Geological characteristics and exploration breakthroughs of coal rock gas in Carboniferous Benxi Formation,Ordos Basin,NW China

To explore the geological characteristics and exploration potential of the Carboniferous Benxi Formation coal rock gas in the Ordos Basin,this paper presents a systematic research on the coal rock distribution,coal rock reservoirs,coal rock quality,and coal rock gas features,resources and enrichment.Coal rock gas is a high-quality resource distinct from coalbed methane,and it has unique features in terms of burial depth,gas source,reservoir,gas content,and carbon isotopic composition.The Benxi Formation coal rocks cover an area of 16×104km^(2),with thicknesses ranging from 2 m to 25 m,primarily consisting of bright and semi-bright coals with primitive structures and low volatile and ash contents,indicating a good coal quality.The medium-to-high rank coal rocks have the total organic carbon(TOC)content ranging from 33.49%to 86.11%,averaging75.16%.They have a high degree of thermal evolution(Roof 1.2%-2.8%),and a high gas-generating capacity.They also have high stable carbon isotopic values(δ13C1of-37.6‰to-16‰;δ13C2of-21.7‰to-14.3‰).Deep coal rocks develop matrix pores such as gas bubble pores,organic pores,and inorganic mineral pores,which,together with cleats and fractures,form good reservoir spaces.The coal rock reservoirs exhibit the porosity of 0.54%-10.67%(averaging 5.42%)and the permeability of(0.001-14.600)×10^(-3)μm^(2)(averaging 2.32×10^(-3)μm^(2)).Vertically,there are five types of coal rock gas accumulation and dissipation combinations,among which the coal rock-mudstone gas accumulation combination and the coal rock-limestone gas accumulation combination are the most important,with good sealing conditions and high peak values of total hydrocarbon in gas logging.A model of coal rock gas accumulation has been constructed,which includes widespread distribution of medium-to-high rank coal rocks continually generating gas,matrix pores and cleats/fractures in coal rocks acting as large-scale reservoir spaces,tight cap rocks providing sealing,source-reservoir integration,and five types of efficient enrichment patterns(lateral pinchout complex,lenses,low-amplitude structures,nose-like structures,and lithologically self-sealing).According to the geological characteristics of coal rock gas,the Benxi Formation is divided into 8 plays,and the estimated coal rock gas resources with a buried depth of more than 2000 m are more than 12.33×10^(12)m^(3).The above understandings guide the deployment of risk exploration.Two wells drilled accordingly obtained an industrial gas flow,driving the further deployment of exploratory and appraisal wells.Substantial breakthroughs have been achieved,with the possible reserves over a trillion cubic meters and the proved reserves over a hundred billion cubic meters,which is of great significance for the reserves increase and efficient development of natural gas in China.

Analysis on the Variation Characteristics of Temperature and Precipitation in Benxi Area under the Background of Climate Warming

[Objective] The research aimed to study the variation characteristics of temperature and precipitation in Benxi area under the background of climate warming.[Method] Based on the monthly mean temperature and precipitation data of four routine meteorological stations in Benxi area from 1953 to 2010,by using linear tendency rate,linear regression equation,wavelet analysis,Mann-Kendall detection and so on,the variation characteristics of temperature and precipitation under the background of climate warming in the area were analyzed.[Result] The annual average temperature during 1953-2010 in Benxi area presented rise trend,and the linear tendency rate was 0.28 ℃/10 a.It was temperature increase trend in four seasons.The temperature rise rate in winter was the maximum and was the minimum in summer.The annual rainfall presented decrease trend,and the linear tendency rate was-18.16 mm/10 a.Except in spring,it was decrease trend in other seasons.Mann-Kendall mutation detection showed that the mutation of annual average temperature in Benxi area in recent 58 years appeared in 1986.There was no mutation phenomenon in summer.Spring mutation appeared in 1974,and autumn mutation appeared in 1987.Winter mutation was in 1981.The annual and seasonal precipitation didn’t have the mutation phenomenon.The wavelet analysis found that the annual average temperature had the periodic variations of 12-14,5-6 and 2 years in Benxi area in recent 58 years.The annual rainfall had the periodic fluctuations of 8-12,5-6 and 2 years.[Conclusion] The research provided the scientific basis for exploration and sustainable development of the climate resources in the mountain area.

Analysis on the Heavy Snow Weather Process in Benxi Area

[Objective] The aim was to study the formation and development of a heavy snow in Benxi area. [Method] Based on conventional meteorological data, the formation and development of a heavy snow in Benxi area from December 4th to 5th in 2009 were analyzed from the aspects of weather situation evolution and physical quantity field feature. [Result] The heavy snow was caused by upper trough and North China cyclone. In this process, there was upper level divergence and lower level convergence over Benxi area, and it was warm at low attitude and cold at high attitude; southwest jet at low attitude transported water vapor from Bohai Sea to eastern Liaoning, which provided good water vapor condition for snow, but it didn’t reach heavy snow due to inadequate ascending force. The development of Ural Mountains high ridge played an important role in the snow process and the strengthened high ridge moving northward was beneficial to the southward movement of cold air and deepening of upper trough. Analysis on physical quantity field could provide reference for predicting beginning and ending time and strength of heavy snow. [Conclusion] The study could provide basis for the forecast of heavy snow.

New Discovery of Molar Tooth Structures in the Kangjia Formation at Benxi,Liaoning and its Significance

Objective The Jilin-Liaoning area has widely spread Meso- and Neoproterozoic sediments and is always a focused area for researching Precambrian geology. Previous study has achieved a series of results about Neoproterozoic stratigraphy in this area, but the lack of precise geochronological data and signs of stratigraphic correlation has resulted in the long controversial stratigraphic age and regional correlation. During recent years,

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SERIOUSLY POLLUTED CITIES IN CHINA——Taking Benxi City as an Example

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Height growth of Korean pine plantation sapling in Benxi, Liaoning Province, China

The height growth of Korean pine plantation was investigated for different ages of saplings in Benxi city of the eastern Liaoning, China. The sapling and seedling age were determined by branch annuals. Results show that the mean height of third- to eight-year Korean pines ranges from 13.31 cm to 111.73 cm and only 19.4% of the saplings reached the height above 130 cm. The height （Y） of eight-year-old Korean pine increases linearly with the increment of ground stem （x） （Y=3.1x＋35.15）. The relation between height and age can be described by an exponential equation. The second year after planting of the Korean pine is considered as the key period of Korean pine growth really adapting to the local environment; plantation management should be strengthened in this year. The Korean pine seedlings need two years to adapt to the local environment, thus early care and management should be taken in the second year.

Analysis of relationship between economic growth and environment in Benxi Shiqiaozi Development Zone

How to express and assess the coordination between environmental system and economic system is one crucial problem for the studies on regional sustainable development.The present study applies environmental supporting capacity (ESC) to evaluate the comparative coordination of economic development plans in a case study in Shiqiaozi Development Zone.The analysis conclusion showed the method is practicable.A new method for judging the efficiency of utilization of environmental system is also discussed in this paper.

Climate Change Tendency in Benxi City, Liaoning Province in Recent 60 Years

Based on data of temperature and precipitation in Benxi City from 1951 to 2010, variation characteristics and abrupt changes of the climate in Benxi City during recent 60 years were analyzed using linear trend and Mann-Kendall method. The results showed that annual average tem- perature in Benxi City showed an upward trend in recent 60 years, with the linear tendency rate of 0.12 ℃/10 a; average temperature in each season also showed an increasing trend, and the increase was the greatest in winter, followed by spring, autumn and summer. Annual precipitation showed a decreasing trend, as well as average precipitation in summer, autumn and winter. According to the variation characteristics of temperature and precipitation in Benxi, the climate tended to be warming and drying over the past 60 years; the temperature and precipitation had significant periodic and seasonal variations.

Analysis on Change Characteristics of Sunshine in Benxi Mountainous Area in Recent 57 Years

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the change characteristics of sunshine hours in Benxi mountainous area in recent 57 years.[Method] Based on the data of monthly sunshine hours,total cloudiness,vapor pressure and ≥0.1 mm precipitation days from Caohekou weather station during 1954-2010,by using linear tendency,Mann-Kendall method and wavelet analysis,the change characteristics of sunshine hours in Benxi mountainous area in recent 57 years were analyzed,as well as the possible climatic factors resulting in the decrease of sunshine hours.[Result] In recent 57 years,except for the slight increase of sunshine hours in winter,annual sunshine hours and sunshine hours in other seasons showed significantly decreasing trend,and annual sunshine hours varied abruptly in 1971.In addition,total cloudiness,vapor pressure and ≥0.1 mm precipitation days affected sunshine hours obviously,but sunshine hours didn’t simply increase as the reduction of total cloudiness and ≥0.1 mm precipitation days,which showed that the influencing factors of sunshine hours were complex.[Conclusion] The research could provide scientific references for the reasonable utilization of light energy,adjustment of agricultural industrial structure and sustainable development of agricultural economy in mountainous areas.

Chronoframe of Archaean in Anshan-Benxi Area,Liaoning Province,China

The Anshan- Benxi area is one of the important places of the Precambrian in the North China craton, in which a lot of old geological bodies were found, including the Baijiafen mylontized granitic gneiss of 3.8 Ga ,the Chentaigou gneissic granite of 33 Ga and the supracrustal rocks and associated granites of relatively younger ages .Based on the age data and other geological information obtained in recent yeais, mis paper establishes fourfold-divison scheme of the Archaean in the Anshan-Benxi area .The time boundaries are 2.5,2.8,3.2 and 3.6 Ga, corresponding to those recommended by the International Sub-commission on Precambrian Stratigraphy . This paper also discusses some questions related to the crustal evolution of the early history, and indicates that it is possible to find out more residual crustal materials of older than 2.8 Ga.

The Late Paleozoic Lithofacies Palaeogeography of the Benxi and Taiyuan Formation Controls Coal Accumulation in Yuzhou,Henan China

The significance of this paper is to understand the characteristics of Late Paleozoic depositional environment, lithofacies palaeogeography and its distribu- tion pattern in Henan Province,to resolve the issue of basic geological,exploration and prospecting services for the region.Yuzhou in Henan Province

Spatial distribution rules and affecting factors of BIF in Anshan-Benxi area

A detailed investigation on 3D spatial distribution rules of Banded Iron-bearing Formation(BIF) with methods of gravity-magnetic inversion and 3D modeling of iron mine is presented based on the former analysis in the Anshan-Benxi area.Three dimension spatial distribution types of BIF are concluded as hook-like,tabularlike and "W"-like.BIF was mainly developed in three types of space including(1) the syncline cores,(2)cover coverage area,and(3) the deeper buried area where the range of tectonic uplift is small.The influences of tectonism,magmatic intrusion and uplift-erosion on the spatial distribution shapes of BIF are clarified.

鄂尔多斯盆地石炭系本溪组煤岩气地质特征与勘探突破

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地石炭系本溪组煤岩分布、煤岩储层特征、煤质特征、煤岩气特征以及煤岩气资源和富集规律等方面开展系统研究,评价其勘探潜力。研究表明:①煤岩气是有别于煤层气的优质天然气资源,在埋深、气源、储层、含气性、碳同位素组成等方面具有独特特征;②本溪组煤岩分布面积达16×10^(4)km^(2),厚度2~25m,以原生结构的光亮和半亮煤为主,挥发分和灰分含量低,煤质好;③中高阶煤岩TOC值为33.49%~86.11%,平均值为75.16%,演化程度高(Ro为1.2%~2.8%),生气能力强,气体稳定碳同位素值高(δ^(13)C_(1)值为-37.6‰~-16.0‰,δ^(13)C_(2)值为-21.7‰~-14.3‰);④深层煤岩发育气孔、有机质孔和无机矿物孔等基质孔隙,与割理、裂缝共同构成良好储集空间,储层孔隙度为0.54%~10.67%,平均值为5.42%,渗透率为(0.001~14.600)×10^(-3)μm^(2),平均值为2.32×10^(-3)μm^(2);⑤纵向上发育5种煤岩气聚散组合,其中煤岩-泥岩聚气组合与煤岩-灰岩聚气组合最为重要,封闭条件好,录井全烃气测峰值高;⑥构建了广覆式分布的中高阶煤岩持续生气、煤岩基质孔和割理裂缝规模储集、源-储一体赋存、致密岩盖层密闭封堵的煤岩气富集模式,存在煤岩侧向尖灭体、透镜体、低幅度构造、鼻状构造和岩性自封闭5种高效聚气类型。⑦依据煤岩气地质特征评价划分出8个区带,估算埋深超过2000m的煤岩气资源量超过12.33×10^(12)m^(3)。上述认识指导风险勘探部署,两口井实施后分别获得工业气流,推动进一步部署预探井和评价井,获得规模突破,提交超万亿方预测储量和超千亿方探明储量,对中国天然气效益增储和高效开发具有重大意义。

鄂尔多斯盆地含铝岩系天然气成藏主控因素与勘探启示

基于野外露头、岩心、录井、测井、试气及分析化验等资料,采用天然气成藏与铝土岩成矿一体化研究方法,分析鄂尔多斯盆地含铝岩系有效储层发育控制因素、煤系烃源岩与含铝岩系的源储配置关系,构建天然气成藏模式,对煤下含铝岩系天然气勘探潜力进行评价。研究表明:(1)鄂尔多斯盆地含铝岩系的有效储层主要为一水硬铝石含量超过75%,具有多孔状残余豆鲕、碎屑结构的蜂窝状铝土岩,溶蚀孔为主要储集空间;(2)铝土岩储层形成模式为夷平化作用提供含铝岩系发育的物质基础、岩溶古地貌控制含铝岩系发育、陆表淋滤作用改善储集性能;(3)晚石炭世—早二叠世,受湿热气候环境和海平面变化控制,古陆或古岛边缘的相对低洼带发育典型的煤-铝-铁三段式地层结构;(4)煤系烃源岩广覆式生烃,天然气在煤下含铝岩系储层富集,为源下成藏;(5)中国华北陆块的上石炭统—下二叠统含铝岩系气藏呈透镜状点群式聚集,勘探潜力大,有望成为华北克拉通上古生界重要的天然气勘探新领域。

辽宁本溪地区新太古代晚期钾质花岗岩的发现及其地质意义

辽宁本溪地区位于华北克拉通东部陆块东北部,区内广泛发育新太古代深成侵入岩和变质表壳岩,尚无钾质花岗岩的报道。钾质花岗岩的形成过程是早期陆壳发育成熟和稳定的重要标志,本次钾质花岗岩的发现对系统的研究华北克拉通早期陆壳的形成与演化具有重要的价值。本文对本溪地区马家沟的钾质花岗岩进行了岩石学、成岩年代学、岩石地球化学的研究,探讨了岩石成因和形成的构造背景。马家沟岩体为片麻状中细粒黑云母二长花岗岩。锆石U-Pb测年数据显示,岩石^(207)Pb/^(206)Pb加权平均年龄为(2490±21)Ma,形成于新太古代晚期。该岩体属弱过铝质、高钾钙碱性系列钾质岩石;主要富集高场强元素La、Zr、Th及大离子亲石元素K、Nd等元素,亏损P元素、高场强元素Nb和大离子亲石元素Sr、Ti等;REE曲线为右倾型,负Eu异常,属于S型花岗岩。研究区钾质花岗岩岩浆主要来源于地壳,是变质泥岩部分熔融的产物,形成于活动大陆边缘碰撞造山后的伸展环境,代表华北太古宙克拉通固结基底形成之前的最后一次岩浆活动,标志着在新太古代晚期本溪地区微陆块已拼贴完成,并与其他地区一起构成稳定的华北太古宙克拉通。

鄂尔多斯盆地中东部石炭纪本溪组致密砂岩储层含气性测井综合评价

鄂尔多斯盆地中东部石炭纪本溪组致密砂岩粒度较细,泥质含量较高,孔隙度低、渗透率极差,使测井对其含气性的解释难度增大。基于化验分析资料,重点应用核磁共振、阵列声波、阵列感应等成像测井资料,结合常规测井,建立了4类7种方法的本溪组细粒致密砂岩储层含气性测井评价方法研究,利用测井资料综合开展储层含气性的有效识别。研究表明,综合运用常规和成像测井,对本溪组细粒致密砂岩储层含气性综合评价提供了更加有效的途径。开展本溪组细粒致密砂岩储层含气性测井综合评价研究,对煤系致密砂岩气的勘探和开发具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。

基于地球物理技术圈定沉积变质型富铁矿体:辽宁鞍山齐大山铁矿例析

辽宁鞍山—本溪地区是中国北方最重要的铁矿资源基地之一,区内分布有数量不等的富铁矿体,长期以来对富铁矿成矿理论研究成果丰硕,但针对富铁矿找矿技术方面的研究则相对缺乏。本文以辽宁鞍山齐大山铁矿为研究对象,基于贫铁矿体和富铁矿体的物性参数差异,优选地面高精度磁法和高密度电阻率法,开展齐大山铁矿内富铁矿体的综合地球物理探测研究工作。研究结果显示,地面高精度磁法可以通过16000 nT以上的高磁场强度特征圈出贫铁矿磁异常场内的富铁矿体,而高密度电阻率法则可以精细刻画高磁异常范围内的富铁矿体形态特征和规模;磁铁矿富矿电阻率小于2200Ω·m,以此为约束条件构建地面磁法的正反演模型,可实现对贫铁矿层中富铁矿体的准确识别定位;齐大山铁矿NNW走向断层与NEE横向断层交汇处更易产出厚大富铁矿体。

Constraints on the Archean atmospheric oxygen and sulfur cycle from mass-independent sulfur records from Anshan-Benxi BIFs, Liaoning Province, China

The Archean atmospheric oxygen concentration and sulfur cycle was long debated. The banded iron formation (BIF) is a special type of the sedimentary formation, which has truly recorded the atmospheric and oceanic conditions at that time. In this study, the composition of multiple sulfur isotope (δ 34S/δ 33S/δ 32S) for sulfides bedded in the Archean (~2.7 Ga) BIFs, in Anshan-Benxi area of Liaoning Province has been measured. The value of △33S varies from -0.89‰ to +1.21‰, which shows very obvious mass-independent fractionation (MIF) signatures. These non-zero △33S values indicate that the Archean sulfur cycles are different from what it is today, which have been deeply influenced by gas phase photochemical reactions. Algoma-type BIFs which are closely related to the volcanic activity have negative △33S value, however, Superior-type BIFs which are far away from the volcanic center have positive △33S value. The δ 34S varies in a large range from -22.0‰ to +11.8‰, which indicates that the bacteria reduction activity has already existed at that time, and that the oceanic sulfate concentration has at least reached 1 mmol/L in local areas. Combined with the contemporaneous existence of the hematite, magnetite and the occurrence and preservation of the sulfur MIF, it can be inferred that the Archean atmospheric oxygen level must be at 10-2―10-3 of the present atmospheric level (PAL).

鄂尔多斯盆地中东部本溪组深部煤岩分形特征与成储机理

对鄂尔多斯盆地石炭系本溪组8^(#)深部煤岩的代表性样品的煤岩工业组分、物性特征、孔隙特征进行实验分析,进而结合分形维数的方法对煤孔隙的非均质性展开研究,明确了煤岩工业组分对储层的影响机理。研究结果表明:(1)鄂尔多斯盆地中东部本溪组8^(#)煤岩的渗透性能和孔隙连通性较好,中上部煤岩的煤岩工业组分和储层物性优于下部;(2)研究区分形维数较高,孔隙结构复杂,储层非均质性较强,当灰分<20%时,少量矿物填充孔隙和裂隙,使得孔隙结构复杂程度减弱,储层逐渐均一,当灰分>20%时,大量的杂质矿物胶结和填充孔隙和裂隙,导致储层的非均质性增强;(3)煤岩的孔隙度受到灰分和热演化程度的影响,当灰分含量较低时,由于高热演化程度的煤发育大量的微孔,孔隙度升高,但会导致孔隙结构复杂,非均质性增强;(4)结合实验结果和工业组分对深部煤层气体扩散、运移影响进行研究,建议以低灰分低水分(A_(d)<20%,M_(ad)<2%)的中上部煤岩层段为优质深部煤层气开采层段。

禹州煤田煤下铝本溪组铝土矿伴生关键金属研究

通过对河南省禹州煤田煤下铝预、普、详查三个阶段的勘查,发现铝土矿中广泛富集锂、镓、稀土等关键金属,通过对神垕-梁北矿段IZK17012钻孔本溪组地层重采样和分析,对本溪组含铝岩系的地质特征及其中富集的关键金属研究,总结了关键金属的富集特征。研究结果表明,关键金属Li、Ga、W、U和REE表现出不同程度的富集,指示不同类型的铝土岩均具有较大的资源潜力和经济价值。总体而言,禹州煤田本溪组含铝岩系中关键金属Li、Ga、W、U、REE的资源潜力及潜在经济价值巨大,后续应加强铝土矿综合利用,提高其综合利用率,实现铝土矿中伴生关键金属的系统评价及开发利用。