Analysis and optimization of stamping and forming process of bearing outer ring

To address the common issues of wrinkling,tearing,and uneven wall thickness in the actual sheet metal stamp-ing process of the outer ring of needle roller bearings,this study analyzes critical technical indicators such asforming limits,thickness distribution,and principal strains in the forming process in detail.Three-dimensionalmodels of the concave and convex dies were constructed.The effects of different process parameters,includingstamping speed,edge pressure,sheet metal thickness,and friction coefficient,on the quality of the forming partswere investigated by varying these parameters.Subsequently,the orthogonal experimental method was used todetermine an optimal experimental group from multiple sets of experiments.It was found that under the processparameters of a stamping speed of 3000 mm/s,edge pressure of 2000 N,sheet metal thickness of 0.9 mm,andfriction coefficient of 0.125,the forming quality of the outer ring of the bearing is ideal.

Numerical investigation of microtexturing rings＇ structure on the friction performance of bearing cells

We presented a numerical examination of the effect of microtexturing negative rings' structure on the tribological performance of parallel bearing couples' cell. Three mcirotexturing rings, which are circle, square and ellipse, were chosen and the analysis model were established. We used the Reynolds equation coupled with finite difference method and successive over relaxation Gauss-Seidel iterative method to solve the Newtonian flow's hydrodynamics within a bearing couple. The effect of texture density and radius ratio(thickness) of the microtexturing rings were investigated on the tribological performance under the similar operating conditions. The numerical simulation reveals that: 1) The microtexturing rings' structure can homogenize the local pressure much uniformly within the bearing cell. 2) The tribological performance is determined mainly by the microtexturing rings' geometry and texture density, and the thickness of the rings' structure can help to change the quantitative values. 3) The square and circle rings' s microtexturing surface can slightly improve the frictional performance with the bearing cells' gap, while the ellipse ring's surface may decrease the frictional performance. 4) The ellipse rings' microtexturing surface can achieve the minimum spacing gap but the maximum friction coefficient of the bearing couple, and then the circle and square rings' structure take the second and third place, respectively.

AERODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF CIRCULAR PLATE-SHAPED AND CIRCULAR RING-SHAPED SQUEEZE FILM BEARINGS

Aerodynamics of circular plate- and circular ring-shaped squeeze film hearings is analyzed in detail, yielding analytic expressions for the pressure distribution of these hearings. Several formulae for these hearings are modified using the developed method. The paper also gives numerical results oj pressure distribution and load-hearing capacities of these hearings.

Technology and Experiments of 42CrMo Bearing Ring Forming Based on Casting Ring Blank

Bearing ring is the crucial component of bearing. With regard to such problems as material waste, low efficiency and high energy consumption in current process of producing large bearing ring, a new process named ＂casting-rolling compound forming technology＂ is researched by taking the typical 42CrMo slew bearing as object. Through theoretical analysis, the design criteria of the main casting-rolling forming parameters are put forward at first. Then the constitutive relationship model of as-cast 42CrMo steel and its mathematical model of dynamic recrystallization are obtained according to the results of the hot compression experiment. By a coupled thermal-mechanical finite element model for radial-axial rolling of bearing ring, the fraction of dynamic recrystallization is calculated and recrystallized grains size are predicated. Meanwhile, the effects of the initial rolling temperature and feed rate of idle roll on material microstructure evolution are analyzed. Finally, the industrial rolling experiment is designed and performed, based on the simulation results. In addition, mechanical and metallographic tests are conducted on rolled bearing ring to get the mechanical parameters and metallographic structure. The experimental data and results show that the mechanical properties of bearing ring produced by casting-rolling compound forming technology are up to industrial standard, and a qualified bearing ring can be successfully formed by employing this new technology. Through the study, a process of forming large bearing ring directly by using casting ring blank is obtained, which could provide an effective theoretical guidance for manufacturing large ring parts. It also has an edge in saving material, lowering energy and improving efficiency.

Effects of Floating Ring Bearing Manufacturing Tolerance Clearances on the Dynamic Characteristics for Turbocharger

The inner and outer oil film dynamic characteristic coefficients of floating ring bearings（FRBs） change due to the manufacturing tolerance of the floating ring, journal and intermediate, which leads to high-speed turbocharger＇s vibration too large and even causes nonlinear vibration accident. However, the investigation of floating ring bearing manufacturing tolerance clearance on the rotordynamic characteristics is less at present. In order to study the influence law of inner and outer clearance on turbocharger vibration, the rotor dynamic motion equations of turbocharger supported in FRBs are derived by analyzing the size relations between floating ring, journal and intermediate for the inner and outer oil film clearances, the time transient response analysis for combination of FRBs clearance are developed. A realistic turbocharger is taken as a research object, the FE model of the turbocharger with FRBs is modeled. Under the conditions of four kinds of limit state bearing clearances for inner and outer oil film, the nonlinear transient analyses are performed based on the established FE dynamic models of the nonlinear rotor-FRBs system applied incentive combinations of gravity and unbalance force, respectively. From the waterfall, the simulation results show that the speed for the appearance of fractional frequency is not identical and the amplitude magnitude is different under the four kinds of bearing manufacturing tolerance limit clearances, and fractional frequency does not appear in the turbocharger and the amplitude is minimum under the ODMin/IDMax bearing manufacturing tolerance clearances. The turbocharger vibration is reduced by controlling the manufacturing tolerance clearance combinations of FRBs, which is helpful for the dynamic design and production-manufacturing of high-speed turbocharger.

Effects of Semi-floating Ring Bearing Outer Clearance on the Subsynchronous Oscillation of Turbocharger Rotor

Semi-floating ring bearing（SFRB） is developed to control the vibration of turbocharger rotor. The outer clearance of SFRB affects the magnitude and frequency of nonlinear whirl motion, which is significant for the design of turbocharger. In order to explore the effects of outer clearance, a transient finite element analysis program for rotor and oil film bearing is built and validated by a published experimental case. The nonlinear dynamic behaviors ofrotor-SFRB system are simulated. According to the simulation results, two representative subsynchronous oscillations excited by the two hearings respectively are discovered. As the outer clearance of SFRB increases from 24 ~tm to 60 pro, the low-frequency subsynchronous oscillation experiences three steps, including a strong start, a gradual recession and a combination with the other one. At the same time, the high-frequency subsynchronous oscillation starts to appear gradually, then strengthens, and finally combines. If gravity and unbalance are neglected, the combination will start starts from high rotor speed and extents to low rotor speed, just like a ＂zipper＂. It is found from the quantitative analysis that when the outer clearance increases, the vibration amplitude experiences large value firstly, then reduction, and suddenly increasing after combination. A useful design principle of SFRB outer clearance for minimum vibration amplitude is proposed： the outer clearance value should be chosen to keep the frequency of two subsynchronous oscillations clearly separated and their amplitudes close.

The Petrological and Geochemical Evolution of Ediacaran Rare-Metal Bearing A-type Granites from the Jabal Aja Complex, Northern Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia

New fieldwork, mineralogical and geochemical data and interpretations are presented for the rare-metal bearing A-type granites of the Aja intrusive complex(AIC) in the northern segment of the Arabian Shield. This complex is characterized by discontinuous ring-shaped outcrops cut by later faulting. The A-type rocks of the AIC are late Neoproterozoic post-collisional granites, including alkali feldspar granite, alkaline granite and peralkaline granite. They represent the outer zones of the AIC, surrounding a core of older rocks including monzogranite, syenogranite and granophyre granite. The sharp contacts between A-type granites of the outer zone and the different granitic rocks of the inner zone suggest that the AIC was emplaced as different phases over a time interval, following complete crystallization of earlier batches. The A-type granites represent the late intrusive phases of the AIC, which were emplaced during tectonic extension, as shown by the emplacement of dykes synchronous with the granite emplacement and the presence of cataclastic features. The A-type granites consist of K-feldspars, quartz, albite, amphiboles and sodic pyroxene with a wide variety of accessory minerals, including Fe-Ti oxides, zircon, allanite, fluorite, monazite, titanite, apatite, columbite, xenotime and epidote. They are highly evolved(71.3–75.8 wt% SiO2) and display the typical geochemical characteristics of post-collisional, within-plate granites. They are rare-metal granites enriched in total alkalis, Nb, Zr, Y, Ga, Ta, REE with low CaO, MgO, Ba, and Sr. Eu-negative anomalies(Eu/Eu* = 0.17–0.37) of the A-type granites reflect extreme magmatic fractionation and perhaps the effects of late fluid-rock interactions. The chemical characteristics indicate that the A-type granites of the AIC represent products of extreme fractional crystallization involving alkali feldspar, quartz and, to a lesser extent, ferromagnesian minerals. The parent magma was derived from the partial melting of a juvenile crustal protolith with a mantle contribution. Accumulation of residual volatile-rich melt and exsolved fluids in the late stage of the magma evolution produced pegmatite and quartz veins that cut the peripheries of the AIC. Post-magmatic alteration related to the final stages of the evolution of the A-type granitic magma, indicated by alterations of sodic amphibole and sodic pyroxene, hematitization and partial albitization.

The Effect of Pivot Bearing Assembly Process on Natural Frequency of Actuator Arm

This paper presents the study of vibration in each element of hard disk drive, especially the resonance of the actuator arm. The resonance occurs in hard disk drive is considered as one of the quality controlled parameter. The main purpose of the research is to investigate the relationship between the pivot bearing assembly process and the natural frequency of the actuator arm. The experiment is designed using the information from the hard disk drive manufacturer. The selected pivot bearing assembly process parameters have been controlled. The modal analysis of the assembled actuator arms has been done. The experiment results show the relationship of the specific process parameters and some of the actuator arm＇s modal frequency. The results also show that the affected vibration mode is the torsion mode only.

Suggestions for Sintering Technologies of High Cr_2O_3 Bearing Refractories Based on Thermodynamic Calculation

Cr2O3 can be sintered well at 1500℃ in carbonembedded condition or H2 atmosphere. But the high chrome bearing refractories can not reach densification when sintered at 1 700℃ .for 10 h in weak reducing atmosphere formed by the combustion of fuel, and its ap- parent porosity is about 18%. The high chrome bearing refractories are mainly used in coal gasifiers. The temperature in the furnace is about 1 500℃ and the products are H2 and CO, which are just the sintering conditions of the dense chrome refractories with apparent porosity less than 10%. The high chrome bearing refractories used in coal gasifiers may be sintered again and then shrink, destroying the gasifier lining. The thermodynamic calculation shows that it is safe about the high chrome bearing refractories used in gasifiers. It is also explained that the high chrome bearing refractories can＇t be sintered densely in weak reducing atmosphere formed by the combustion of fuel. The new sintering technologies can be used to improve the bulk density of the high chrome bearing refractories.

滚子与内圈打滑行为诱导的振动特性

针对滚子打滑试验研究困难的问题,通过分析滚子-内圈运动副的相对运动关系得出运动副振动特征频率的计算公式,在此基础上开展打滑试验,提取滚子纯滚动、打滑状态下的振动信号并采用短时傅里叶变换进行时频域分析,结果表明:滚子打滑会诱发一定的振动响应,其频率与滚子、内圈的转动频率相关,理论计算结果与试验结果较为吻合,可用于测算滚子打滑程度;滚子由纯滚动状态转变为打滑状态或由打滑状态转变为纯滚动状态时,纵向、切向振动的幅值均会发生突变,切向振动信号占主要成分且幅值更大。

考虑外圈变形和轴承座支承作用的球轴承动力学研究

高速、重载或薄壁球轴承等情况下的外圈结构弹性变形和柔性外圈与轴承座的配合支承特性对轴承及其系统的动力学性能有着重要的影响。采用等效刚体单元和Timoshenko梁单元建立了柔性外圈等效力学模型,考虑钢球与柔性外圈的分段滚道之间、柔性外圈与轴承座之间的动态接触作用,建立了计及外圈结构弹性变形和轴承座支承作用的球轴承多体接触动力学模型。运用广义-α方法计算分析了外圈弹性变形和轴承座支承作用对轴承载荷分布规律和动态配合特性的影响规律,获得了不同配合间隙、内部游隙、外圈厚度和径向力等因素下球轴承的动态作用力、载荷分布角和相对位移等动力学结果。结果表明:外圈增加至一定厚度,球轴承内部载荷分布与刚性套圈理论具有很好的一致性,刚性外圈与刚性轴承座的支承接触区域相对较小;随着外圈壁厚的减小,柔性外圈与轴承座的支承接触力逐渐由平滑曲线变为典型的多点极值和非光滑分布的动态变化规律,且相邻极值的差值,随着外圈壁厚的减小,配合间隙、内部游隙和径向力的增加而明显增加;随着配合间隙或内部游隙增大,球轴承载荷分布范围和轴承座的支承接触区域总体上呈现减小趋势;不同的配合间隙、内部游隙或径向载荷下薄壁外圈更容易发生近似对称的压缩、扩张、拉伸或压扁等不同形式的结构弹性变形。提出的动力学模型为滚动轴承及其系统的动力学研究和动态设计提供新方法。

大型轴承套圈超声相控阵曲面自适应聚焦与多通道自动化检测方法

大型轴承套圈作为风电、轨道交通、工程机械领域装备的关键部件,其制造过程中产生的裂纹、夹渣、孔洞等缺陷会严重影响装备整机的服役性能与质量安全。针对大型轴承套圈尺寸大和结构复杂等特点,研究了液固耦合曲面结构中阵列声场分布规律和超声相控阵曲面自适应聚焦法则,给出了大型轴承套圈超声相控阵分区检测方法,开发了大型轴承套圈超声相控阵自动化检测系统,对直径2958 mm的某型风电轴承套圈进行自动化检测应用验证,可有效检出套圈曲面试块的横通孔缺陷和套圈的平底孔缺陷。

井底压力下牙轮钻头浮动套轴承性能分析

为了探究井底压力下215.9 mm牙轮钻头浮动套轴承的平衡转速比、摩擦学性能、油膜压力分布随内外间隙比的变化规律,修正了考虑浮动套轴承实际井下环境压力和牙轮钻头密封压差的Reynolds边界条件,利用MATLAB中的PDE Toolbox对浮动套轴承Reynolds方程进行数值求解,分析内外间隙比对浮动套轴承平衡转速比、油膜压力及摩擦因数的影响规律,结果表明:当环境压力为60 MPa、密封压差为20 MPa时,随内外间隙比增加,浮动套平衡转速比呈现先增大后减小的趋势;以轴承的摩擦因数和油膜压力作为综合评价指标,钻头浮动套轴承内外间隙比为2.0时,轴承的摩擦因数较小,油膜压力较高,其轴承综合性能较优;而当浮动套轴承内外间隙比为2.0时,随着环境压力的升高,浮动套轴承的摩擦扭矩和摩擦因数增加,从而加剧轴承的磨损。该研究为牙轮钻头浮动套轴承的结构参数优化及性能提升提供了基础理论支撑。

航发轴承套圈电磁辅助轧制成形残余应力和组织演变

8Cr4Mo4V轴承钢被广泛应用于航空发动机主轴轴承,其热轧成形过程中易出现晶粒粗大等缺陷,导致强韧性不足。冷轧成形可实现晶粒细化,提高轴承钢的综合力学性能,具有巨大应用潜力,但8Cr4Mo4V轴承钢的碳含量和合金含量较高,冷轧过程中易产生微纳损伤和应力集中等缺陷。提出了电磁能场辅助轴承钢冷轧成形的创新技术思路,研究电磁辅助轧制对8Cr4Mo4V轴承钢残余应力和组织演变的影响。结果表明,电磁辅助轧制可调控轴承钢位错密度,减少碳化物与相界处的位错缠结,使残余应力均匀化并提高拉伸性能,实现8Cr4Mo4V轴承钢细晶低损伤成形。

圆柱滚子轴承滚子对数修形优化研究

为了提高轴承的疲劳寿命,采用Romax Designer工程分析软件,在充分考虑径向游隙和内外圈相对倾斜量(影响轴承寿命的主要因素)对修形效果影响的基础上,对某大兆瓦风电机组齿轮箱输出轴轴承进行了对数修形优化分析。首先,对国际标准ISO/TS 16281寿命计算方法进行了简要分析;然后,对不同径向游隙情况下对数修形的效果进行了分析;最后,对不同内外圈相对倾斜量情况下对数修形的效果进行了分析。研究结果表明:以轴承最大接触应力最小为优化目标和以国际标准ISO/TS 16281寿命最长为优化目标的轴承对数修形,其最佳修形量不同,相应的ISO/TS 16281寿命有很大不同;在该轴承的具体条件下,以ISO/TS 16281寿命最长为优化目标的最佳修形凸度量对应的ISO/TS 16281寿命比以最大接触应力最小为优化目标的最佳修形凸度量对应的ISO/TS 16281寿命长2.39%~10.63%;以ISO/TS 16281寿命最长为优化目标的最佳修形凸度量对应的ISO/TS 16281寿命比未修形的ISO/TS 16281寿命长111.47%~1054.88%,建议以ISO/TS 16281寿命最长为优化目标对轴承进行修形优化设计。该研究结果可为滚子类轴承的优化设计提供参考。

基于自适应ROI的轴承内圈高精度视觉尺寸检测

针对机器视觉轴承内圈侧面复杂形状尺寸检测精度低的问题,提出根据检测目标建立小面积感兴趣区域(Region of Interest,ROI)的自适应选取方法和基于Zernike矩的ROI亚像素级边缘提取方法,大幅提升了轴承内圈尺寸的检测精度。首先分别拍摄轴承内圈左侧与右侧轮廓图像,对图像进行预处理。在此基础上,通过角点检测融合像素扫描的方法实现自适应ROI选取,解决了因轴承内圈移动引起的小面积ROI边缘误判问题;使用Canny算子提取ROI的像素级边缘,再用改进的Zernike矩算法得到亚像素级边缘。最后,分别对ROI中提取的边缘进行最小二乘圆拟合和直线拟合,根据像素当量与视场间隔将图像中各尺寸转换为轴承内圈实际尺寸。实验结果表明:所提方法测量的标准不确定度低于0.005 mm,满足轴承尺寸高精度检测的要求,对于实现轴承检测的自动化有实际意义。

THE ENDOMORPHISM RINGS OF SOME MODULES

In this paper,we use rB,lM,SM,Iu to determine some relationships between the structure of the module M and the stracture of the ring B for a double RMs,where M is a faithful module,If B=End (RM),then we get some proper ties of the endomorphism ring of the modules.

轴承套圈内圆切入磨早期颤振在线监测方法

为弥补轴承套圈内圆切入磨颤振在早期识别中的特征量选取和智能算法模型方面的不足,提出了基于均方频率和能量熵结合人工蜂群(artifical bee colony,简称ABC)优化支持向量机(support vector machine,简称SVM)的方法。首先,将轴承套圈内圆切入磨过程中的声发射、振动信号通过提取特征方法,获得能量熵、时域参数、能量占比和均方频率4个特征参数;其次,将4个特征参数两两组成特征向量导入SVM,利用准确度、Kappa系数和混淆矩阵分析结果;最后,将均方频率和能量熵导入不同智能算法进行监测分析。结果表明,均方频率和能量熵组成的特征向量对轴承套圈内圆切入磨早期颤振识别效果最优,同时结合ABC-SVM,识别效果可达100%,为在线监测轴承套圈内圆切入磨早期颤振提供了有效方法。

控制轴承套圈热处理脱碳层深度的方法

在轴承套圈的马氏体分级盐浴热处理中,在确保可控气氛质量的前题下,对轴承套圈在辊棒炉热处理过程中的质量控制及设备特点进行分析,重点解决质量管控难点——脱碳层深度的控制方法。

考虑加工变形的轴承环加工工艺优化研究

针对轴承环加工时不良率高的现状,经过抽样检测分析,找出造成不良品的主要原因为粗糙度不合格及加工变形。通过切削力计算和有限元分析得出轴承环加工变形量。采用正交实验法,找出最优切削参数,提高表面质量;重新设计轴承环精车专用夹具,减少加工变形量,从而降低轴承环加工的不良率。