A real-time beam loss monitoring system for storage ring of SSRF

In this paper we report the real-time beam loss monitoring (BLM) system at the storage ring of SSRF.The BLM-XS detectors and Ethernet data acquisition system are used in this system.Some applications and experiments of the BLM system are also presented.The BLM system provides dynamic information of beam loss for the storage ring,and is helpful to ensure the facility commissioning,investigate the problems of machine,optimize the machine parameters and further increase the beam lifetime.

Neutron penetration in labyrinths under different beam losses

Multiple analytical methods and Monte Carlo simulations were performed to evaluate neutron penetration in straight and curved labyrinths. Factors studied included variations in beam losses of off-axis point source,on-axis point source,and line source. For the straight labyrinth, it was found that the analytical expressions neglect the dose rate platform appearing at the bend of the labyrinth, and the agreement between analytical methods and Monte Carlo estimation was related to the type of neutron source term. For the curved labyrinth, the neutron attenuation length obtained under different conditions was nearly identical and appeared to be in quite good accord with the empirical formula calculation. Moreover, the neutron energy spectra along the centerline distance of the labyrinth were also analyzed. In the first leg, differences in beam loss led to variance in the distribution of spectra,while in the second and subsequent legs, the spectra were similar, where the main contributors were thermal neutrons. This work is valuable for practical design of the labyrinths in the accelerator facilities.

Beam Loss Monitoring System of BEPCⅡ and Its First Application

The beam lifetime is an important parameter and it can affect the operation of the storage ring.By using the beam loss monitoring system,it can provide some explanation for the beam loss,to Optimize the machine parameters and to further increase the beam lifetime.In this article,a beam loss detecting system for BEPCⅡis introduced.The system is composed of the front-end electronics,the CAN bus and DAQ.Finally,the first application of the beam loss detection system for BEPCⅡis presented too.

Design and construction of the first prototype ionization chamber for CSNS and PA beam loss monitor (BLM) system

Design and construction of the first prototype ionization chamber for CSNS and Proton Accelerator （PA） beam loss monitor （BLM） system is reported. The low leakage current （〈0.1 pA）, good plateau （≈800 V） and linearity range up to 200 Roentgen/h are obtained in the first prototype. All of these give us good experience for further improving the ionization chamber construction.

Study on the radiation problem caused by electron beam loss in accelerator tubes

The beam dynamic code PARMELA was used to simulate the transportation process of accelerating electrons in S-band SW linacs with different energies of 2.5, 6 and 20 MeV. The results indicated that in the ideal condition, the percentage of electron beam loss was 50% in accelerator tubes. Also we calculated the spectrum, the location and angular distribution of the lost electrons. Calculation performed by Monte Carlo code MCNP demonstrated that the radiation distribution of lost electrons was nearly uniform along the tube axis, the angular distributions of the radiation dose rates of the three tubes were similar, and the highest leaking dose was at the angle of 160° with respect to the axis. The lower the energy of the accelerator, the higher the radiation relative leakage. For the 2.5 MeV accelerator, the maximum dose rate reached 5% of the main dose and the one on the head of the electron gun was 1%, both of which did not meet the eligible protection requirement for accelerators. We adopted different shielding designs for different accelerators. The simulated result showed that the shielded radiation leaking dose rates fulfilled the requirement.

Monitoring system experiments on beam loss at SSRF injector

Experiments on beam loss by using beam loss monitoring (BLM) system were carried out at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) injector. This system used highly sensitive and current-integrated Si-photodiode detectors and an Ethernet data acquisition (DAQ) system. The experimental results demonstrate that the Si-photodiode detectors are a useful tool that provides dynamic information on beam loss and investigates problems of machine operation. It also shows that the Si-photodiode BLM system is suitable for pulse-radiation of high-energy accelerators.

Simulations of Neutral Beam Ion Ripple Loss on EAST

Predictions on the ripple loss of neutral beam fast ions on EAST are investigated with a guiding center code, including both ripple and collisional effects. A 6% to 16% loss of neutral beam ions is predicted for typical EAST experiments, and a synergistic enhancement of fast ion loss is found for toroidal field （TF） ripples with collisions. The lost ions are strongly localized and will cause a maximum heat load of - 0.05 MW/m^2 on the first wall.

Numerical and Experimental Evaluation of Shine-Through Loss and Beam Heating Due to Neutral Beam Injection on EAST

This research applies experimental measurements and NUBEAM,ONETWO and TRANSP modules to investigate the shine-through(ST)loss ratio and beam heating percentage of neutral beam injection on EAST.Measurements and simulations confirm that the ST loss ratio increases linearly with beam energy,and decreases exponentially with plasma density.Moreover,using the multi-step fitting method,we present analytical quantitative expressions of ST loss ratio and beam heating percentage,which are valuable for the high parameter long-pulse experiments of EAST.

H-Beam Stripping Loss at Background Partial Pressure of Ar

It has been observed that H^- current could be improved by adding Ar to H2 plasma. But due to a slower pumping speed for Ar with the existing pumping scheme, the tank pressure will increase quickly during the length of a beam pulse. Since H^- stripping loss depends on the tank pressure and gas species, part of the H^- beam can be converted to H^0 and then H^0 can be converted into H^＋ with background H2 and Ar gas thickness. Therefore, the H^- beam current, measured by a Faraday cup, situated at a distance L from GG （ground grid）, will decrease because it will be converted into a H^＋ current. This gives a ratio of the Faraday cup net current to the H^- beam current before stripping at background partial pressure of Ar.

Analysis of the Pipe Heat Loss of the Water Flow Calorimetry System in EAST Neutral Beam Injector

Neutral beam injection heating is one of the main auxiliary heating methods in controllable nuclear fusion research. In the EAST neutral beam injector, a water flow calorimetry （WFC） system is applied to measure the heat load on the electrode system of the ion source and the heat loading components of the beamline. Due to the heat loss in the return water pipe, there are some measuring errors for the current WFC system. In this paper, the errors were measured experimentally and analyzed theoretically, which lay a basis for the exact calculation of beam power deposition distribution and neutralization efficiency.

CBCT测量解剖参数在上颌第一磨牙缺失患者种植术前的临床应用价值

目的探究应用锥形束CT(CBCT)测量解剖参数在上颌第一磨牙缺失患者种植术前的临床应用价值。方法选取2022年5月至2024年5月中日友好医院收治的上颌第一磨牙缺失且拍摄CBCT的89例患者,比较不同性别、年龄、缺失侧、缺失时间上颌第一磨牙缺失患者残余牙槽嵴的高度和宽度的差异,并观察患者上颌窦外侧壁血管分型。结果不同年龄、缺失侧、缺失时间上颌第一磨牙缺失患者残余牙槽嵴的高度和宽度比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同性别上颌第一磨牙缺失患者残余牙槽嵴的高度比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),上颌第一磨牙缺失男性患者残余牙槽嵴的宽度大于女性患者[(9.0±2.7)mm比(7.5±2.0)mm](P<0.01);在89例上颌第一磨牙缺失患者的178侧上颌窦中,69.10%(123/178)的上颌窦外侧壁存在血管,其中骨内型占比最高,为70.73%(87/123)。结论CBCT可用于测量残余牙槽嵴的高度和宽度以及评估上颌窦外侧壁血管分型,可为种植术提供相关的术前指导。

Influence of spherical aberrations on fundamental mode beam quality under different laser resonators

Spherical aberrations of the thermal lens of the active media are severe when solid state lasers are strongly pumped. The fundamental mode profile deteriorates due to the aberrations. Self-consistent modes of a resonator with aberrations are calculated by using the Fox-Li diffraction iterative algorithm. Calculation results show that the aberration induced fundamental mode beam quality deterioration depends greatly on the resonator design. The tolerance of a flat-flat resonator to the aberration coefficient is about 30λ in the middle of stability, where λ is the wavelength of laser beam. But for a dynamically stable resonator, 2λ of spherical aberration will create diffraction loss of more than 40%, if inappropriate design criteria are used. A birefringence compensated laser resonator with two Nd：YAG rods is experimentally studied. The experimental data are in quite good agreement with simulation results.

Influences of Installment Tensioning Technology on Bearing Capacity of Rectangular Prestressed Concrete Beam

To obtain the relationship between use of installment tensioning technology and the bearing capacity of prestressed concrete beams, tensile and cyclic loading tests are conducted on five rectangular prestressed concreted specimens. Two types of prestressed tensioning methods are adopted in the tests, one uses installment tensioning technology to tension beams on days 4, 12, and 8, 12, respectively, and the other adopts the conventional method to tension the beam on day 28 only. The age of concrete, number of times tensioned, and the prestress value of early tensioning are considered in tests. Results show that use of installment tensioning technology has no effect on the bending failure pattern of prestressed concrete beams, but it reduces prestress loss and increases crack and yield loads. © 2017, Tianjin University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

基于缩尺模型的高铁桥梁预应力损失试验研究

【目的】为更好的评估在役预应力混凝土桥梁结构预应力损失状况。【方法】选用国内高铁中应用最广的32 m预应力混凝土箱梁作为研究对象,按照1:16的缩尺比例将箱梁转化为T形截面制作了26根C50混凝土试验模型梁。通过对试验梁预应力钢绞线应变、伸长量的瞬时和长期监测得到预应力损失的实际值,并将此实际值与目前国内外常用预应力损失规范计算所得值进行对比分析。【结果】预应力损失主要发生在前期即瞬时损失,约占总损失的70%;84.6%的试验梁锚固损失占瞬时损失总和的70%以上,最高达80.57%;试验梁的长期损失在锚固后的前10 d内变化较快,后期逐渐趋于稳定;将5种规范的计算结果与试验实测值进行对比,对于长期损失,数据显示实测数据与《铁路桥涵设计规范》(TB 10002—2017)计算结果最为吻合。【结论】研究结果可为实际工程中预应力梁的预应力损失计算提供参考。

汽轮发电机转子绕组匝间短路故障恶化的影响因素研究

转子绕组匝间短路是大型同步发电机的常见故障,在发电机的电气故障中占据了较高的比例,也是影响机组安全运行的主要原因之一。本文针对转子绕组匝间短路伴随的局部过热问题,分别研究了短路点过渡电阻、短路点电流集束效应以及短路点的反复通断过程对其的影响。以一台300MW汽轮发电机为例,仿真获取了短路回路电流和功率损耗、短路点附近励磁电流密度以及被短路回路的暂态电压规律。本研究为确定转子绕组匝间短路故障的过热现象原因奠定了理论基础,也为进一步研究故障演化过程提供了分析思路。

利用质子能损诊断部分电离等离子体靶中的束缚电子密度

部分电离等离子体是惯性约束聚变燃料及天体等离子体中的重要组成部分,该等离子体的输运及流体力学等性质受到束缚电子的显著影响,然而当前基于光谱学的技术手段难以对其进行高精度诊断.本文基于中国科学院近代物理研究所低能离子束与等离子体相互作用实验平台,精确测量了100 ke V质子束穿过部分电离氢等离子体靶后的能损,该能损是质子同靶区内自由电子与束缚电子碰撞共同作用的结果.利用已有的能损理论模型,结合激光干涉诊断获得的自由电子密度信息,最终得到了部分电离氢等离子体靶中沿离子路径上的束缚电子密度,并给出了该等离子体的离化度参数.该离子束诊断技术具有在线、原位、分辨率高等优势,为解决部分电离等离子体内部束缚电子密度的诊断问题提供了新的途径.

低NA大模场光纤高耦合效率模场适配器

为提高低数值孔径大模场光纤与单模光纤的耦合效率,并提高输出光束的光束质量,结合加热扩芯技术和大模场光纤拉锥技术实现二者的模场匹配。基于粒子扩散和绝热拉锥方程分别建立了热扩芯光纤和锥形大模场光纤的理论模型,并仿真了其模场分布和传输特性,优化了器件的结构及制备参数。采用数值孔径分别为0.06和0.05的商用和自制的锥形大模场光纤与无附加损耗的热扩芯光纤,制备得到两款模场适配器。分别对器件的插入损耗和光束质量因子进行了实验测试,基于数值孔径分别为0.06和0.05的大模场光纤的模场适配器的正向插入损耗分别为0.29 dB和0.23 dB,正反向损耗差值分别为0.19 dB和0.06 dB,输出光束的质量因子分别为1.26和1.15。仿真和实验结果表明,低数值孔径的大模场光纤对于高阶模式的抑制能力更强且受到纤芯偏移和角度偏移影响更小。基于数值孔径为0.05的大模场光纤的模场适配器具有更高的耦合效率和光束质量,在高功率光纤激光器中有广泛运用前景。

基于机器视觉的预制节段梁锈迹检测

传统的预制节段梁上的锈迹缺陷检测是依靠人工来进行识别,存在安全风险较高、检测的效率低、准确率不稳定等问题。为解决这些问题,提出了一种基于改进YOLOv5s的预制节段梁锈迹检测算法,在骨干网络模块中添加通道注意力和空间注意力融合的注意力机制(convolutional block attention module,CBAM),增强对特征的提取能力;在颈部网络模块中融合了双向加权特征金字塔网络结构(bi-directional feature pyramid network,BiFPN),提高网络的检测能力;用有效交并比损失函数EIoU与可以对损失函数进行幂次运算的Alpha-IoU进行结合,产生Alpha-EIoU损失函数替换完全交并比损失函数CIoU,降低损失值并进一步提高模型整体性能。试验结果表明,改进后的算法相较于原YOLOv5s算法,在准确率、召回率、mAP@0.5和mAP@0.5∶0.95等指标上分别提升了2.8%、3.0%、2.0%和5.4%,且没有增加过多的参数。经过三维建模软件3dsMax设计的虚拟场景的验证,该算法能在各种背景中达到理想的识别精度,有较强的鲁棒性,对于实现在预制节段梁锈迹检测上的部署有重要的理论意义和工程价值。

后张梁锚固损失计算方法的改进

文章通过与已有文献锚固损失试验值和现行桥梁规范计算结果进行对比,得出结论:锚固损失理论值与试验值吻合较好,相对误差最大为5.09%.与锚固损失理论值相比,铁路桥规计算结果相对误差最大为-5.11%,公路桥规计算结果相对误差最大为-108.42%,混凝土结构设计规范计算结果相对误差为92.43%,公路桥规和混凝土结构设计规范计算结果出现失真现象;与反摩阻影响长度理论值相比,铁路桥规和公路桥规计算结果相对误差保持在7%左右,混凝土结构设计规范计算结果相对误差可达68.60%.针对公路桥规锚固损失计算结果的不合理性,建议在公路桥涵混凝土结构设计中锚固损失采用铁路桥规计算公式.

蒸汽养护小箱梁锚下预应力损失研究

与常规梁场对比,智慧化梁厂采用"移动台座+液压模板+蒸汽养护"的施工工艺,以某高速公路(二期)TJ05标智慧化梁厂小箱梁蒸汽养护为依托,研究小箱梁锚下有效应力在2+0、2+1、2+3和自然养护4种养护工艺下,测定小箱梁预应力在60天内的损失,采集、分析数据,结论如下:①预应力钢束张拉完成后,早期的预应力损失速率较快,随后越来越慢,在60天左右基本趋于平稳,有效预应力变化在设计值的2.8%~8.4%。②试验梁在张拉完成后锚下预应力随每日温度变化而上下波动,总体变化情况较平缓,蒸汽养护工艺与自然养护工艺波动趋势类似。