Behavioral Decision-Making of Key Stakeholders in Public-Private Partnerships:A Hybrid Method and Benefit Distribution Study

Public-private partnerships(PPPs)have been used by governments around the world to procure and construct infrastructural amenities.It relies on private sector expertise and funding to achieve this lofty objective.However,given the uncertainties of project management,transparency,accountability,and expropriation,this phenomenon has gained tremendous attention in recent years due to the important role it plays in curbing infrastructural deficits globally.Interestingly,the reasonable benefit distribution scheme in a PPP project is related to the behavior decisionmaking of the government and social capital,aswell as the performance of the project.In this paper,the government and social capital which are the key stakeholders of PPP projects were selected as the research objects.Based on the fuzzy expected value model and game theory,a hybrid method was adopted in this research taking into account the different risk preferences of both public entities and private parties under the fuzzy demand environment.To alleviate the problem of insufficient utilization of social capital in a PPP project,this paper seeks to grasp the relationship that exists between the benefit distribution of stakeholders,their behavioral decision-making,and project performance,given that they impact the performance of both public entities and private parties,as well as assist in maximizing the overall utility of the project.Furthermore,four game models were constructed in this study,while the expected value and opportunity-constrained programming model for optimal decision-making were derived using alternate perspectives of both centralized decision-making and decentralized decision-making.Afterward,the optimal behavioral decision-making of public entities and private parties in four scenarios was discussed and thereafter compared,which led to an ensuing discussion on the benefit distribution system under centralized decision-making.Lastly,based on an example case,the influence of different confidence levels,price,and fuzzy uncertainties of PPP projects on the equilibrium strategy results of both parties were discussed,giving credence to the effectiveness of the hybrid method.The results indicate that adjusting different confidence levels yields different equilibriumpoints,and therefore signposts that social capital has a fair perception of opportunities,as well as identifies reciprocal preferences.Nevertheless,we find that an increase in the cost coefficient of the government and social capital does not inhibit the effort of both parties.Our results also indicate that a reasonable benefit distribution of PPP projects can assist them in realizing optimum Pareto improvements over time.The results provide us with very useful strategies and recommendations to improve the overall performance of PPP projects in China.

Study On Benefit Distribution of Improved Shapley Value in Fresh Agricultural Cold Chain

This article studies the problem of fresh agricultural cold chain and constructs a comprehensive benefit distribution model with improved Shapley value.First of all,this article considers the influence of input factors,risk factors,effort level on benefit distribution,and uses the entropy method,the order relationship analysis method to determine the benefit distribution coefficient under each influence factor.Then,this article establishes a comprehensive benefit distribution model,and uses the Topsis method to calculate the weight of each participating enterprise.Finally,the simulation result shows the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed methods.The profit distribution model in this article takes into account the degree of contribution to participating enterprises to the cooperation and their satisfaction with the benefits distribution,solves the problem of unfair benefits distribution of the fresh agricultural cold chain,and thus promotes the stability of the cooperation among participating enterprises.

Research on the Development and Optimization of Financial Management and Benefit Distribution Pattern from the Perspective of Multi-Dimensional Cooperation Enterprise

In this paper, we conduct analysis on the development and optimization of financial management and the benefit distribution pattern from perspective of multi-dimensional cooperation enterprise. Financial management is the whole process of capital operation of the modern enterprise decision-making, planning and control of the management activities. Financial management is an important part of enterprise management, enterprise＇ s sustainable development requires the financial management in the central position in the management of the enterprise, according to the present our country enterprise financial management of a series of problems, in this paper, starting from the connotation of the enterprise financial management, we analyses the center of the enterprise financial management status and further puts forward some countermeasures to solve from the perspectives of the multi-dimensional cooperation which obtains the satisfactory performance.

Competitive Equilibria and Benefit Distributions of Population Production Economies with External Increasing Returns

Inspired by the work of population games,we establish the model of population production economies with external increasing returns and introduce the notion of competitive equilibria.We first prove the existence of competitive equilibria under some regular assumptions.Furthermore,we assume that there exists the cooperative behavior of different populations.By proving the existence of transferable utility(TU)core,we analyze the benefit distributions of population production economies with external increasing returns.

A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of Benefits Distribution in China-U.S. Trade during 1978-2007

The Sino-U.S. trade imbalance and the related debate on RMB appreciation have attracted much attention in recent years. Judging objectively, however, the trade imbalance does not necessarily result in an imbalance in the distribution of trade benefits. By analyzing the distribution of benefits in Sino-U.S. trade from 1978 to 2007, this paper finds that bilateral trade has brought positive benefits to both sides, differentially in terms of production and consumption. Simply put, China has gained benefits for production yet suffered in terms of consumption, whereas the opposite is true for the U.S.. Moreover, even during periods in which the U.S. experienced a trade deficit, its citizens gained larger total individual benefits than those in a period of trade surplus. We argue, therefore, that appreciation of the RMB would reduce the trade benefits for both sides by almost the same margin, bringing little benefit to the United States.

Spatial distribution prediction and benefits assessment of green manure in the Pinggu District,Beijing,based on the CLUE-S model

Green manure use in China has declined rapidly since the 1980 s with the extensive use of chemical fertilizers.The deterioration of field environments and the demand for green agricultural products have resulted in more attention to green manure.Human intervention and policy-oriented behaviors likely have large impacts on promoting green manure planting.However,little information is available regarding on where,at what rates,and in which ways（i.e.,intercropping green manure in orchards or rotating green manure in cropland） to develop green manure and what benefits could be gained by incorporating green manure in fields at the county scale.This paper presents the conversion of land use and its effects at small region extent（CLUE-S） model,which is specifically developed for the simulation of land use changes originally,to predict spatial distribution of green manure in cropland and orchards in 2020 in Pinggu District located in Beijing,China.Four types of land use for planting or not planting green manure were classified and the future land use dynamics（mainly croplands and orchards） were considered in the prediction.Two scenarios were used to predict the spatial distribution of green manure based on data from 2011：The promotion of green manure planting in orchards（scenario 1） and the promotion of simultaneous green manure planting in orchards and croplands（scenario 2）.The predictions were generally accurate based on the receiver operating characteristic（ROC） and Kappa indices,which validated the effectiveness of the CLUE-S model in the prediction.In addition,the spatial distribution of the green manure was acquired,which indicated that green manure mainly located in the orchards of the middle and southern regions of Dahuashan,the western and southern regions of Wangxinzhuang,the middle region of Shandongzhuang,the eastern region of Pinggu and the middle region of Xiagezhuang under scenario 1.Green manure planting under scenario 2 occurred in orchards in the middle region of Wangxinzhuang,and croplands in most regions of Daxingzhuang,southern Pinggu,northern Xiagezhuang and most of Mafang.The spatially explicit results allowed for the assessment of the benefits of these changes based on different economic and ecological indicators.The economic and ecological gains of scenarios 1 and 2 were 175691 900 and143000 300 CNY,respectively,which indicated that the first scenario was more beneficial for promoting the same area of green manure.These results can facilitate policies of promoting green manure and guide the extensive use of green manure in local agricultural production in suitable ways.

基于LSTM-CGAN的多微网数据驱动分布鲁棒协同优化运行策略

新能源的强烈不确定性给多微网协同运行带来了可靠性和安全性的巨大挑战。为此,提出一种基于长短期记忆(long short-term memory, LSTM)网络和条件生成对抗网络(conditional generative adversarial networks, CGAN)的多微网数据驱动两阶段分布鲁棒协同优化调度模型。首先,为更准确地描述新能源的不确定性,该模型以LSTM-CGAN生成和K-means++聚类算法削减得到的场景集作为分布鲁棒优化集合的初始新能源场景。其中CGAN网络模型使用Wasserstein距离作为判别器损失函数,以新能源日前预测值作为生成对抗网络的条件变量,并采用LSTM构建生成器和判别器。其次,提出一种基于多能点对点交易贡献率的利益分配方法,以实现合作收益的公平分配。然后,为保护各主体隐私并提高求解效率,提出一种耦合可并行计算列与约束生成(columnand constraint generation, C&CG)的交替方向乘子法(alternating direction multiplier method, ADMM)进行求解能量交易问题。算例结果表明,所提场景驱动方法生成的场景集能更准确、更有效地描述新能源的不确定性,能兼顾系统的鲁棒性、经济性和隐私性,并实现每个主体公平合理的利益分配。

Benefit allocation model of distributed photovoltaic power generation vehicle shed and energy storage charging pile based on integrated weighting-Shapley method

In this study,to develop a benefit-allocation model,in-depth analysis of a distributed photovoltaic-powergeneration carport and energy-storage charging-pile project was performed;the model was developed using Shapley integrated-empowerment benefit-distribution method.First,through literature survey and expert interview to identify the risk factors at various stages of the project,a dynamic risk-factor indicator system is developed.Second,to obtain a more meaningful risk-calculation result,the subjective and objective weights are combined,the weights of the risk factors at each stage are determined by the expert scoring method and entropy weight method,and the interest distribution model based on multi-dimensional risk factors is established.Finally,an example is used to verify the rationality of the method for the benefit distribution of the charging-pile project.The results of the example indicate that the limitations of the Shapley method can be reasonably avoided,and the applicability of the model for the benefit distribution of the charging-pile project is verified.

Countermeasures to Achieve High-quality Development of Dairy Industry in Xinjiang:A Case Study of Tianrun Dairy Industry

As a high-quality milk source base in China,Xinjiang has an innate foundation for the development of modern high-quality milk industry.In this paper,it was pointed out that the uneven distribution of interests between the upstream and downstream of the industry was the influencing factor restricting the development of modern dairy industry in Xinjiang.At the same time,the related information of Tianrun Group,which was the leading enterprise in Xinjiang,was analyzed.According to analysis,it was found that through the construction and development of large-scale,standardized and modern milk source base,balance of the upstream and downstream interests,improvement of the combination system of planting and breeding,the added value of products was enhanced and the anti risk ability of enterprises was increased.In addition,it was also pointed out that under the leadership of leading enterprises,Xinjiang would embark on the development road of modern high-quality milk industry with circular economy,resource-saving,environment-friendly,quality and efficiency,operation-saving,independent innovation and industrial integration in the future.

A Study on the Mutual Rental Model of Container Shipping Alliance Cabins based on Blockchain

As one of the main modes of capacity sharing in the shipping alliance,the essence of which is the space mutual rent transaction among members.However,under the current trading system,the sharing of capacity between shipping enterprises requires a lot of transaction costs and communication costs,cooperation efficiency is not high,and there is a certain competitive relationship between enterprises,they work for their own interests,resulting in more difficult cooperation,and blockchain consensus mechanism,intelligent contracts,distributed bookkeeping and other characteristics can solve these problems of alliance cooperation.Therefore,based on the idea of blockchain,this paper designs a model of mutual lease cooperation in shipping union cabins,gives the model and process of mutual lease transactions based on blockchain,realizes mutual trust and win-win situation among members,simulates through the combination of Hyperledger Fabric and Matlab,and verifies the applicability of blockchain to shipping alliance capacity sharing cooperation.

基于多层利益共享的虚拟电厂参与电碳市场分布鲁棒优化模型

风电和光伏的高渗透率增加了新型电力系统对灵活性资源需求.虚拟电厂作为一个特殊电厂聚合了可控分布式电源、新能源、储能、碳处理、负荷等各类资源,“对内协同”可以实现内部资源协同调控,“对外统一”可以参与外部电碳市场获利.基于此,本文创新地提出了虚拟电厂参与电碳多类市场分布鲁棒优化模型.为了刻画风电和光伏的不确定性,构造了基于Wasserstein距离的分布模糊集和基于数据驱动的误差不确定集.为了兼顾经济性和鲁棒性,考虑内部运行成本以及外部参与多类市场收益,构建了最坏分布下期望收益最大的两阶段鲁棒优化模型,并提出模型求解方法.为了保证联盟动态平衡,提出了多层利益分配方法.最后,算例分析表明:在“对内协同,对外统一”的经营模式下,有效激发虚拟电厂内各类资源的潜力,参与多个市场后获取共享利益,实现了多方互利共赢.所提模型具有数据驱动、快速求解、灵活可控、经济实用等优越性.多层利益分配方法能够简便、有效地将共享效益传导至各主体.