Background: Blood pH and bicarbonate estimations are basal acid-base laboratory tests that are performed in infants with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS). This study aimed to define the clinical value of...Background: Blood pH and bicarbonate estimations are basal acid-base laboratory tests that are performed in infants with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS). This study aimed to define the clinical value of pCO<sub>2</sub> and BE in infants suspected to have IHPS. Methods: We collected data from 80 “surgical” infants younger than 100 days with prolonged nonbilious vomiting who were suspected to have IHPS. In 65 infants, pyloric stenosis was confirmed, and 15 infants had nonsurgical conditions. Capillary blood was tested for standard acid-base parameters and lactate. The two groups were compared. Results: Eighty-eight percent of the IHPS infants had elevated standard bicarbonate levels (st bicarb) > 25 mmol/l, and 60% had BE > 3.5 mmol/l;12% of the infants showed hypercapnia (pCO<sub>2</sub> ≥ 50 mmHg) associated with markedly increased standard bicarbonate and BE. Infants with nonsurgical vomiting were older at admission (p = 0.002), had a longer duration of vomiting (p < 0.001), were older (p = 0.002) and weighted more at admission (p = 0.004), had lower pCO<sub>2</sub> (p = 0.021), lower st bicarb (p < 0.001) and lower BE (p = 0.001). In addition, nonsurgical infants showed a trend to anemia (p = 0.002). Conclusions: In infants with IHPS/nonbilious vomiting, acid-base analysis (ABA) is equivocal or inconclusive. These findings may be misleading and could result in a false clinical decision. Nonsurgical vomiting is associated with a lower degree of alkalosis, normocapnia to slight hypercapnia and a base deficit. However, even infants with IHPS may present with a negative BE. In infants with IHPS and severe alkalosis, hypercapnia carries a risk for respiratory depression. Monitoring the infant’s respiration allows for the early detection of respiratory deterioration.展开更多
The Stewart approach-the application of basic physicalchemical principles of aqueous solutions to blood-is an appealing method for analyzing acid-base disorders. These principles mainly dictate that p H is determined ...The Stewart approach-the application of basic physicalchemical principles of aqueous solutions to blood-is an appealing method for analyzing acid-base disorders. These principles mainly dictate that p H is determined by three independent variables, which change primarily and independently of one other. In blood plasma in vivo these variables are:(1) the PCO2;(2) the strong ion difference(SID)-the difference between the sums of all the strong(i.e., fully dissociated, chemically nonreacting) cations and all the strong anions; and(3) the nonvolatile weak acids(Atot). Accordingly, the p H and the bicarbonate levels(dependent variables) are only altered when one or more of the independent variables change. Moreover, the source of H+ is the dissociation of water to maintain electroneutrality when the independent variables are modified. The basic principles of the Stewart approach in blood, however, have been challenged in different ways. First, the presumed independent variables are actually interdependent as occurs in situations such as:(1) the Hamburger effect(a chloride shift when CO2 is added to venous blood from the tissues);(2) the loss of Donnan equilibrium(a chloride shift from the interstitium to the intravascular compartment to balance the decrease of Atot secondary to capillary leak; and(3) the compensatory response to a primary disturbance in either independent variable. Second, the concept of water dissociation in response to changes in SID is controversial and lacks experimental evidence. In addition, the Stewart approach is not better than the conventional method for understanding acid-base disorders such as hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis secondary to a chloride-rich-fluid load. Finally, several attempts were performed to demonstrate the clinical superiority of the Stewart approach. These studies, however, have severe methodological drawbacks. In contrast, the largest study on this issue indicated the interchangeability of the Stewart and conventional methods. Although the introduction of the Stewart approach was a new insight into acid-base physiology, the method has not significantly improved our ability to understand, diagnose, and treat acid-base alterations in critically ill patients.展开更多
目的:系统评价慢性病病人日间过度嗜睡的影响因素。方法:计算机检索PubMed、EMbase、Web of Science、the Cochrane Library、中国知网、维普数据库、万方数据库和中国生物医学文献数据库中关于慢性病病人日间过度嗜睡影响因素的病例对...目的:系统评价慢性病病人日间过度嗜睡的影响因素。方法:计算机检索PubMed、EMbase、Web of Science、the Cochrane Library、中国知网、维普数据库、万方数据库和中国生物医学文献数据库中关于慢性病病人日间过度嗜睡影响因素的病例对照研究,检索时限为建库至2023年12月1日。由2名研究者独立进行文献筛选、资料提取、文献质量评价,采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果:最终纳入15篇文献,涉及2453例病人,Meta分析结果显示,慢性病病人日间过度嗜睡的影响因素包括体质指数(BMI)[OR=1.19,95%CI(1.03,1.38),P=0.02]、睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)[OR=1.90,95%CI(1.06,3.41),P=0.03]、男性[OR=3.92,95%CI(2.03,7.56),P<0.0001]、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)[OR=1.09,95%CI(1.04,1.15),P=0.0003]、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)[OR=1.14,95%CI(1.06,1.23),P=0.0004]、氧饱和度低于90%的百分比(CT90%)[OR=2.67,95%CI(1.58,4.53),P=0.0003]和Hoehn-Yahr分期评分(H-Y分期)[OR=2.08,95%CI(1.26,3.44),P=0.004]。结论:当前证据显示,BMI、AHI、男性、PSQI、HAMD、CT90%、H-Y分期是慢性病病人发生日间过度嗜睡的影响因素。展开更多
Objective: The traditional approach for acid base interpretation is based on Handerson-Hasselbalch formula and includes Base Excess (BE), bicarbonate (HCO3), albumin corrected anion gap. The Physicochemical approach i...Objective: The traditional approach for acid base interpretation is based on Handerson-Hasselbalch formula and includes Base Excess (BE), bicarbonate (HCO3), albumin corrected anion gap. The Physicochemical approach is centered on the Carbon Dioxide tension (PCO2), the strong ion difference (SID), strong ion gap (SIG) = SID apparent-SID effective and totally weak acids (Atot). The study aims to compare between the traditional approach and the physicochemical approach in acid base disorder interpretation. Design: Prospective observational study in an adult Intensive Care Unit (ICU) recruiting six hundred and sixty one patients. Methods: Arterial blood samples were analyzed to measure pH, PaCO2 sodium, potassium, chloride and lactate. Venous blood samples were analyzed to measure ionized calcium, magnesium, phosphorous and albumin. These samples were interpreted by both techniques. Results: Normal HCO3 and BE were detected by traditional approach in 49 cases of which SIG acidosis was detected in 22 cases (46%) and Hyperchloremic acidosis was detected in 29 cases (60%) by physicochemical method. SIG was elevated in 72 cases (58%) of 124 cases with high anion gap acidosis. SIDeff and BE were strongly correlated, r = 0.8, p 0.0001, while SIG and Albumin corrected Anion Gap (ALAG) were moderately correlated r = 0.56, p Conclusion: Both approaches are important for interpretation of the acid base status. Traditional approach identifies the diagnostic description without many calculations and detects body compensatory response to acid base disorders. Physicochemical approach is essential to identify the exact causation and the severity of the acid base disorders.展开更多
Introduction The formation of gelatin-containing mieroemulsionbased gels（MBGs） was first described in 1986 and the physical/structural characterization was carried out by a number of groups with a variety of techni...Introduction The formation of gelatin-containing mieroemulsionbased gels（MBGs） was first described in 1986 and the physical/structural characterization was carried out by a number of groups with a variety of techniques including tracer diffusion, electrical conductivity, NMR, X-ray and small angle neutron scattering. The MBGs were proposed to comprise an extensive, rigid, interconnected network of gelatin/water rods stabilized by a monolayer of surfactant, in coexistence with a po- pulation of conventional W/O microemulsion droplets.展开更多
目的:探讨脐动脉血血气分析在新生儿窒息诊断中的应用价值。方法:选取2019年5月—2022年5月于夷陵区妇幼保健院分娩的窒息新生儿100例作为研究对象,根据新生儿5 min Apgar评分分为轻度窒息组(62例)与重度窒息组(38例),另选取同期正常新...目的:探讨脐动脉血血气分析在新生儿窒息诊断中的应用价值。方法:选取2019年5月—2022年5月于夷陵区妇幼保健院分娩的窒息新生儿100例作为研究对象,根据新生儿5 min Apgar评分分为轻度窒息组(62例)与重度窒息组(38例),另选取同期正常新生儿50例作为对照组。三组新生儿均行脐动脉血血气分析,比较三组血气指标水平、pH值分布情况。结果:轻度窒息组与重度窒息组血液碱剩余(BE)绝对值、乳酸、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO_(2))水平高于对照组,酸碱度(pH)、碳酸氢根(HCO_(3)^(-))水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);重度窒息组BE绝对值、乳酸、PaCO_(2)水平高于轻度窒息组,pH值、HCO_(3)^(-)低于轻度窒息组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。轻度窒息组与重度窒息组pH值>7.25、pH值7.21~7.25占比低于对照组,pH值≤7.20占比高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);重度窒息组pH值>7.25占比低于轻度窒息组,pH值7.21~7.25、pH值≤7.20占比高于轻度窒息组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:脐动脉血血气分析应用于新生儿窒息诊断中,能够提高诊断准确性,可为改善新生儿预后提供可靠依据,具有较高的临床应用价值。展开更多
文摘Background: Blood pH and bicarbonate estimations are basal acid-base laboratory tests that are performed in infants with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS). This study aimed to define the clinical value of pCO<sub>2</sub> and BE in infants suspected to have IHPS. Methods: We collected data from 80 “surgical” infants younger than 100 days with prolonged nonbilious vomiting who were suspected to have IHPS. In 65 infants, pyloric stenosis was confirmed, and 15 infants had nonsurgical conditions. Capillary blood was tested for standard acid-base parameters and lactate. The two groups were compared. Results: Eighty-eight percent of the IHPS infants had elevated standard bicarbonate levels (st bicarb) > 25 mmol/l, and 60% had BE > 3.5 mmol/l;12% of the infants showed hypercapnia (pCO<sub>2</sub> ≥ 50 mmHg) associated with markedly increased standard bicarbonate and BE. Infants with nonsurgical vomiting were older at admission (p = 0.002), had a longer duration of vomiting (p < 0.001), were older (p = 0.002) and weighted more at admission (p = 0.004), had lower pCO<sub>2</sub> (p = 0.021), lower st bicarb (p < 0.001) and lower BE (p = 0.001). In addition, nonsurgical infants showed a trend to anemia (p = 0.002). Conclusions: In infants with IHPS/nonbilious vomiting, acid-base analysis (ABA) is equivocal or inconclusive. These findings may be misleading and could result in a false clinical decision. Nonsurgical vomiting is associated with a lower degree of alkalosis, normocapnia to slight hypercapnia and a base deficit. However, even infants with IHPS may present with a negative BE. In infants with IHPS and severe alkalosis, hypercapnia carries a risk for respiratory depression. Monitoring the infant’s respiration allows for the early detection of respiratory deterioration.
文摘The Stewart approach-the application of basic physicalchemical principles of aqueous solutions to blood-is an appealing method for analyzing acid-base disorders. These principles mainly dictate that p H is determined by three independent variables, which change primarily and independently of one other. In blood plasma in vivo these variables are:(1) the PCO2;(2) the strong ion difference(SID)-the difference between the sums of all the strong(i.e., fully dissociated, chemically nonreacting) cations and all the strong anions; and(3) the nonvolatile weak acids(Atot). Accordingly, the p H and the bicarbonate levels(dependent variables) are only altered when one or more of the independent variables change. Moreover, the source of H+ is the dissociation of water to maintain electroneutrality when the independent variables are modified. The basic principles of the Stewart approach in blood, however, have been challenged in different ways. First, the presumed independent variables are actually interdependent as occurs in situations such as:(1) the Hamburger effect(a chloride shift when CO2 is added to venous blood from the tissues);(2) the loss of Donnan equilibrium(a chloride shift from the interstitium to the intravascular compartment to balance the decrease of Atot secondary to capillary leak; and(3) the compensatory response to a primary disturbance in either independent variable. Second, the concept of water dissociation in response to changes in SID is controversial and lacks experimental evidence. In addition, the Stewart approach is not better than the conventional method for understanding acid-base disorders such as hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis secondary to a chloride-rich-fluid load. Finally, several attempts were performed to demonstrate the clinical superiority of the Stewart approach. These studies, however, have severe methodological drawbacks. In contrast, the largest study on this issue indicated the interchangeability of the Stewart and conventional methods. Although the introduction of the Stewart approach was a new insight into acid-base physiology, the method has not significantly improved our ability to understand, diagnose, and treat acid-base alterations in critically ill patients.
文摘Objective: The traditional approach for acid base interpretation is based on Handerson-Hasselbalch formula and includes Base Excess (BE), bicarbonate (HCO3), albumin corrected anion gap. The Physicochemical approach is centered on the Carbon Dioxide tension (PCO2), the strong ion difference (SID), strong ion gap (SIG) = SID apparent-SID effective and totally weak acids (Atot). The study aims to compare between the traditional approach and the physicochemical approach in acid base disorder interpretation. Design: Prospective observational study in an adult Intensive Care Unit (ICU) recruiting six hundred and sixty one patients. Methods: Arterial blood samples were analyzed to measure pH, PaCO2 sodium, potassium, chloride and lactate. Venous blood samples were analyzed to measure ionized calcium, magnesium, phosphorous and albumin. These samples were interpreted by both techniques. Results: Normal HCO3 and BE were detected by traditional approach in 49 cases of which SIG acidosis was detected in 22 cases (46%) and Hyperchloremic acidosis was detected in 29 cases (60%) by physicochemical method. SIG was elevated in 72 cases (58%) of 124 cases with high anion gap acidosis. SIDeff and BE were strongly correlated, r = 0.8, p 0.0001, while SIG and Albumin corrected Anion Gap (ALAG) were moderately correlated r = 0.56, p Conclusion: Both approaches are important for interpretation of the acid base status. Traditional approach identifies the diagnostic description without many calculations and detects body compensatory response to acid base disorders. Physicochemical approach is essential to identify the exact causation and the severity of the acid base disorders.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province in China(No.Y2003B01).
文摘Introduction The formation of gelatin-containing mieroemulsionbased gels（MBGs） was first described in 1986 and the physical/structural characterization was carried out by a number of groups with a variety of techniques including tracer diffusion, electrical conductivity, NMR, X-ray and small angle neutron scattering. The MBGs were proposed to comprise an extensive, rigid, interconnected network of gelatin/water rods stabilized by a monolayer of surfactant, in coexistence with a po- pulation of conventional W/O microemulsion droplets.
文摘目的:探讨脐动脉血血气分析在新生儿窒息诊断中的应用价值。方法:选取2019年5月—2022年5月于夷陵区妇幼保健院分娩的窒息新生儿100例作为研究对象,根据新生儿5 min Apgar评分分为轻度窒息组(62例)与重度窒息组(38例),另选取同期正常新生儿50例作为对照组。三组新生儿均行脐动脉血血气分析,比较三组血气指标水平、pH值分布情况。结果:轻度窒息组与重度窒息组血液碱剩余(BE)绝对值、乳酸、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO_(2))水平高于对照组,酸碱度(pH)、碳酸氢根(HCO_(3)^(-))水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);重度窒息组BE绝对值、乳酸、PaCO_(2)水平高于轻度窒息组,pH值、HCO_(3)^(-)低于轻度窒息组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。轻度窒息组与重度窒息组pH值>7.25、pH值7.21~7.25占比低于对照组,pH值≤7.20占比高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);重度窒息组pH值>7.25占比低于轻度窒息组,pH值7.21~7.25、pH值≤7.20占比高于轻度窒息组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:脐动脉血血气分析应用于新生儿窒息诊断中,能够提高诊断准确性,可为改善新生儿预后提供可靠依据,具有较高的临床应用价值。
