。应用免疫组织化学检测CK5/6、BRCA1和CD44/CD24双染的情况,分析CD44+/CD24-表型与basal-like乳腺癌及BRCA1相关性乳腺癌的关系。结果 217例乳腺癌标本例中,luminalA型130例、luminal B型15例、HER2过表达型21例、basal-like型29例、Normalbreast-like型22例。BRCA1相关性乳腺癌57例。basal-like乳腺癌组织中BRCA1缺失率86%(25/29),明显高于乳腺癌其他分子亚型(P<0.001)。basal-like乳腺癌组织中含CD44+/CD24-肿瘤细胞者20例(20/29,69%),明显高于乳腺癌其他分子亚型(P=0.003);BRCA1相关性乳腺癌中含CD44+/CD24-肿瘤细胞者53例(53/57,93%)。结论 BRCA1基因突变与basal-like乳腺癌有关;CD44+/CD24-干细胞表型主要存在于basal-like乳腺癌及BRCA1相关性乳腺癌中。

牛膝化学成分和药理作用研究进展及其质量标志物(Q-Marker)预测分析

牛膝在《神农本草经》中被列为上品,近几年研究证实牛膝的化学成分主要包括甾体、三萜皂苷、多糖、挥发油等化合物,具有抗炎镇痛、调节免疫、抗骨质疏松、保护心血管等药效。本文从牛膝的植物亲缘性,牛膝特有性、有效性、可测性化学成分和炮制后化学成分等方面,对牛膝的质量标志物(quality marker,Q-Marker)进行预测分析,牛膝甾酮A、25 S-牛膝甾酮、25 R-牛膝甾酮、齐墩果酸-3-O-β-D-(6′-丁酯)-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸苷、齐墩果酸-3-O-β-D-(6′-甲酯)-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸苷、β-蜕皮甾酮等可作为牛膝质量标志物,为建立牛膝质量评价体系和深入研究其药理作用提供依据。

探讨可手术的Luminal B型和Basal-like型乳腺癌亚型临床特征及预后

目的 探讨分析可手术的Luminal B型和Basal-like型乳腺癌患者临床病理特征与预后情况。方法 选取2018年02月-2019年02月收治可手术的Luminal B型和Basal-like型乳腺癌亚型患者各30名,依次分为Luminal B型组与Basal-like型组。分析患者临床病理特征与手术后1年预后情况。结果 Luminal B型组与Basal-like型组患者病理分型、淋巴结转移数、肿块直径以及侵犯皮肤与胸壁情况对比无明显差异(P>0.05);Luminal B型组组织学分级相比Basal-like型明显更低(P<0.05);两组患者的放射治疗率、内分泌治疗和全身化疗率均基本一致(P>0.05);Luminal B型组患者术后1年生存率相比Basal-like型组患者明显更高(P<0.05)。结论 Luminal B型乳腺癌患者组织学分级相比Basal-like型更低,且Luminal B型患者预后相比Basal-like型患者更好。

Sharpie marker在试管上标记对荧光PCR检测Ct值的影响

为了探明Sharpie marker在试管上标记对荧光PCR检测Ct值的影响,本试验模拟现实工作中可能遇到的各类情形,从Sharpie marker标记试管的各种方式,以对照组、全黑管、管壁全黑管、管壁和盖半黑管、管壁半黑管、盖半黑管和盖全黑管等为对象,通过荧光PCR检测,比较分析Ct值。结果显示,全黑管和盖全黑管对Ct值的影响最大,管壁和盖半黑管与盖半黑管对Ct值的影响较大,而管壁全黑管和管壁半黑管对反应Ct值没有影响。本研究为正确使用Sharpie marker,确保荧光PCR检测结果的准确提供了参考。

Luminal型与Basal-like型乳腺癌差异miRNAs的表达与预后分析

目的分析Luminal型和Basal-like型乳腺癌之间差异表达的microRNAs(miRNAs),探讨其表达水平与Luminal型和Basal-like型乳腺癌预后的关系。方法从基因表达综合数据库(GEO)中下载包含Luminal和Basal-like乳腺癌患者相关的miRNAs微阵列数据集GSE81000与GSE40267,利用GEO2R在线分析工具筛选Luminal和Basal-like乳腺癌之间差异表达的miRNAs。通过mirDIP数据库预测其靶基因,并采用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)在人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7和MDA-MB-468中验证miRNAs的差异表达。利用METABRIC数据库,采用KaplanMeier Plotter在线工具分析miR-199a-5p和miR-199b-5p表达水平与Luminal型和Basal-like型乳腺癌预后的关系。结果筛选出了35种在Luminal型和Basal-like型乳腺癌中差异表达的miRNAs。相较于Luminal型,18种miRNAs在Basal-like型中表达下调,17种表达上调。靶基因预测结果显示,35种差异表达miRNAs的潜在靶基因共4180个,其中最相关的靶基因有19个,对应的差异miRNAs为miR-199a-5p、miR-199b-5p。相较于Luminal型乳腺癌,miR-199a-5p和miR-199b-5p在Basal-like型乳腺癌中表达下调。qRT-PCR检测结果表明,miR-199a-5p和miR-199b-5p在MCF-7(Luminal型)和MDA-MB-468(Basal-like型)细胞中的表达水平与GEO2R分析结果趋势一致。生存分析结果表明,miR-199a-5p与miR-199b-5p低表达与Luminal A型乳腺癌患者的总生存率降低显著相关。结论共筛选出35个在Luminal型和Basal-like型乳腺癌中差异表达的miRNAs。其中,miR-199a-5p、miR-199b-5p与乳腺癌的预后相关,有望成为治疗的新靶点。

Cancer stem cells and early stage basal-like breast cancer

Ductal carcinoma in situ （DCIS） is a category of early stage, non-invasive breast tumor defined by the intraductal proliferation of malignant breast epithelial cells. DCIS is a heterogeneous disease composed of multiple molecular subtypes including luminal, HER2 and basal-like types, which are characterized by immuno-histochemical analyses and gene expression profiling. Following surgical and radiation therapies, patients with luminal-type, estrogen receptor-positive DCIS breast tumors can benefit from adjuvant endocrine-based treatment. However, there are no available targeted therapies for patients with basal-like DCIS （BL-DCIS） tumors due to their frequent lack of endocrine receptors and HER2 amplification, rendering them potentially susceptible to recurrence. Moreover, multiple lines of evidence suggest that DCIS is a non-obligate precursor of invasive breast carcinoma. This raises the possibility that targeting precursor BL-DCIS is a promising strategy to prevent BL-DCIS patients from the development of invasive basal-like breast cancer. An accumulating body of evidence demonstrates the existence of cancer stem-like cells （CSCs） in BL-DCIS, which potentially determine the features of BL-DCIS and their ability to progress into invasive cancer. This review encompasses the current knowledge in regard to the characteristics of BL-DCIS, identifcation of CSCs, and their biological properties in BL-DCIS. We summarize recently discovered relevant molecular signaling alterations that promote the generation of CSCs in BL-DCIS and the progression of BL-DCIS to invasive breast cancer, as well as the infuence of the tissue microenvironment on CSCs and the invasive transition. Finally, we discuss the translational implic-ations of these fndings for the prognosis and prevention of BL-DCIS relapse and progression.

Marker Ki-67 is a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer based on two cohorts

BACKGROUND Prostate cancer(PCa)is a widespread malignancy,predominantly affecting elderly males,and current methods for diagnosis and treatment of this disease continue to fall short.The marker Ki-67(MKI67)has been previously demonstrated to correlate with the proliferation and metastasis of various cancer cells,including those of PCa.Hence,verifying the association between MKI67 and the diagnosis and prognosis of PCa,using bioinformatics databases and clinical data analysis,carries significant clinical implications.AIM To explore the diagnostic and prognostic efficacy of antigens identified by MKI67 expression in PCa.METHODS For cohort 1,the efficacy of MKI67 diagnosis was evaluated using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)and Genotype-Tissue Expression(GTEx)databases.For cohort 2,the diagnostic and prognostic power of MKI67 expression was further validated using data from 271 patients with clinical PCa.RESULTS In cohort 1,MKI67 expression was correlated with prostate-specific antigen(PSA),Gleason Score,T stage,and N stage.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve showed a strong diagnostic ability,and the Kaplan-Meier method demonstrated that MKI67 expression was negatively associated with the progression-free interval(PFI).The time-ROC curve displayed a weak prognostic capability for MKI67 expression in PCa.In cohort 2,MKI67 expression was significantly related to the Gleason Score,T stage,and N stage;however,it was negatively associated with the PFI.The time-ROC curve revealed the stronger prognostic capability of MKI67 in patients with PCa.Multivariate COX regression analysis was performed to select risk factors,including PSA level,N stage,and MKI67 expression.A nomogram was established to predict the 3-year PFI.CONCLUSION MKI67 expression was positively associated with the Gleason Score,T stage,and N stage and showed a strong diagnostic and prognostic ability in PCa.

Methyltransferase 3A-mediated promoter methylation represses retinoic acid receptor responder 3 expression in basal-like breast cancer

Retinoic acid receptor responder 3(RARRES3)has been characterized as a tumor suppressor in multiple types of cancer.This study aimed to examine the expression profile of RARRES3 across the PAM50 subtypes of breast cancer.The DNA methylation status of RARRES3 was checked in the basal-like subtype,and the underlying mechanisms of its dysregulation were explored.RNA-sequencing(seq)and methylation data from The Cancer Genome Atlas were used for in-silico analysis.Basal-like representative SUM149 and MDA-MB-468 cell lines were used for in vitro and in vivo studies.Compared to tumor-adjacent normal tissues,only the basal-like tumor tissues had significantly downregulated RARRES3 expression.The methylation level of four CpG sites in the promoter region showed a strong negative correlation with RARRES3 expression.The gene coding for DNA methyltransferase 3A(DNMT3A)had consistent positive correlations with the methylation of the CpG sites.Chromatin Immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain-reaction and bisulfite sequencing PCR showed that DNMT3A could bind to the promoter region of RARRES3 and promote methylation of the CpG sites within the region.DNMT3A knockdown significantly restored RARRES3 expression at the mRNA and protein level in the two cell lines.CCK-8,colony formation,and flow cytometric analysis showed that RARRES3 overexpression attenuated the growth-promoting effects of DNMT3A overexpression and also weakened the DNMT3A overexpression-induced activation of ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT signaling.In summary,this study revealed that DNMT3A enhances promoter methylation of the RARRES3 gene and suppresses its transcription in basal-like breast cancer.The DNMT3A-RARRES3 signaling pathway might be a potential target for the treatment of this tumor subtype.

Utilizing resequencing big data to facilitate Brassica vegetable breeding:tracing introgression pedigree and developing highly specific markers for clubroot resistance

Clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is a devastating disease of Cruciferous crops.Developing cultivars with clubroot resistance(CR)is the most effective control measure.For the two major Brassica vegetable species B.rapa and B.oleracea,several commercial cultivars with unclear CR pedigrees have been intensively used as CR donors in breeding.However,the continuous occurrence of CR-breaking makes the CR pedigree underlying these cultivars one of the breeders'most urgent concerns.The complex intraspecific diversity of these two major Brassica vegetables has also limited the applicability of CR markers in different breeding programs.Here we first traced the pedigree underlying two kinds of CR that have been widely applied in breeding by linkage and introgression analyses based on public resequencing data.In B.rapa,a major locus CRzi8 underlying the CR of the commercial CR donor‘DegaoCR117’was identified.CRzi8 was further shown to have been introgressed from turnip(B.rapa ssp.rapifera)and that it carried a potential functional allele of Crr1a.The turnip introgression carried CRb^(c),sharing the same coding sequence with the CRb that was also identified from chromosome C07 of B.oleracea CR cultivars with different morphotypes.Within natural populations,variation analysis of linkage intervals of CRzi8,PbBa8.1,CRb,and CRb^(c)yielded easily resolved InDel markers(>20 bp)for these fundamental CR genes.The specificity of these markers was tested in diverse cultivars panels,and each exhibited high reliability in breeding.Our research demonstrates the value of the practice of applying resequencing big data to solve urgent concerns in breeding programs.

Differential Expression of Glu-Tubulin in Basal-Like Phenotype Carcinoma of the Mammary Gland

High levels of tubulin expression have been described in a variety of human malignant tumors, and glu-tubulin, in which the C-terminal tyrosine of α-tubulin is removed by tubulin carboxypeptidase. Over-expression has been reported in the malignant tumors of the mammary gland and correlated with poor prognosis immunohistochemically. Furthermore, Nielsen et al. proposed that the use of a panel of four markers (ER, HER 2, CK 5/6, and EGFR) could accurately identify basal-like phenotype carcinoma (BPC) with widely available standard pathologic tools. In our study, major prognostic factors such as patient age, tumor size, histological grade, axillary lymph node metastasis, vessel invasion, and local recurrence in BPC were not significantly different from non BP carcinoma (NBPC). However, the BPC group showed a higher ratio of distant metastasis than that of the NBPC group. In triple-negative carcinoma (TNC) cases, staining for glu-tubulin was observed in 46 cases (63.8%), which consisted of 42 of the 58 BPC patients (72.4%) and 4 of the 14 NBPC patients (28.6%). A significant association was found between the expression of glu-tubulin and BPC, but not NBPC. It seems that our findings also agree with the observation that BPC exhibits aggressive biological behavior and increases the content of glu-tubulin, which plays a greater role in migration and invasion.