Evaluation of Broadleaf Tree Diversity at the Basin Scale—In Case of Artificial <i>Chamaecyparis obtusa</i>Forests

In recent years, the various functions required of forests, especially the conservation of biodiversity, have been attracting increasing attention in Japan and worldwide. In Japan, 67% of national land is covered by forest, 41% of which is artificial forest (i.e., plantations). Therefore, forest biodiversity conservation efforts should also target artificial forests. In this paper, we seek to promote sustainable forest management that considers biodiversity conservation by examining indices that can be used by forest managers to evaluate the diversity of broadleaf trees. The result was that evaluation of broadleaf tree diversity in artificial forests at a basin scale was possible by combining several types of indicators.

A Floating Astronomical Time Scale for the Early Late Cretaceous Continental Strata in the Songliao Basin, Northeastern China

A continuous terrestrial succession was recovered from the Songke-2(SK-2)borehole in the Songliao Basin,Northeastern China.This borehole provides a unique material for further research on the continental paleoclimate during Cretaceous greenhouse period,following a series of achievements of the Songke-1(SK-1)core.In this study,thorium(Th)logging data were chosen as a paleoclimate proxy to conduct a detailed cyclostratigraphic analysis.The Th series varies quasi-periodically;power spectra and evolutionary fast Fourier transformation(FFT)analysis reveal significant cycles in the Quantou(K2 q),Qingshankou(K2 qn),Yaojia(K2 y)and Nenjiang(K2 n)formations.The ratio of cycle wavelengths in these stratigraphic units is approximately 20:5:2:1,corresponding to long orbital eccentricity(405 kyr),short orbital eccentricity(100 kyr),obliquity(37 kyr),and precession cycles(22.5 kyr and 18.4 kyr).The durations of the K2 n,K2 y,K2 qn and K2 q are estimated as 6.97,1.83,5.30 and 4.52 Myr,respectively,based on the constructed^18.62 Myr"floating"astronomical time scale(ATS).Comparison of the durations between the SK-1 s and SK-2 boreholes exhibits a slight difference of 0.06 Myr and 0.459 Myr for K2 qn and K2 y.Nevertheless,our ATS of K2 n supports the chronostratigraphic frame constructed by the CA-ID-TIMS data of the SK-1 s borehole.This new"floating"ATS provides precise numerical ages for stratigraphic boundaries,biozones and geological events in the Songliao Basin,and can serve as a basis for correlation of strata and events between marine and terrestrial systems.

Pollution Control Programs of Large-Scale Livestock and Poultry Farms in the Dianchi Lake Basin

With the enlarging scale and intensifying production of livestock and poultry breeding, the environment pollution becomes increasingly prominent in the Dianchi Lake Basin since 1990s. According to the survey of ＂The First National Census of Pollution Sources＂, occurrence and discharge of pollutants in large-scale livestock and poultry farms in this region were first understood. The pollution characteristics of large-scale live- stock and poultry breeding were also analyzed deeply. On this basis, the significance of pollution control programs for environment protection was investigated from aspects of pollution control policy, technology management and publicity.

Scale effects of eroded sediment transport in Wujiang River Basin, Guizhou Province, China

In recent years, research on spatial scale and scale transformation of eroded sediment transport has become a forefront field in current soil erosion research, but there are very few studies on the scale effect problem in Karst regions of China. Here we quantitatively extracted five main factors influencing soil erosion, namely rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, vegetative cover and management, soil and water conservation, and slope length and steepness. Regression relations were built between these factors and also the sediment transport modulus and drainage area, so as to initially analyze and discuss scale effects on sediment transport in the Wujiang River Basin(WRB). The size and extent of soil erosion influencing factors in the WRB were gauged from: Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model(ASTER GDEM), precipitation data, land use, soil type and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) data from Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies(GIMMS) or Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR), and observed data from hydrometric stations. We find that scaling effects exist between the sediment transport modulus and the drainage area. Scaling effects are expressed after logarithmic transformation by a quadratic function regression relationship where the sediment transport modulus increases before decreasing, alongside changes in the drainage area. Among the five factors influencing soil erosion, slope length and steepness increases first and then decreases, alongside changes in the drainage area, and are the main factors determining the relationship between sediment transport modulus and drainage area. To eliminate the influence of scale effects on our results, we mapped the sediment yield modulus of the entire WRB, adopting a 1 000 km^2 standard area with a smaller fitting error for all sub-basins, and using the common Kriging interpolation method.

The Impact of Model Based Offset Scaling Technique on the Amplitude Variation with Offset Responses from 3D Seismic Data Acquired from the Tano Basin, Offshore Ghana

Amplitudes have been found to be a function of incident angle and offset. Hence data required to test for amplitude variation with angle or offset needs to have its amplitudes for all offsets preserved and not stacked. Amplitude Variation with Offset (AVO)/Amplitude Variation with Angle (AVA) is necessary to account for information in the offset/angle parameter (mode converted S-wave and P-wave velocities). Since amplitudes are a function of the converted S- and P-waves, it is important to investigate the dependence of amplitudes on the elastic (P- and S-waves) parameters from the seismic data. By modelling these effects for different reservoir fluids via fluid substitution, various AVO geobody classes present along the well and in the entire seismic cube can be observed. AVO analysis was performed on one test well (Well_1) and 3D pre-stack angle gathers from the Tano Basin. The analysis involves creating a synthetic model to infer the effect of offset scaling techniques on amplitude responses in the Tano basin as compared to the effect of unscaled seismic data. The spectral balance process was performed to match the amplitude spectra of all angle stacks to that of the mid (26°) stack on the test lines. The process had an effect primarily on the far (34° - 40°) stacks. The frequency content of these stacks slightly increased to match that of the near and mid stacks. In offset scaling process, the root mean square (RMS) amplitude comparison between the synthetic and seismic suggests that the amplitude of the far traces should be reduced relative to the nears by up to 16%. However, the exact scaler values depend on the time window considered. This suggests that the amplitude scaling with offset delivered from seismic processing is only approximately correct and needs to be checked with well synthetics and adjusted accordingly prior to use for AVO studies. The AVO attribute volumes generated were better at resolving anomalies on spectrally balanced and offset scaled data than data delivered from conventional processing. A typical class II AVO anomaly is seen along the test well from the cross-plot analysis and AVO attribute cube which indicates an oil filled reservoir.

小型含油气盆地成因类型、特征与油气赋存

沉积盆地分布广、数量多,其中小型盆地数量占比居多。中国小型盆地占全国盆地总数的80%以上,虽然发现工业油气藏的小型盆地占比少于10%,远低于大—较大型盆地(>76%),但是小型含油气盆地的油气丰度(HAPUA)大多较高,“小而富”盆地远高于多数大中型含油气盆地,勘探成效较高。通过对中国16个含常规油气小型盆地的综合研究,根据盆地形成机制和动力环境的差异,将其分为残留型和原始型两大类型;进一步将后者细分为走滑、裂陷和热力成因3类。小型残留成因含油气盆地一般经历了主力烃源岩形成的原盆建造、后期改造残留和晚期覆埋生烃的演变时段,3期缺一不可。其中原盆中部分烃源岩得以残留奠定了资源基础,晚期深埋是烃源岩成烃-聚集并成藏的关键环节。原始小型含油气盆地中的走滑、裂陷和热力3种成因类型,均在较活动的动力环境中形成演化,一般具有较快沉降-沉积、较高地温场、活跃的深部背景和晚(后)期改造等特征。这类动力环境使盆地沉积了“小而厚”的地层并形成多种形式的构造圈闭,有利于生物超常勃发繁盛和优质烃源岩形成及生烃转化,有助于油气聚集成藏。盆地油气“小而富”与“小岩体成大矿”,在形成动力环境和成矿理论认识等方面有相通之处。这两大领域在科学研究和学术思想等方面可触类旁通、相互借鉴参考。

Stratigraphic Data and Groundwater Resources in the Coastal Sedimentary Basin of the Pointe-Noire Region (Republic of Congo)

The synthesis of geological and petroleum research undertaken in the coastal Sedimentary Basin of the Pointe-Noire region enabled the establishment of a lithostratigraphic scale. It has been observed that the order in which the series observed in outcrop and those encountered by deep wells succeed each other has allowed a value to be given to this relative scale. The study area corresponds to a longitudinal tectonic accident, fault or flexure. It belongs to the Cretaceous and Tertiary coastal sedimentary basin covered by the Plio-Pleistocene age formations (series of circuses), formed of highly permeable sands comprising multiple resistant horizons that store large bodies of water whose reserves are considered very important. Hydrographic network is composed of four main basins with a mediocre size. The quality of this groundwater is considered to be satisfactory for household consumption, but the sustainable management of these reserves requires constant checks on their quality as well as on the level of the reserves. All these resources put the agglomeration of Pointe-Noire close to large exploitable water reserves that meet the need for drinking water, even if, on the whole, the agglomeration is still experiencing many difficulties in terms of its drinking water supply.

Mechanical properties of Michigan Basin’s gypsum before and after saturation

The stability analysis of an abandoned underground gypsum mine requires the determination of the mine pillar’s strength.This is especially important for flooded abandoned mines where the gypsum pillars become saturated and are subjected to dissolution after flooding.Further,mine pillars are subjected to blast vibrations that generate some level of macro- and micro-fracturing.Testing samples of gypsum must,therefore,simulate these conditions as close as possible.In this research,the strength of gypsum is investigated in an as-received saturated condition using uniaxial compressive strength (UCS),Brazilian tensile strength (BTS) and point load index (PLI) tests.The scale effect was investigated and new correlations were derived to describe the effect of sample size on both UCS and BTS under dry and saturated conditions.Effects of blasting on these parameters were observed and the importance of choosing the proper samples was discussed.Finally,correlations were derived for both compressive and tensile strengths under dry and saturated conditions from the PLI test results,which are commonly used as a simple substitute for the indirect determination of UCS and BTS.

琼东南盆地陆源海相烃源岩有机质富集机理

琼东南盆地渐新统陆源海相烃源岩是深水区的一套重要烃源岩。从盆地构造格局、古气候、沉积相和三角洲规模4个方面对琼东南盆地渐新统陆源海相烃源岩的形成机理进行了分析。结果表明:盆地构造格局整体上控制了烃源岩的发育类型,断陷期的崖城组陆源有机质主要以近岸堆积形式形成煤系烃源岩;而陵水组(E_(3)l)陆源有机质则以河流-三角洲搬运形式形成陆源海相烃源岩。崖城组三段(崖三段,E_(3)y^(3))和三亚组二段(三二段,N_(1)s^(2))沉积期陆源高等植物最繁盛;崖二段(E_(3)y^(2))-崖一段(E_(3)y^(1))和陵水组二段(陵二段,E_(3)l^(2))-陵一段(E_(3)l^(1))沉积期次之,陆源高等植物供给充足。沉积相带控制陆源有机质的差异,同时卸载的不同形成了明显差异的陆源海相烃源岩。陆源海相烃源岩有利的发育区域为三角洲前缘-内浅海以及海底扇。大规模的三角洲可以输送更高生物通量的陆源有机质,提高了烃源岩有机质丰度,从而形成海域最为重要的一类有特色的气源岩。

四川盆地东部上石炭统黄龙组规模储层形成主控因素与发育模式

石炭系黄龙组是四川盆地东部地区(以下简称川东地区)重要的天然气产层之一,石炭系储层是控制气藏发育的关键因素。为了深入评价川东地区黄龙组储层,拓展勘探新领域,寻找接替区,在前人研究的基础上,应用大量钻井、岩心、露头和分析化验等资料,系统研究了黄龙组储层发育的主控因素和发育模式,并预测规模储层的展布。研究结果表明:(1)黄龙组储集岩主要为颗粒白云岩、角砾白云岩和晶粒白云岩,储集空间主要为晶间孔/晶间溶孔、粒间溶孔/粒内溶孔、溶洞和裂缝,颗粒滩为有利储集体,裂缝-溶蚀孔洞型储层质量好;(2)储层发育主要受乐山—龙女寺古隆起和开江古隆起、沉积作用及成岩作用的共同控制,古隆起控制颗粒滩分布和准同生期成岩作用,是规模成储的基础,准同生期白云石化作用、层间岩溶和风化壳岩溶作用的叠加是形成规模储层的关键,喜马拉雅构造运动产生大量构造裂缝,提高了储层的渗滤性和规模性;(3)一定厚度和较大面积的Ⅰ—Ⅲ类储层可形成规模储层区,对5个规模储层发育区进行了评价,已发现气藏主要分布在这5个区域的背斜构造部位。结论认为,川东地区石炭系仍有较大的天然气勘探开发潜力,向斜区发育大面积的规模储层,是下一步天然气增储上产的重要方向。

混合式抽水蓄能电站群容量计算研究Ⅱ:多尺度嵌套容量计算模型及实例

基于流域梯级水电站增建混合式抽水蓄能电站(简称混蓄电站),对保障新型电力系统安全稳定运行、促进新能源大规模发展和消纳具有重要意义。研究提出基于多尺度嵌套调度模型的混蓄电站群容量计算模型,该模型嵌套含混蓄电站的梯级水电站短期调峰模型、考虑短期调峰与综合利用供水任务的梯级水电站中长期优化调度模型两大核心模块;此外,针对该容量计算模型的高维特征,提出基于代理模型思想的求解方法。以黄河上游待规划的大型混蓄电站群为实例,分别计算混蓄电站单独开发、梯级开发、整体开发三种模式下电站装机容量以及抽水调峰效益,并推导理论公式揭示混蓄电站抽发循环效率及抽水时长对电站装机容量的影响机制。实例计算取得的结果:龙羊峡-拉西瓦混蓄电站推荐采用水泵机组+可逆式抽蓄机组形式开发,单独开发模式下,推荐装机160万kW;当其与拉西瓦-尼那混蓄电站梯级开发时,推荐装机205万kW。当混蓄电站设计抽水时长减小时,其装机容量可增加,调峰能力变大,但电站抽水耗电调峰效益不变。拉西瓦-尼那、李家峡-直岗拉卡、公伯峡-苏只混蓄电站推荐装机分别为75万、16万和59万kW。4座混蓄电站整体开发模式下,可用于新能源消纳的抽水调峰电量为年均87.42亿kWh。

大宁–吉县区块深部煤层气多轮次转向压裂技术及应用

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘大宁-吉县区块深部煤层气资源丰度高,煤储层天然裂缝与煤自身割理裂隙发育、煤体结构好、机械强度高、顶底板封盖能力强,为大规模体积压裂缝网的形成提供了有利条件。超大规模压裂改造工艺使深部煤层气单井产量获得重大突破,但示踪剂监测结果显示,水平井各压裂段产气效果贡献不均一、资源动用存在盲区、综合效益未达预期。指出深部煤储层形成超大规模有效缝网面临两类主要挑战:(1)深部煤层裂缝扩展规律认识不清;(2)现有压裂技术存在过度改造及改造不充分区域。基于此问题,提出适合深部煤储层改造的多轮次转向缝网弥合压裂技术。首先,分析深部煤层超大规模缝网形成的可行性;其次结合现场压裂数据与微地震监测结果,分析地层曲率、倾角等对压裂裂缝扩展的影响;最后建立应力场计算方法,以此为依据,进行多轮次转向工艺优化及现场试验。在大宁-吉县区块现场进行试验验证,井周微应力场非均匀区域水力裂缝实现了较为均匀的扩展,增大了裂缝整体改造体积,单井产气效果较周边井有明显提升,其中DJ55井5轮次压裂,储层改造体积达到243.6×10^(4)m^(3),生产340 d累产气量970.5×10^(4)m^(3),平均日产气量2.85×10^(4)m^(3),日产量和压力均保持稳定,改造效果较好,预计采收储量(EUR)大于3000×10^(4)m^(3),产气潜力较大;JS8-6P05井第1-7段采用2~3轮次压裂,压后日产气量8.59×10^(4)m^(3),相比各段均采用单轮次压裂的JS8-6P04井加砂规模降低41.9%、压裂费用降低21%,但2口井水平段千米日产气量相当。试验效果表明,多轮次压裂工艺在一定程度上解决了水平井两侧应力差异而导致的裂缝单侧扩展问题,促进井筒两侧压裂裂缝趋于均匀扩展,极大程度上保障了深部煤储层资源动用程度和压后产量,是深部煤层气压裂工艺降本增效的主要技术途径。

基于生态系统服务供需与拓扑结构分析的渭河流域生态网络优化

顾及区域自然资源禀赋和人类活动水平差异,优化生态网络成为缓解景观破碎化、提高连通性的有效途径,更保障了可持续发展目标的实现。在定量测度渭河流域2000、2010及2020年5项生态系统服务供需的基础上,引入景观生态学与复杂网络理论构建并分析该流域生态网络的时空格局及其网络拓扑结构特征,以供需比与源地节点的拓扑结构综合重要性之间的相关性为依据优化生态网络。结果表明:1)与2000年相比,2020年食物生产、土壤保持以及产水的供需比平均值分别上升70%、7%以及215%,而碳固定与生境质量则分别下降97%与1%。2)生态源地数量与占总面积比分别为125个和36%,生态阻力呈现“南低北高”的空间特征,约有280条平均长度为15 km的生态廊道,流域生态质量有所提升。3)2000、2010及2020年生态网络在面对蓄意攻击时,结构连通鲁棒性平均值依次为0.160、0.168以及0.150,说明2010年生态网络具有更稳定的网络结构;源地拓扑结构综合重要性与各类服务供需比均呈正相关,其中与碳固定服务供需比相关性最高,为0.51(P<0.001)。4)优化后的生态网络(2020年)在面对蓄意攻击时具有更高的连通鲁棒性,同时在一定攻击节点范围内表现出更为显著的“涌现”现象,优化后的网络具备更强的恢复力和缓冲力。研究结果可为渭河流域优化生态网络结构、提高生态系统抗干扰能力提供科学依据,也可为流域生态空间规划提供借鉴参考。

青海湖流域植被动态变化驱动力及空间粒度效应

基于Landsat遥感影像分析1986~2020年青海湖流域植被覆盖度时空变化特征,结合多元线性回归和地理探测器,考虑气候、地表及人类足迹的影响,阐明时间和空间尺度下植被覆盖度变化的机制,并探讨空间粒度对驱动因素及其相对贡献的影响.结果表明:(1)近35年来青海湖流域植被状况整体改善,表现为中等、中高覆盖度植被面积增加,其中环青海湖东北部及布哈河上游植被覆盖度呈显著增加趋势;(2)时间尺度上,流域平均植被覆盖度变化受气候暖湿化和生态恢复工程驱动;(3)空间尺度上,植被覆盖度变化由气候、地形、植被和土壤控制,解释力较大因素为气温(0.41),高程(0.34)和降水(0.30).气候、地形和人为因素对植被覆盖度的影响存在交互增强效应,气温、高程对交互效用具有控制作用,其中气温与距水系距离、降水和人类足迹的交互较为显著;(4)空间粒度对植被覆盖度空间变化驱动因素的贡献具有显著影响,考虑气候、地表和人为因素交互作用时青海湖流域植被覆盖度空间变化最佳研究粒度为6km.

闽江流域多时间尺度降雨—径流关系变化与成因

为进一步揭示闽江流域降雨—径流关系的时空变化规律,识别主要驱动因子,基于1960—2019年降雨和径流数据,应用TFPW—MK方法,按照年以及年内的汛期与非汛期、前汛期和后汛期、最大月和最小月等不同时间尺度,检测闽江上游三大支流、干流及全流域等空间尺度的降雨—径流演变趋势;结合Sen trend方法,从气候变化、土地利用和水库工程建设3方面,分析影响降雨—径流关系变化的成因。结果表明:1)闽江流域及各支流年降雨—径流均呈不显著上升,趋势变化一致;2)除支流建溪流域,闽江及其他支流非汛期降雨—径流上升趋势显著;汛期内部趋势变化分化明显,前汛期降雨—径流略减少,后汛期降雨—径流大部分显著增加;3)极端降雨—径流的变化趋势不一致,主要受大型水库工程建设的影响。基于多时间尺度的分析,更深入揭示闽江流域降水、径流的演变及气候变化与人类活动的影响,对区域水资源管理与水土保持具有重要参考价值。

基于水质提升的黄河流域城市尺度问题分析及对策研究

党中央、国务院高度重视黄河流域的保护和发展,习近平总书记多次强调黄河流域必须下大力气进行大保护、大治理.《黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展规划纲要》《黄河流域生态环境保护规划》均明确提出了分区分类推进流域环境保护和治理的要求.本文以城市水环境质量提升为目标,结合统计分析、空间建模分析、地理信息可视化等手段,开展黄河流域城市尺度空间管控对策研究.以黄河流域62个城市为研究对象,采用地理信息系统空间分析技术,通过控制单元边界与地级行政区域界线拟合,将《重点流域水生态环境保护规划》划定的黄河流域58个控制单元进一步划分为163个城市控制子单元.分析了各城市水环境质量状况,筛选出流域内水环境问题较为突出的26个城市;从经济社会发展、水资源管理、水土保持、污染防控等4个方面构建了涵盖7项指标的水环境问题症结研判指标体系,通过空间建模分析,结果表明:(1)在经济社会发展方面包头市、西安市、银川市等城市经济社会发展迅速导致环境保护压力较大.(2)在水资源管理方面巴彦淖尔市、白银市、石嘴山市等城市水资源短缺且开发强度较大.(3)在水土保持方面榆林市、定西市、鄂尔多斯市等城市水土流失较为严重.(4)在污染防控方面兰州市、银川市、吴忠市、吕梁市、榆林市等工业聚集城市工业污染防控压力较大,西安市、安阳市、新乡市等中下游人口大市生活源污染防控压力较大,华北平原的安阳市、新乡市,汾渭平原的渭南市、运城市、临汾市以及宁夏回族自治区河套灌区的吴忠市、中卫市等城市农业污染防控压力较大.同时,针对上述突出水环境问题提出了城市水环境主要管控要点及上下游、左右岸相关城市协同管控建议.研究显示,黄河流域水环境问题较突出的城市主要分布在黄河“几字弯”处的宁夏回族自治区、内蒙古自治区、山西省、陕西省等省份,以上地区还需要在水污染防治、水土保持、水资源管理、产业绿色发展等方面进一步开展工作,推进流域生态环境质量持续改善.

松辽盆地乾安地区上白垩统四方台组天文旋回识别及对铀矿化砂岩沉积时代的限定

旋回地层学广泛应用于高精度层序地层格架和天文年代标尺的建立,是沉积学量化研究的重要领域。本文对松辽盆地乾安地区上白垩统四方台组自然伽马测井数据进行了详细的旋回地层学分析。频谱分析结果显示,四方台组具有40.2、10.6~13.1、3.6~3.8、1.79~2.4 m的沉积旋回,旋回周期之比近似晚白垩世天文轨道周期之比20∶5∶2∶1,对应沉积旋回周期依次为405 ka长偏心率、约106 ka短偏心率、约38 ka斜率和约21 ka岁差。相关系数法(COCO)统计检验结果显示,四方台组地层沉积速率约为9.78 cm/ka,与该天文周期相吻合。对应于405 kyr长偏心率周期的沉积旋回进行滤波,识别出8个沉积旋回,利用405 kyr长偏心率周期对GR数据序列进行天文调谐进而建立浮动天文年代标尺,获得四方台组的沉积持续时间为3.23 Myr。以盆地北部松科-1井白垩纪明水组和四方台组年代地层格架为参考,确定了研究区含铀砂体的沉积时限,乾安地区铀矿化砂岩发育在四方台组下部,砂体沉积时限约为((75.36~76.09)±0.40)Ma。研究结果表明,旋回地层学分析可以有效应用于砂岩型铀矿勘探层系,并可准确圈定含铀矿砂岩层系沉积时限,是区域目的层系识别与对比、勘探靶区圈定的有效手段。

Reservoir micro structure of Da'anzhai Member of Jurassic and its petroleum significance in Central Sichuan Basin, SW China

Based on the qualitative study of microscopic reservoir features using core analysis,cast and fluorescence thin sections inspection,scanning electron microscope(SEM)and field emission scanning electron microscope(FESEM)and quantitative examination of pore size and geometry using mercury injection,nano-CT and nitrogen adsorption,reservoir rock of Da’anzhai Member were divided into 9 types,while storage spaces were divided into 4 types and 14 sub-types.The study shows that sparry coquina is the most promising reservoir type.Pores that smaller than 1μm in diameter contribute 91.27%of storage space volume.Most of them exhibit slot-like geometry with good connectivity.By building up storage space models,it was revealed that micron scale storage spaces mainly composed of fractures and nanometer scale pores and fractures form multi-scale dual porosity system.Low resource abundance,small single well controlled reserve,and low production are related to the nano-scale pore space in Da’anzhai Memer,whereas the dual-porosity system composed of pores and fractures makes for long-term oil yield.Due to the existence of abundant slot-like pore space and fractures,economic tight oil production was achieved without stimulations.

塔里木盆地库车山前超深气井砂垢堵塞成因及靶向解除技术

塔里盆地库车山前超深气田是西气东输主力气源地,具有超高温、超高压、高矿化度、储层裂缝非均质性强等特征,气井生产过程中砂垢堵塞问题突出,据统计最高影响气田产能达800×104 m^(3)/d。为实现超深气井高效解堵,通过气水两相结垢热力学预测模型、裂缝性储层岩石力学实验、井筒内气液固流动模拟等研究,揭示了超深气井砂垢复合堵塞成因,并形成了靶向解堵复产关键技术。研究结果表明:①“高温流动压降结垢、裂缝面破裂出砂”是超深气井出砂结垢的内在机理;②结垢固化松散砂桥形成复合堵塞是气井堵塞减产的主要原因,其中靶向除垢是解堵复产的关键所在;③靶向除垢解堵区域为井筒变径处和井周5 m内基质—裂缝系统,气井堵塞率30%~60%为最佳解堵时机;④非酸性除垢解堵液相比常用的酸性解堵液,在同级别溶垢能力的基础上,腐蚀速率降至0.49 g/(m^(2)·h),可同时满足低腐蚀和高效除垢的技术要求。结论认为,形成的超深气井靶向除垢解堵技术在塔里木盆地库车山前超深气田规模应用159井次,有效率达93.3%,累计增产天然气75.08×10^(8)m^(3),已成为西气东输主力气井快速解堵复产的“冬保良方”,可为国内外同类气田解堵复产提供技术借鉴。

涪江流域日输沙率的时间尺度变化效应

[目的]解析日输沙率与关键环境因子之间的尺度依赖关系,探索有效的预测方法,以应对由于泥沙输运机制的复杂性和水文过程的非线性所带来的预测挑战。[方法]采用集合经验模态分解与自适应噪声(CEEMDAN)方法,分析了西南地区涪江流域4个水文站点控制区域2013—2018年的日输沙率与5个潜在影响变量(流量、降水量、平均气温、潜在蒸散发量和NDVI)间多时间尺度变异特征,识别不同时间尺度下日输沙率与相关变量相互作用关系,在此基础上,对日输沙率作出预测。[结果]CEEMDAN方法成功将日输沙率及其潜在影响变量分解为10-11本征模态函数(IMF)和残差项,揭示出日输沙率在3~730天不同时间尺度上的显著变化。分解后的日输沙率与流量、降水量在各个时间尺度上均显示出显著的相关性增强,而气温、潜在蒸散发量和NDVI主要与长时间尺度的日输沙率显著相关。通过逐步多元线性回归预测日输沙率,模型的预测性能显著,R2值在所有站点均超过0.55。[结论]CEEMDAN方法能够有效揭示输沙率及其影响变量之间的尺度依赖性,为理解河流输沙动态提供了新的视角。