Rock mass quality prediction on tunnel faces with incomplete multi-source dataset via tree-augmented naive Bayesian network

Rock mass quality serves as a vital index for predicting the stability and safety status of rock tunnel faces.In tunneling practice,the rock mass quality is often assessed via a combination of qualitative and quantitative parameters.However,due to the harsh on-site construction conditions,it is rather difficult to obtain some of the evaluation parameters which are essential for the rock mass quality prediction.In this study,a novel improved Swin Transformer is proposed to detect,segment,and quantify rock mass characteristic parameters such as water leakage,fractures,weak interlayers.The site experiment results demonstrate that the improved Swin Transformer achieves optimal segmentation results and achieving accuracies of 92%,81%,and 86%for water leakage,fractures,and weak interlayers,respectively.A multisource rock tunnel face characteristic(RTFC)dataset includes 11 parameters for predicting rock mass quality is established.Considering the limitations in predictive performance of incomplete evaluation parameters exist in this dataset,a novel tree-augmented naive Bayesian network(BN)is proposed to address the challenge of the incomplete dataset and achieved a prediction accuracy of 88%.In comparison with other commonly used Machine Learning models the proposed BN-based approach proved an improved performance on predicting the rock mass quality with the incomplete dataset.By utilizing the established BN,a further sensitivity analysis is conducted to quantitatively evaluate the importance of the various parameters,results indicate that the rock strength and fractures parameter exert the most significant influence on rock mass quality.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Latent Variables in Mitigating Data Poisoning Attacks in the Context of Bayesian Networks:An Empirical Study

Bayesian networks are a powerful class of graphical decision models used to represent causal relationships among variables.However,the reliability and integrity of learned Bayesian network models are highly dependent on the quality of incoming data streams.One of the primary challenges with Bayesian networks is their vulnerability to adversarial data poisoning attacks,wherein malicious data is injected into the training dataset to negatively influence the Bayesian network models and impair their performance.In this research paper,we propose an efficient framework for detecting data poisoning attacks against Bayesian network structure learning algorithms.Our framework utilizes latent variables to quantify the amount of belief between every two nodes in each causal model over time.We use our innovative methodology to tackle an important issue with data poisoning assaults in the context of Bayesian networks.With regard to four different forms of data poisoning attacks,we specifically aim to strengthen the security and dependability of Bayesian network structure learning techniques,such as the PC algorithm.By doing this,we explore the complexity of this area and offer workablemethods for identifying and reducing these sneaky dangers.Additionally,our research investigates one particular use case,the“Visit to Asia Network.”The practical consequences of using uncertainty as a way to spot cases of data poisoning are explored in this inquiry,which is of utmost relevance.Our results demonstrate the promising efficacy of latent variables in detecting and mitigating the threat of data poisoning attacks.Additionally,our proposed latent-based framework proves to be sensitive in detecting malicious data poisoning attacks in the context of stream data.

Bayesian network-based survival prediction model for patients having undergone post-transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for portal hypertension

BACKGROUND Portal hypertension(PHT),primarily induced by cirrhosis,manifests severe symptoms impacting patient survival.Although transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS)is a critical intervention for managing PHT,it carries risks like hepatic encephalopathy,thus affecting patient survival prognosis.To our knowledge,existing prognostic models for post-TIPS survival in patients with PHT fail to account for the interplay among and collective impact of various prognostic factors on outcomes.Consequently,the development of an innovative modeling approach is essential to address this limitation.AIM To develop and validate a Bayesian network(BN)-based survival prediction model for patients with cirrhosis-induced PHT having undergone TIPS.METHODS The clinical data of 393 patients with cirrhosis-induced PHT who underwent TIPS surgery at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between January 2015 and May 2022 were retrospectively analyzed.Variables were selected using Cox and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression methods,and a BN-based model was established and evaluated to predict survival in patients having undergone TIPS surgery for PHT.RESULTS Variable selection revealed the following as key factors impacting survival:age,ascites,hypertension,indications for TIPS,postoperative portal vein pressure(post-PVP),aspartate aminotransferase,alkaline phosphatase,total bilirubin,prealbumin,the Child-Pugh grade,and the model for end-stage liver disease(MELD)score.Based on the above-mentioned variables,a BN-based 2-year survival prognostic prediction model was constructed,which identified the following factors to be directly linked to the survival time:age,ascites,indications for TIPS,concurrent hypertension,post-PVP,the Child-Pugh grade,and the MELD score.The Bayesian information criterion was 3589.04,and 10-fold cross-validation indicated an average log-likelihood loss of 5.55 with a standard deviation of 0.16.The model’s accuracy,precision,recall,and F1 score were 0.90,0.92,0.97,and 0.95 respectively,with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve being 0.72.CONCLUSION This study successfully developed a BN-based survival prediction model with good predictive capabilities.It offers valuable insights for treatment strategies and prognostic evaluations in patients having undergone TIPS surgery for PHT.

Application of Bayesian Analysis Based on Neural Network and Deep Learning in Data Visualization

This study aims to explore the application of Bayesian analysis based on neural networks and deep learning in data visualization.The research background is that with the increasing amount and complexity of data,traditional data analysis methods have been unable to meet the needs.Research methods include building neural networks and deep learning models,optimizing and improving them through Bayesian analysis,and applying them to the visualization of large-scale data sets.The results show that the neural network combined with Bayesian analysis and deep learning method can effectively improve the accuracy and efficiency of data visualization,and enhance the intuitiveness and depth of data interpretation.The significance of the research is that it provides a new solution for data visualization in the big data environment and helps to further promote the development and application of data science.

Analysis of traffic safety in airport aircraft activity areas based on bayesian networks and fault trees

To assess road traffic safety risk in civil aviation airports and develop effective accident prevention measures,this study proposed a risk assessment method based on accident tree and Bayesian network for airport aircraft activity areas.It identified influencing factors in the aircraft activity area from the perspectives of person-vehicle-road-environment-management and analyzed their relationships.The Bayesian network was utilized to determine initial probabilities for each influencing factor.Findings indicated a relatively high overall safety level in the airport's road traffic system.Accident trees were employed to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze common human-vehicle accident patterns.The initial probabilities obtained from the Bayesian network served as basic event probabilities in the accident tree to determine the occurrence probability of the top event.Taking a 4F airport in China as an example,accident cause analysis identified five important risk sources in human-vehicle accidents,including blind spots for special vehicles,illegal driving by drivers,pedestrians violating regulations,passengers entering restricted areas,and blind spots at intersections.Corresponding safety management measures were formulated.The study concluded that the integration of Bayesian networks and accident trees effectively determines accident probabilities and offers specific solutions,thus playing a crucial role in enhancing road traffic safety management within aviation airports.

产生“Tuned”模板的Bayesian Networks方法

介绍了Bayesian Networks(简称BNs)产生“Tuned”模板新方法的基本原理以及BNs法与蚁群行为仿真技术和单纯形法组合的方法。通过实际航空影像的实验结果表明,新方法对纹理影像的识别率是令人满意的,同时还将新方法与遗传算法的结果作了对比,结果表明新方法是很有应用前景的。

多级Bayesian Network的影像纹理分类方法

在影像分类的实际应用中,所提取的特征(或波段)间往往存在较大的相关性。为了把Naive Bayes Clas- sifiers(NBC)模型更好地应用于分类中,本文在研究NBC模型的基础上,从特征空间划分的角度,将它进一步推广为多级Bayesian Network。实验结果分析表明:由于多级Bayesian Network模型综合考虑了特征之间的条件依赖关系,它在分类精度方面一般高于原始的NBC和最大似然法。然而,对于不同的n值,其分类结果也有所不同。

Wireless ad hoc video transmission:a Bayesian network-based scheme

A novel bandwidth prediction and control scheme is proposed for video transmission over an ad boc network. The scheme is based on cross-layer, feedback, and Bayesian network techniques. The impacts of video quality are formulized and deduced. The relevant factors are obtained by a cross-layer mechanism or Feedback method. According to these relevant factors, the variable set and the Bayesian network topology are determined. Then a Bayesian network prediction model is constructed. The results of the prediction can be used as the bandwidth of the mobile ad hoc network （MANET）. According to the bandwidth, the video encoder is controlled to dynamically adjust and encode the right bit rates of a real-time video stream. Integrated simulation of a video streaming communication system is implemented to validate the proposed solution. In contrast to the conventional transfer scheme, the results of the experiment indicate that the proposed scheme can make the best use of the network bandwidth; there are considerable improvements in the packet loss and the visual quality of real-time video.K

常规公交风险的SEM与Bayesian Network组合评估方法研究

常规公交系统具有载客量大、班次多、线路固定等特点,存在多种安全风险隐患。为综合评估常规公交风险,对国内外554条事故数据分析整理,构建了常规公交风险指标体系。建立了常规公交风险评估的结构方程模型,得到常规公交风险因素对事故的单向拓扑结构。在结构学习的基础上,利用信息熵理论研究风险因素对预测结果可信度的影响权重,从而进行变量筛选。以失火事故为例利用贝叶斯网络模型进行了城市常规公交风险评估参数学习。研究结果表明,失火事故的主要风险因素为油气泄漏、车内外温度均较高等。在风险因素组合作用下失火事故发生概率范围为0.002 1至0.842 9。所建模型预测精度高,验证了方法的科学性和准确性,可用于进行定量化的常规公交风险评估。

基于Bayesian Network的学习资源库推荐系统构建与实现

针对学习资源使用者的特点和当前网络学习模型的不足,提出运用贝叶斯网络建立一种个性化学习者模型。基于用户决策方案指导资源库的建设,提出了一种新的学习资源推荐算法,使学习资源的呈现符合学习者认知发展水平和个性特征,改善资源库的组织结构,实现智能化、个性化的学习资源库推荐系统。实践证明,对于本系统所推荐的学习资源,学习者非常满意。

Nonlinear inversion of electrical resistivity imaging using pruning Bayesian neural networks

Conventional artificial neural networks used to solve electrical resistivity imaging （ERI） inversion problem suffer from overfitting and local minima. To solve these problems, we propose to use a pruning Bayesian neural network （PBNN） nonlinear inversion method and a sample design method based on the K-medoids clustering algorithm. In the sample design method, the training samples of the neural network are designed according to the prior information provided by the K-medoids clustering results; thus, the training process of the neural network is well guided. The proposed PBNN, based on Bayesian regularization, is used to select the hidden layer structure by assessing the effect of each hidden neuron to the inversion results. Then, the hyperparameter αk, which is based on the generalized mean, is chosen to guide the pruning process according to the prior distribution of the training samples under the small-sample condition. The proposed algorithm is more efficient than other common adaptive regularization methods in geophysics. The inversion of synthetic data and field data suggests that the proposed method suppresses the noise in the neural network training stage and enhances the generalization. The inversion results with the proposed method are better than those of the BPNN, RBFNN, and RRBFNN inversion methods as well as the conventional least squares inversion.

Estimating survival benefit of adjuvant therapy based on a Bayesian network prediction model in curatively resected advanced gallbladder adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND The factors affecting the prognosis and role of adjuvant therapy in advanced gallbladder carcinoma(GBC)after curative resection remain unclear.AIM To provide a survival prediction model to patients with GBC as well as to identify the role of adjuvant therapy.METHODS Patients with curatively resected advanced gallbladder adenocarcinoma(T3 and T4)were selected from the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results database between 2004 and 2015.A survival prediction model based on Bayesian network(BN)was constructed using the tree-augmented na?ve Bayes algorithm,and composite importance measures were applied to rank the influence of factors on survival.The dataset was divided into a training dataset to establish the BN model and a testing dataset to test the model randomly at a ratio of 7:3.The confusion matrix and receiver operating characteristic curve were used to evaluate the model accuracy.RESULTS A total of 818 patients met the inclusion criteria.The median survival time was 9.0 mo.The accuracy of BN model was 69.67%,and the area under the curve value for the testing dataset was 77.72%.Adjuvant radiation,adjuvant chemotherapy(CTx),T stage,scope of regional lymph node surgery,and radiation sequence were ranked as the top five prognostic factors.A survival prediction table was established based on T stage,N stage,adjuvant radiotherapy(XRT),and CTx.The distribution of the survival time(>9.0 mo)was affected by different treatments with the order of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy(cXRT)>adjuvant radiation>adjuvant chemotherapy>surgery alone.For patients with node-positive disease,the larger benefit predicted by the model is adjuvant chemoradiotherapy.The survival analysis showed that there was a significant difference among the different adjuvant therapy groups(log rank,surgery alone vs CTx,P<0.001;surgery alone vs XRT,P=0.014;surgery alone vs cXRT,P<0.001).CONCLUSION The BN-based survival prediction model can be used as a decision-making support tool for advanced GBC patients.Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy is expected to improve the survival significantly for patients with node-positive disease.

Fault detection and diagnosis for data incomplete industrial systems with new Bayesian network approach

For the fault detection and diagnosis problem in largescale industrial systems, there are two important issues： the missing data samples and the non-Gaussian property of the data. However, most of the existing data-driven methods cannot be able to handle both of them. Thus, a new Bayesian network classifier based fault detection and diagnosis method is proposed. At first, a non-imputation method is presented to handle the data incomplete samples, with the property of the proposed Bayesian network classifier, and the missing values can be marginalized in an elegant manner. Furthermore, the Gaussian mixture model is used to approximate the non-Gaussian data with a linear combination of finite Gaussian mixtures, so that the Bayesian network can process the non-Gaussian data in an effective way. Therefore, the entire fault detection and diagnosis method can deal with the high-dimensional incomplete process samples in an efficient and robust way. The diagnosis results are expressed in the manner of probability with the reliability scores. The proposed approach is evaluated with a benchmark problem called the Tennessee Eastman process. The simulation results show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method in fault detection and diagnosis for large-scale systems with missing measurements.

Efficient Bayesian networks for slope safety evaluation with large quantity monitoring information

New sensing and wireless technologies generate massive data. This paper proposes an efficient Bayesian network to evaluate the slope safety using large-quantity field monitoring information with underlying physical mechanisms. A Bayesian network for a slope involving correlated material properties and dozens of observational points is constructed.

Modeling of combined Bayesian networks and cognitive framework for decision-making in C2

The command and control（C2） is a decision-making process based on human cognition,which contains operational,physical,and human characteristics,so it takes on uncertainty and complexity.As a decision support approach,Bayesian networks（BNs） provide a framework in which a decision is made by combining the experts＇ knowledge and the specific data.In addition,an expert system represented by human cognitive framework is adopted to express the real-time decision-making process of the decision maker.The combination of the Bayesian decision support and human cognitive framework in the C2 of a specific application field is modeled and executed by colored Petri nets（CPNs）,and the consequences of execution manifest such combination can perfectly present the decision-making process in C2.

Comparative efficacy and safety of cognitive enhancers for treating vascular cognitive impairment: systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis

Objective: To assess and compare the clinical efficacy and safety of cognitive enhancers(donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and memantine) on cognition, behavior, function, and global status in patients with vascular cognitive impairment.Data sources: The initial literature search was performed with PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Methodology Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health(CINAHL) from inception to January 2018 for studies regarding donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and memantine for treatment of vascular cognitive impairment.Data selection: Randomized controlled trials on donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and memantine as monotherapy in the treatment of vascular cognitive impairment were included. A Bayesian network meta-analysis was conducted. Outcome measures: Efficacy was assessed by changes in scores of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale, cognitive subscale, Mini-Mental State Examination, Neuropsychiatric Inventory scores and Clinician's Interview-Based Impression of Change Scale Plus Caregiver's Input, Activities of Daily Living, the Clinical Dementia Rating scale. Safety was evaluated by mortality, total adverse events(TAEs), serious adverse events(SAEs), nausea, vomiting. diarrhea, or cerebrovascular accidents(CVAs). Results: After screening 1717 citations, 12 randomized controlled trials were included. Donepezil and rivastigmine(mean difference(e) = –0.77, 95% confidence interval(CI): 0.25–1.32; MD = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.18–1.79) were significantly more effective than placebo in reducing Mini-Mental State Examination scores. Donepezil, galantamine, and memantine(MD = –1.30, 95% CI: –2.27 to –0.42; MD = –1.67, 95% CI: –3.36 to –0.06; MD = –2.27, 95% CI: –3.91 to –0.53) showed superior benefits on the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–cognitive scores compared with placebo. Memantine(MD = 2.71, 95% CI: 1.05–7.29) improved global status(Clinician's Interview-Based Impression of Change Scale Plus Caregiver's Input) more than the placebo. Safety results revealed that donepezil 10 mg(odds ratio(OR) = 3.04, 95% CI: 1.86–5.41) contributed to higer risk of adverse events than placebo. Galantamine(OR = 5.64, 95% CI: 1.31–26.71) increased the risk of nausea. Rivastigmine(OR = 16.80, 95% CI: 1.78–319.26) increased the risk of vomiting. No agents displayed a significant risk of serious adverse events, mortality, cerebrovascular accidents, or diarrhea.Conclusion: We found significant efficacy of donepezil, galantamine, and memantine on cognition. Memantine can provide significant efficacy in global status. They are all safe and well tolerated.

Study of testability measurement method for equipment based on Bayesian network model

To analyze and evaluate the testability design of equipment, a testability analysis method based on Bayesian network inference model is proposed in the paper. The model can adequately apply testability information and many uncertainty information of design and maintenance process, so it can analyze testability by and large from Bayesian inference. The detailed procedure to analyze and evaluate testability for equipments by Bayesian network is given in the paper. Its modeling process is simple, its formulation is visual, and the analysis results are more reliable than others. Examples prove that the analysis method based on Bayesian network inference can be applied to testability analysis and evaluation for complex equipments.

Learning Bayesian network parameters under new monotonic constraints

When the training data are insufficient, especially when only a small sample size of data is available, domain knowledge will be taken into the process of learning parameters to improve the performance of the Bayesian networks. In this paper, a new monotonic constraint model is proposed to represent a type of common domain knowledge. And then, the monotonic constraint estimation algorithm is proposed to learn the parameters with the monotonic constraint model. In order to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm, series of experiments are carried out. The experiment results show that the proposed algorithm is able to obtain more accurate parameters compared to some existing algorithms while the complexity is not the highest.

Clustering routing algorithm of wireless sensor networks based on Bayesian game

To avoid uneven energy consuming in wireless sen- sor networks, a clustering routing model is proposed based on a Bayesian game. In the model, Harsanyi transformation is introduced to convert a static game of incomplete information to the static game of complete but imperfect information. In addition, the existence of Bayesian nash equilibrium is proved. A clustering routing algorithm is also designed according to the proposed model, both cluster head distribution and residual energy are considered in the design of the algorithm. Simulation results show that the algorithm can balance network load, save energy and prolong network lifetime effectively.

Fuzzy-support vector machine geotechnical risk analysis method based on Bayesian network

Machine learning method has been widely used in various geotechnical engineering risk analysis in recent years. However, the overfitting problem often occurs due to the small number of samples obtained in history. This paper proposes the FuzzySVM(support vector machine) geotechnical engineering risk analysis method based on the Bayesian network. The proposed method utilizes the fuzzy set theory to build a Bayesian network to reflect prior knowledge, and utilizes the SVM to build a Bayesian network to reflect historical samples. Then a Bayesian network for evaluation is built in Bayesian estimation method by combining prior knowledge with historical samples. Taking seismic damage evaluation of slopes as an example, the steps of the method are stated in detail. The proposed method is used to evaluate the seismic damage of 96 slopes along roads in the area affected by the Wenchuan earthquake. The evaluation results show that the method can solve the overfitting problem, which often occurs if the machine learning methods are used to evaluate risk of geotechnical engineering, and the performance of the method is much better than that of the previous machine learning methods. Moreover,the proposed method can also effectively evaluate various geotechnical engineering risks in the absence of some influencing factors.