Development of land desertification in Bashang area in the past 20 years

Natural conditions in Bashang area are characterized by zonal transitions which are liable to be impacted by natural disasters and intensified human activities. The extremely fragile eco-environment is also liable to have desertification formed and developed. In the 18 years from 1978 to 1996, the desertified land area of Bashang within the scope of the map nearly doubled, a total increase of 2199.11 km2, averaging an increase of 122.17 km2 per year. Moreover, the seriously desertified area increases rapidly. Land desertification in Bashang is the combined result of natural factors and irrational human economic activities. Cultivated land expansion, population growth, and overgrazing aggrevate desertification development.

Effect of land-use and land-cover change on nutrients in soil in Bashang area,China

The Bashang area is a water source area and ecological barrier zone for Beijing and Tianjin. The area is located at 200 km from Beijing and Tianjin and is a typical agriculture pasture interlacing zone, in which the eco environment is vulnerable and hence it is sensitive to environmental change. The area is relatively lagged in social and economic development, where the traditional cultivation mode is predominated in agriculture and animal husbandry, but the disturbance by human activity is relatively small. Therefore, in order to reveal the interrelation between eco environmental change in the area and environmental change in Beijing and Tianjin area, it is fairly necessary to study the effect of land use and land cover change on nutrients in soil in this area. According to the actual situation of changed land use for the limited time period, five series of changed land plots were selected and 4 samples were collected from each series for the study. The samples were collected from different soil forming levels at the same site in different time. Analysis of the collected samples indicates that in the process of change of land use and land cover, the nutrients in soil, such as organic matter, total N, total P, total K, and available N, P, K, and B, Mo, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Fe, have regularly changed. When the land had changed from grassland and non irrigated farmland into woodland, and from non irrigated farmland into irrigated field, the nutrients in soil totally increased. But there exists some exception, i.e. quick acting N, P, K, and some microelements have appeared to be inconsistent with the mentioned above regularity in some cases.

Effects of grassland degradation on chestnut soil properties in Bashang Plateau, China

The repeated effects of vulnerable habitat and unreasonable human activities on the Bashang Plateau of China led the chestnut soil to degrade. It expresses in reducing soil CEC, decreasing nutrient content, decomposing organic complexes, and reducing humus in loose, steady and tight bond forms, respectively. The percentage of three forms are 21%—34%, 44%—55% and 5%—6.2%, respectively.

Environmental change in Bashang Region historical periods

The Bashang region is a typical vulnerable eco-environmental zone. Our analysis of paleodunes, paleosol profiles, and lake changes taking place during last ten thousands years indicated that: (1) 10 - 6.9 ka B. P. was a post-glacial temperature-increasing stage, in which lakes had their high water level; (2) 6.9 - 3.0 ka B. P. was a large warm stage, during which four paleosol layers were developed and climate fluctuation has assumed 4 - 5 small cold-humid and cold-dry alternations. Since 5.4 ka B. P, the lakes tended to gradually shrink; and by 2.1 ka B. P., water level has fallen by 2.7 m; (3) since 3.0 ka B. P. a general trend of the region was to change into a dry, warm-dry and cold-dry environment.

Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Lakes in the Bashang Plateau for Nearly Recent 30 Years

Lakes are important ecological water sources in the Bashang Plateau. Its expansion or shrinkage directly affects the ecological security of the plateau and its surrounding areas. In this study, Landsat images from 1984 to 2015 were selected to monitor the area of lakes in the Bashang Plateau and to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution and driving forces of lakes in the Bashang Plateau. The results showed that there were 47 lakes in the Bashang Plateau in 2015, with a total area of 37.63 km2, mainly distributed in the central and western regions of the region. From 1984 to 2015, the lakes in Bashang Plateau showed a shrinking trend. At the same time, there are obvious stage differences in lake changes. During 1984-1996, the number of lakes increased by 99 and the total area increased by 124.43 km2. From 1996 to 2015, the number of lakes decreased by 142, and the total area decreased by 183.96 km2. Before 1996, climate change was the dominant factor. However, the shrinkage of lakes after 1996 is the result of climate change and human activities. Among them, the large-scale planting of water consuming crops such as vegetables is the main human activity mode leading to lake shrinkage. This study will help to understand the expansion and contraction factors of the Bashang Plateau lakes in Hebei province and provide a reference for the future protection and management of the lakes.

Study on multiple induced polarization parameters in groundwater exploration in Bashang poverty alleviation area of Heibei Province,China

The study examines a water exploration and poverty alleviation project in Guyuan county.The study analyzes correlations between aquifers and multiple induced polarization(IP)parameters,including resistivity,polarizability,deviation,half decay time,water-bearing factors,and Kc,a new parameter refined in this study.Based on the study,the well was placed accurately,and its maximum water inflow reached 30 m3/h.Kc value highlights the rate of change at early stages of IP secondary field.Kc value served as a quick indicator in this groundwater prospecting and is validated in practice.Progress has been made in finding new parameters in exploring water with IP method.Thanks to the project,local people have access to water and poverty alleviation has scored some achievements.

Planting Experiment of Five Quinoa Varieties in Bashang Area of Hebei Province

It is very suitable for planting quinoa in Bashang area of Hebei Province,but the local varieties of quinoa are disordered,which affects the development of quinoa industry.In this experiment,five quinoa varieties were selected and planted in Guyuan County.After two years of experiment,scientific conclusions were drawn on the yield,agronomic characters,economic characters,stress resistance and regional adaptability of these five varieties,and objective evaluation of variety characteristics and production and utilization value was conducted,which can provide scientific basis for variety identification,variety distribution and application of quinoa,and provide feedback information for promoting the development of quinoa industry.

Effects of Different Modes of Returning Farmland to Forest on Physicochemical Properties of Soil in Bashang Area of Northern Hebei Province

[Objective]The research aimed to understand the change rules of physicochemical properties of soil in the different modes of returning farmland to forest.[Method]The physicochemical properties of soil in three different types of returning farmland to forest(Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.forest,Caragana korshinskii forest and Ulmus pumila L.forest)were analyzed by taking the enclosed grassland as comparison in Bashang area of northern Hebei Province.[Result]The results showed that there were significant differences among different types.Order of the bulk density of soil:H.rhamnoides Linn.forest(1.17 g/cm^3)<U.pumila L.forest(1.24 g/cm^3)<C.korshinskii forest(1.26 g/cm^3)<enclosed grassland(1.61 g/cm^3);order of the total porosity of soil:H.rhamnoides Linn.forest(55.29%)>U.pumila L.forest(52.55%)>C.korshinskii forest(51.93%)<enclosed grassland(38.85%);order of the organic matter content of soil:H.rhamnoides Linn.forest(3.191%)>C.korshinskii forest(3.128%)>U.pumila L.forest(2.804%)>enclosed grassland(2.536%).[Conclusion]After returning farmland to forest,vegetation played a positive role in physicochemical properties of soil.There were significant differences in physicochemical properties of soil among different modes of returning farmland to forest,and the improvement effect of H.rhamnoides Linn.forest on physicochemical properties of soil was the best.

大豆异黄酮对坝上长尾鸡生长性能、免疫功能、睾丸发育及血浆生殖激素的影响

试验旨在研究大豆异黄酮对坝上长尾鸡生长性能、免疫功能、睾丸发育及生殖激素的影响。选取750只40周龄坝上长尾鸡,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复50只鸡。Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组饲粮中分别添加5、10、15、20、25 mg/kg大豆异黄酮。预试期7 d,正式试验期63 d。结果显示,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组坝上长尾鸡增重显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。Ⅲ组坝上长尾鸡的胸腺指数显著高于其他组(P<0.05);Ⅲ组坝上长尾鸡的法氏囊指数分别比Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅴ组显著提高16.09%、14.70%和22.67%(P<0.05);Ⅲ组坝上长尾鸡的脾脏指数比Ⅰ组显著提高17.98%(P<0.05)。Ⅲ组坝上长尾鸡的睾丸指数最高,显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),提高了11.74%。Ⅲ组坝上长尾鸡的采精量、精子密度和有效精子数显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),分别提高了9.52%、4.79%和8.97%。Ⅲ组坝上长尾鸡的睾酮(TESTO)含量分别比Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅴ组显著提高10.42%、4.72%和6.42%(P<0.05);Ⅲ组坝上长尾鸡的黄体生成素(LH)含量分别比Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅴ组显著提高7.63%、5.83%和10.12%(P<0.05)。研究表明,大豆异黄酮能够改善坝上长尾鸡的生长性能、免疫功能、睾丸发育、精液品质及血浆生殖激素的分泌水平,且最适添加量为15 mg/kg。

坝上地区莜麦秸秆热解特性研究

为实现高寒坝上地区农作物秸秆高效清洁燃烧,文章选取典型莜麦秸秆作为研究对象,通过混合气体模拟烟气燃烧过程中的热解气氛环境,采用热重分析仪研究空气和N_(2),CO_(2),O_(2)不同比例组成的混合气体氛围下热失重特性以及升温速率对其影响,采用AKTS软件进行动力学分析。结果表明:莜麦秸秆热解过程可分为干燥(30~140℃)、挥发(140~370℃)、炭化(370~900℃)3个阶段;气体氛围主要影响热解的炭化阶段,对干燥和挥发阶段影响较小;升温速率影响挥发和炭化阶段,升温速率越快,反应速率越大;当热解气氛为15%O_(2)-5%CO_(2)-80%N_(2)混合气体(气体2)时,热解过程所需活化能最少,平均活化能为139.86 kJ/mol。研究结果可为高寒坝上地区生物质秸秆能源化利用提供一定理论依据。

中草药对产蛋后期坝上长尾鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质、血清抗氧化性、激素水平和免疫因子的影响

试验旨在研究中草药对产蛋后期坝上长尾鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质和血清指标的影响。试验选取240羽470日龄的坝上长尾鸡,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复10羽鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加1.0%、1.5%和2.0%的中草药添加剂。预试期7 d,正式试验期56 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,1.5%剂量组产蛋率显著升高(P<0.05),1.0%、2.0%剂量组鸡蛋的平均蛋重显著升高(P<0.05);1.0%、1.5%剂量组鸡蛋的哈夫单位有升高趋势(P>0.05),1.5%剂量组鸡蛋的蛋壳厚度显著升高(P<0.05);1.5%剂量组血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物歧化酶(GSH-Px)活性显著升高(P<0.05);试验各组血清中促黄体激素(LH)、雌二醇(E2)和孕酮(Prog)水平极显著升高(P<0.01),1.5%、2.0%剂量组血清中促卵泡激素(FSH)水平极显著升高(P<0.01);1.5%、2.0%剂量组血清中γ干扰素(IFN-γ)水平极显著升高(P<0.01),2.0%剂量组血清中白细胞介素-2 (IL-2)水平极显著升高(P<0.01)。研究表明,饲粮中添加中草药添加剂可提高产蛋后期坝上长尾鸡的产蛋率,改善蛋品质,增强机体抗氧化能力,促进生殖激素的分泌,提高了免疫功能,中草药适宜添加量为1.5%。

基于健康与恢复力的生态系统退化风险研究——以坝上高原察汗淖尔流域为例

【研究目的】基于生态系统的健康状况与恢复力,构建湖泊流域生态系统退化风险评估体系,从流域尺度为生态环境保护及可持续发展提供科学依据。【研究方法】以坝上高原察汗淖尔流域为例,创建生态系统健康与恢复力交互风险评估矩阵,建立生态退化风险评估体系,开展察汗淖尔流域生态系统退化风险评估。【研究结果】察汗淖尔流域内91.10%的区域生态健康状态处于良好,6.66%为优秀;流域22.76%的区域生态恢复力等级为1~2级,75.00%处于3~4级。交互评估结果表明流域27.51%的区域为低生态退化风险较状态,70.25%的区域处于中等状态。【结论】察汗淖尔流域生态系统总体较好,但局部地区由于恢复力较差,导致生态退化风险处于中等。本次研究所提出的评估方法可精准划分流域尺度生态退化风险等级,为科学制定精准生态保护与退化控制措施提供决策依据。

ALVE的筛查整合及其对坝上长尾鸡生产性能的影响

试验旨在研究禽内源性白血病毒(ALVE)在坝上长尾鸡中的分布及其对坝上长尾鸡生产性能的影响。利用分子进化遗传分析(MEGA)的邻位相连法构建禽白血病病毒(ALV)的系统进化树,最大似然法计算序列遗传距离。利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测坝上长尾鸡中ALVE的整合,对ALVE-6和ALVE-B5整合与坝上长尾鸡产蛋、体重的关系进行双因素方差分析。配对卡方检验分析ALVE-6整合与ALV-p27抗原阳性的关联。结果发现:24条白血病病毒基因组分化为ALVE、禽外源性白血病病毒K亚群(ALVK)和ALVE与ALVK重组(ALVK+E/K)、禽外源性白血病病毒A亚群(ALVA)和ALVE与ALVA重组(ALVA+E/A)三大分支。病毒基因组的env区分化系数最高为0.641,3′UTR区分化系数最低为0.050,相对保守。4种ALVE在坝上长尾鸡基因组中有整合,ALVE-6的整合率最高,为87.63%。与ALVE-6阴性相比,ALVE-6阳性坝上长尾鸡的体重显著提高(P<0.05)。ALVE-6整合的PCR检测结果与ALV-p27抗原ELISA检测结果相互独立。研究表明,坝上长尾鸡具有较高的ALVE-6整合率,ALVE-6整合对坝上长尾鸡的生产性能有提升作用,且ALVE-6的整合不影响ALV-p27抗原检测结果,该研究结果为ALVE在选育生产性能优良的坝上长尾鸡中的应用提供了支持。

坝上长尾鸡和绿壳蛋鸡早期生长发育与开产性能分析

为了研究坝上长尾鸡与绿壳蛋鸡早期体质量、胫长与开产性能之间的关系,建立基于体质量、胫长指标与开产性能的最优回归方程。随机选取1日龄坝上长尾鸡和绿壳蛋鸡各200只,测定5周龄体质量(X_(1))、6周龄体质量(X_(2))、7周龄体质量(X_(3))、5周龄胫长(X_(4))、6周龄胫长(X_(5))、7周龄胫长(X_(6))、开产日龄(Y_(1))、开产蛋重(Y_(2))、开产体质量(Y_(3)),并进行相关与回归分析。结果表明:绿壳蛋鸡开产日龄极显著早于坝上长尾鸡(p<0.01),坝上长尾鸡开产体质量、开产蛋重极显著高于绿壳蛋鸡(p<0.01);坝上长尾鸡与绿壳蛋鸡5~7周龄体质量、胫长与开产蛋重、开产体质量均呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),与开产日龄呈不显著负相关(p>0.05)并得出坝上长尾鸡和绿壳蛋鸡最优回归方程。说明可以通过坝上长尾鸡和绿壳蛋鸡生长性状指标预测评估开产性能。

生物法去除坝上地区生活污水中氮磷的试验研究

以张家口坝上地区生活污水为研究对象,采用微藻水棉与微生物EM菌剂协同作用处理坝上地区生活污水,探究坝上生态环境脆弱地区污水中EM菌群和微藻水棉的脱氮除磷能力以及在藻菌共生系统中EM菌群对微藻水棉生长的影响。结果表明:微藻水棉与EM菌群共生系统在处理坝上地区污水中氮磷过程中存在协同作用,且体系中EM菌群的加入量与微藻水棉的生物量增长在一定区间内呈正相关。生活污水经离心稀释后调节初始pH为7.5,装液量为10 L,接入6%的微藻水棉藻悬液,6%EM菌液,于25℃,光照16h/d条件下培养5d。污水中总氮降解率达到89.2%,总磷降解率达到84.4%,好于微藻水棉单独作用污水效果,结果符合地表水环境质量Ⅴ类标准。

从坝上考古新发现试析内蒙古高原早期聚落的定居和生业

历史上的坝上地区农牧交错、生态环境复杂、生计方式不稳定。由于旧、新石器时代考古学遗存相对较少,使学界对坝上地区早期聚落和生业的认识十分局限。2010年以来,相继发现的裕民、四麻沟、兴隆和四台等考古学遗存逐渐初步揭开了坝上地区新石器时代早中期聚落的面貌。综合分析已发表的考古学材料,发现这一区域在进入新石器时代后经历了定居程度不断加强的过程,生计方式也逐渐复杂。这一过程对理解坝上地区早期人地关系和文化社会变迁提供了有价值的参考。

坝上地区园林绿化大树移植技术浅谈

大规格园林树木的应用在保持自然资源特色和体现城市化特点中起到了重要作用。笔者结合多年实践工作经验,针对张家口坝上地区气候等特点,就大树移植中存在的问题、移植时间和方法、具体的移植技术和移植后的养护管理等进行详细的介绍,以期为高寒地区园林绿化的大树移植及养护工作提供借鉴和参考。

承德坝上高原如意河流域地表基质调查与编图探索

地表基质调查与编图是当前自然资源调查监测体系中的全新领域,但如何开展还缺乏统一的行动指南。在总结地球关键带理论和地表基质调查研究现状的基础上,充分借鉴区域地质、工程地质、第四纪地质、水文地质、环境地质等调查与编图表达方式,以承德坝上高原如意河流域为研究区,探索建立了基于地球关键带理论的地表基质调查与图件编制方法。基于野外调查结果,将如意河流域划分为玄武岩、安山岩、凝灰岩、流纹岩、冲洪积砂砾石、残坡积砂砾石、风积沙、湖积淤泥和沼积淤泥等9种地表基质类型,研究了不同类型地表基质的分布特征、调查和监测指标,编制了风积沙厚度空间分布图、地表基质与地表覆盖层耦合关系图和地表基质层图。地表基质厚度空间分布图可展布不同类型地表基质厚度的空间分布特征,地表基质与地表覆盖层耦合关系图可直观刻画地表基质的剖面结构特征和理化性质对地表覆盖生态要素的约束作用,地表基质图能系统地反映地表基质与地表覆盖层的结构、展布、特征和耦合关系。地表基质系列图件是岩-土-水-生等地球关键带多圈层交互作用在地质图上的反映。该研究可为在全国范围开展地表基质调查与编图提供参考。

农牧交错带生态与生产用地时空转换及其驱动因素分析——以张家口坝上地区为例

为实现农牧交错带生态用地与生产用地的协调发展,提升区域生态功能,以张家口坝上地区为例,构建土地利用转移矩阵,利用地理集中度和地理探测器模型,揭示生态用地与生产用地时空变化、转换特征和驱动因素。结果表明:(1)2000—2020年,张家口坝上地区生态用地规模增加了5.41%,表现为先增后减的变化趋势,生产用地规模减少了6.89%,表现为先减后增的变化趋势。(2)生态用地和生产用地之间相互转换频繁,生产用地向生态用地转换了21.23×10^(4)hm^(2),转换数量逐渐减少,自然条件较好地区(降雨量多、海拔低和坡度缓等)的生产用地开始向生态用地转换;生态用地向生产用地转换了12.47×10^(4)hm^(2),转换数量逐渐增加,且自然条件较恶劣地区的生态用地开始向生产用地转变。(3)土壤有机质、人均耕地面积和坡度等是影响生产用地向生态用地转换的主要因素,土壤有机质与人均耕地面积的交互作用解释力最大;土壤有机质含量低、人均耕地面积多、坡度6°~15°和年均降雨量低于400 mm的地区容易发生生产用地向生态用地转变。坡度、年均降雨量和人均耕地面积等是影响生态用地向生产用地转变的主要因素,坡度与地貌类型的交互作用解释力最大;在坡度2°~6°较缓区、年均降雨量大于400mm、人均耕地面积少的地区容易发生生态用地向生产用地转变。研究区近年来出现生态用地向生产用地的转换应引起重视。

酵母硒-黄芪多糖浓缩料对坝上长尾鸡生长性能、肠道健康、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平酵母硒-黄芪多糖浓缩料(SACF)对坝上长尾鸡生长性能、肠道健康、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响。采用单因素试验设计,选取36周龄坝上长尾鸡400只,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复20只。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加0.3%(0.3%SACF组)、0.5%(0.5%SACF组)和0.7%(0.7%SACF组)的SACF。试验期50 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,0.5%SACF组的平均日增重显著增加(P<0.05),料重比显著降低(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,0.5%SACF组和0.7%SACF组的回肠、盲肠隐窝深度显著降低(P<0.05),回肠、盲肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度显著增加(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,0.5%SACF组的回肠、盲肠pH显著降低(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,0.5%SACF组的回肠大肠杆菌数量显著降低(P<0.05),回肠乳酸杆菌数量显著增加(P<0.05);0.5%SACF组和0.7%SACF组的盲肠大肠杆菌数量显著降低(P<0.05),盲肠乳酸杆菌数量显著增加(P<0.05)。5)与对照组相比,0.3%SACF组、0.5%SACF组和0.7%SACF组的屠宰率、胸肌率和腿肌率显著增加(P<0.05),0.5%SACF组的腹脂率显著降低(P<0.05)。6)与对照组相比,0.3%SACF组、0.5%SACF组和0.7%SACF组的胸肌和腿肌肉色、剪切力显著增加(P<0.05),0.5%SACF组的胸肌和腿肌滴水损失、蒸煮损失显著降低(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加SACF能够提高坝上长尾鸡生长性能、屠宰性能及肉品质,改善肠道发育,维持肠道健康。在本试验条件下,饲粮中添加0.5%的SACF效果较好。