Carbon Budget for Basic Needs:Implications of International Equity and Sustainability

The fundamental way of satisfying the basic needs of human development is to secure the basic needs,limit luxurious and wasteful emissions,and ensure the fulfillment of climate targets,so as to achieve intra-and intergenerational equity.In this paper,the author discusses and analyzes a series of challenges that the development has to face,such as poverty elimination,urbanization,and industrialization,and the problems of increased consumption that is brought about by the improvement of living standards;the author distinguishes the stock emission,which does not need annual updating,and the flow emission of regular consumption;the author also defines the standards of energy consumption and carbon emissions that can meet the basic needs.On this basis,the author proposes the concept and method of carbon budget,compares this method with other means,and in particular,studies and analyzes the implications of international equity and sustainability of carbon budget as part of the international climate regime design.

Why Teaching and Research Activities Lack Vitality?:A Probe into the Basic Psychological Needs of Teachers

Teaching and research activities are of great significance to the professional development of teachers.The basic psychological needs of teachers include autonomy,competence,and attribution.The engagement of teachers in teaching and research activities can be analyzed from these three perspectives.Under the management system of teaching and research,teachers generally lack autonomy in the organization of teaching and research activities;they are also lack scientific research knowledge and ability;in addition,under the influence of harmonious interpersonal relationships and the culture of individualism,there is a dearth in real communication among teachers.In light of this,we propose targeted countermeasures to promote the vitality of teaching and research activities.

The Concept and Theoretical Implications of Carbon Emissions Rights Based on Individual Equity

Climate change has become a hot topic in international environmental negotiations.For post-Kyoto international climate regime negotiations,many countries have proposed a variety of frameworks to share the emission reduction responsibilities and allocate carbon emission rights,and have tried to quantify the emission reduction obligations of all countries based on the perspectives of international equity and individual equity.In this paper,the authors have distinguished the concepts of carbon emissions rights based on these two perspectives respectively,have analyzed the relationship between carbon emissions per capita and economic development,and have calculated and compared the proportion of cumulative emissions per capita of different countries in history and future,and then authors conclude that emission reduction obligations should be allocated based on each country's conditions,including historical emissions,development stage,and future demands.Developed countries should take the initiative to significantly reduce their emissions because they have already accomplished their industrialization process.However,developing countries are still in the process of industrialization,which requires more emission rights to meet their development needs.For China,the concept of carbon emissions based on individual equity can be used as a theoretical tool for the allocating the international carbon emissions rights.

Using Multiple Correspondence Analysis to Measure Multidimensional Poverty in Congo

The following analysis is based on a multidimensional understanding of poverty using a nonmonetary basic needs approach. It is ground on data from the first survey on household living conditions for poverty assessment, conducted by the National Institute of Statistics of Congo in 2005. Multiple Correspondence Analysis is applied to construct a composite indicator by aggregating several attributes likely to reflect the poverty of individuals or households. The application shows that Congolese households are not affected by the same type of poverty. Three types of non-monetary poverty are identified: infrastructure poverty, vulnerability of human existence and poverty of comfort. These households were then classified according to the composite indicator of Poverty. The results show that the incidence of poverty corresponds to the weight of poor class of about 70.67%.

Motivating Teachers

Teachers can motivate their pupils by fostering autonomous learning or---especially if they feel under pressure themselves--teachers can hamper the motivation of their students by being controlling. The purpose of this study with 488 secondary school teachers from Austria was to examine the satisfaction of teachers＇ needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness and meaningful relations to perceived job-related pressure and self-efficacy, to gain an increased insight in autonomy supportive contexts. The results point out that there are various sources for pressure in the teaching profession and structural equation modeling revealing a reciprocal relation between the satisfaction of the need for autonomy and pressure in teaching, as well as between the satisfaction of the need for competence and self-efficacy. In addition perceived pressure had a negative impact on teachers＇ self-efficacy and self-efficacy in turn influenced the satisfaction of the need for autonomy. In summary, considering basic psychological needs satisfaction of teachers seems relevant to create autonomy supportive environments for pupils and teachers in schools.

Arc-length technique for nonlinear finite element analysis

Nonlinear solution of reinforced concrete structures, particularly complete load-deflection response, requires tracing of the equilibrium path and proper treatment of the limit and bifurcation points. In this regard, ordinary solution techniques lead to instability near the limit points and also have problems in case of snap-through and snap-back. Thus they fail to predict the complete load-displacement response. The arc-length method serves the purpose well in principle, received wide acceptance in finite element analysis, and has been used extensively. However modifications to the basic idea are vital to meet the particular needs of the analysis. This paper reviews some of the recent developments of the method in the last two decades, with particular emphasis on nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete structures.