Corigendum to“Efficient benzaldehyde photosynthesis coupling photocatalytic hydrogen evolution”[J.Energy Chem.66(2022)52-60]

It is regretful that the wrong image of Fig.4 was used in the paperin the final proof stage by editor.The correct one should be as follow.

Effect of manganese and potassium addition on CeO_2-Al_2O_3 catalyst for hydrogenation of benzoic acid to benzaldehyde

A series of Mn/CeO2-Al2O3 and K/CeO2-Al2O3 catalysts for hydrogenation of benzoic acid to benzaldehyde were prepared to in- vestigate the effect of Mn, K addition on CeO2-Al2O3 catalyst. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and H2-temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR) results suggested that the interaction between CeO2 and MnOx enhanced the reducibility of catalysts and therefore benzoic acid conversion. The addition of K increased the number of basic number on the catalyst which leads to a high selectivity to benzaldehyde, but excessive addition imposed negative effects on the catalyst performance. A Mn-K/CeO2-Al2O3 catalyst was developed and investigated in the reaction. The simultaneous addition of Mn and K enhanced not only the catalytic activity but also the capacity to resist the coke formation over catalyst.

Novel, Green, Simple and Uncatalyzed Route for High Yield Preparation of Benzaldehyde Glycol Acetal

A simple approach for the condensation of benzaldehyde with ethylene glycol was adopted without employing any catalyst. The study reveals that factors including temperature, molar ratio of reactants, and the water removal significantly influence the conversion ratio of benzaldehyde. The results indicate that the use of optimal reaction conditions such as temperature and water removing exhibits more pronounced effects on the conversion ratio of benzaldehyde compared with the use of catalysts. In a word, a green and simple method for the condensation of aldehyde and menthandiol has been devised and investigated.

A Novel Bimetallic Tetrahedron Cobalt Complex Promoting the Addition of Diethylzinc to Benzaldehyde

Our recent work found a novel bimetallic tetrahedron cobalt complex which can catalyze the addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde effectively.

Toluene oxidization to benzaldehyde in subcritical water

Effects of reaction parameter on yield of benzaldehyde produced from toluene oxidization using hydrogen peroxide in subcritical water are investigated. The experimental results show that if the molar ratio of hydrogen peroxide to toluene is controlled within a reasonable range, the by-products may be neglected. The optimum technology of toluene oxidization to benzaldehyde is reaction time 60 min, reaction temperature 350℃, molar ratio of hydrogen peroxide to toluene 3.5. The yield of benzaldehyde can reach 17.2 % under the optimum condition. Research results of chemical reaction kinetics show that the consecutive reaction consists of two first-order reaction, and activation energy of these two reactions are 89 kJ·mol^-1 and 76 kJ·mol^-1 respectively,

Selectivity modulation in the consecutive hydrogenation of benzaldehyde via functionalization of carbon nanotubes

Hydrogenation of benzaldehyde is a typical consecutive reaction, since the intermediate benzyl alcohol is apt to be further hydrogenated. Here we demonstrate that the selectivity of benzyl alcohol can be tuned via functionalization of carbon nanotubes （CNTs）, which are used as the support of Pd. With the original CNTs, the selectivity of benzyl alcohol is 88% at a 100% conversion of benzaldehyde. With introduction of oxygen-containing groups onto CNTs, it drops to 27%. In contrast, doping CNTs with N atoms, the selectivity reaches 96% under the same reaction conditions. The kinetic study shows that hydrogenation of benzyl alcohol is significantly suppressed, which can be attributed to weakened adsorption of benzyl alcohol. This is most likely related to the modified electronic structure of Pd species via interaction with functionalized CNTs, as shown by XPS characterization.

Gas Phase Selective Catalytic Oxidation of Toluene to Benzaldehyde on V_2O_5-Ag2O/η-Al_2O_3 Catalyst

Gas phase selective catalytic oxidation of toluene to benzatdehyde was studied on V_2O_5-Ag_2O/η-Al_2O_3 catalyst prepared by impregnation. The catalyst was characterized by XRD, XPS, TEM, and FT-IR. The catalytic results showed that toluene conversion and selectivity for benzaldehyde on catalyst sample No.4 (V/(V+Ag)=0.68) was higher than other catalysts with different V/Ag ratios. This was attributed to the higher surface area, larger pore volume and pore diameter of the catalyst sample No. 4 than the other catalysts. The XRD patterns recorded from the catalyst before and after the oxidation reaction revealed that the new phases were developed, and this suggested that silver had entered the vanadium lattice. XPS results showed that the vanadium on the surface of No.4 and No.5 sample was more than that in the bulk, thus forming a vanadium rich layer on the surface. It was noted that when the catalyst was doped by potassium promoter, the toluene conversion and selectivity for benzaldehyde were higher than those on the undoped catalyst. This was attributed to the disordered structure of V_2O_5 lattice of the K-doped catalyst and a better interracial contact between the particles.

Kinetics and Mechanism Modeling of Liquid-Phase Toluene Oxidation to Benzaldehyde Catalyzed by Mn–Mo Oxide

In this study, liquid-phase aerobic oxidation of toluene catalyzed by Mn–Mo oxide was conducted in a 1.0 L batch reactor. The macroscopic kinetics of toluene consumption and benzaldehyde generation at 413–443 K were obtained from a combination of experimental observation and hypothetical models. The results clearly showed that both the oxidation rate of toluene and generation rate of the aromatic product were proportional to the concentration of the substrate, the partial pressure of oxygen and the surface area of the catalyst. The energy barrier of toluene oxidation to benzyl alcohol was the highest(≈ 81 kJ mol^(-1)), while that of benzyl alcohol oxidation to benzaldehyde was the lowest(≈ 57 kJ mol^(-1)). Moreover, the activation energy of further oxidation of benzaldehyde in an acetic acid solvent was only slightly lower(≈ 1.9 kJ mol^(-1)) than that of toluene oxidation. Significantly, the transformation of benzyl alcohol indeed contributed to the generation of benzaldehyde and this step conformed to a first-order parallel-consecutive model. Increased reaction temperature and residence time favored the transformation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde. In addition, doping with molybdenum at Mn/Mo = 3/1 enhanced the catalytic performance of the heterogeneous catalyst and was attributed to the presence of a synergetic effect between different metal cations. Regarding the microscopic kinetics, the LH-OS-ND mechanism(Langmuir–Hinshelwood adsorption of reagents on the same type of active sites and non-dissociative adsorption of oxygen) was verified as responsible for the heterogeneous oxidation of toluene. Oxygen and benzaldehyde were weakly adsorbed(Δ H_(ads,Oxy) ≈^(-1)5 kJ mol^(-1), Δ H _(ads)0,Bald) ≈-30 kJ mol^(-1)), but showed strong mobility(Δ S_(ads,Oxy) ≈-22 J mol^(-1) K^(-1)), Δ S_(ads,Bald) ≈-39 J mol^(-1) K^(-1)). The fundamental intrinsic rates were deduced based on the LH-OS-ND mechanism and showed great consistency with the macroscopic results.

Effect of benzaldehyde on the electrodeposition and corrosion properties of Ni–W alloys

The effect of different concentrations of benzaldehyde on the electrodeposition of Ni–W alloy coatings on a mild steel substrate from a citrate electrolyte was investigated in this study. The electrolytic alkaline bath(p H 8.0) contained stoichiometric amounts of nickel sulfate, sodium tungstate, and trisodium citrate as precursors. The corrosion resistance of the Ni–W-alloy-coated specimens in 0.2 mol/L H2SO4 was studied using various electrochemical techniques. Tafel polarization studies reveal that the alloy coatings obtained from the bath containing 50 ppm benzaldehyde exhibit a protection efficiency of 95.33%. The corrosion rate also decreases by 21.5 times compared with that of the blank. A higher charge-transfer resistance of 1159.40 ?·cm2 and a lower double-layer capacitance of 29.4 μF·cm-2 further confirm the better corrosion resistance of the alloy coating. X-ray diffraction studies reveal that the deposits on the mild steel surface are consisted of nanocrystals. A lower surface roughness value(Rmax) of the deposits is confirmed by atomic force microscopy.

Study on the Recycling of Mediator in Indirect Electrosynthesis of Benzaldehyde

This paper has studied the recycling of the oxidation mediator Mn(Ⅲ)/Mn(Ⅱ) and sulfuric acid solution in process of indirect electrosynthesis of benzaldehyde. Experimental resalts show that mis recycling may be realized When electrolysis and synthetic reaction are carried out in the same concentration of 60% H2SO4 separately, then there will be no waste discharged, energy consumption will be decreased and almost no current efficiency will be lossed during recycling process. The optimun current efficiency is 76%, yield of benzaldehyde is 64%.

A New Catalyst System V-Cs-Cu-Tl for Selective Oxidation of p-tert Butyl Toluene to p-tert Benzaldehyde

In this paper, a new catalysts system V-Cs-Cu-TI was studied in the gas phase selective oxidation for p-tert butyl toluene to p-tert benzaldehyde. The catalyst system was prepared by impregnation method. The results obtained are optimum value and have good advantages in environmental protection.

Dielectric Behaviour of Mixtures of Polyethylene Glycol with Propionaldehyde and Benzaldehyde

The dielectric constant e' and dielectric loss e' of several mixtures of propionaldehyde-polyethylene glycol (system 1) and benzaldehyde-polyethylene glycol (system II) have been measured within the frequency band 105-107 Hz and the temperature range 20-50℃. The dielectric behaviour is discussed. on the other hand, the dielectric relaxation time T. activation energy △He, and entorpy change △Se for the dielectric relaxation as well as activation energy of viscous flow △Hv are calculated for the same temperature range. It is suggested that the observed increase in T values with increas.ng glycol content is due to an increase in the hydrogen bonding in the aggregates or clusters which would be formed between the carbonyl group of the aldehyde and the hydrogen atoms from the glycot molecules. In addition， the higher values of T, △He, and △Se in case of system (II) than that in case of system (I) may be due to the greater volume of the aggregates and the stronger dipole-dipole forces in system (II) compared with those in system (I).

Cobalt(I) Catalyzed Reaction of Benzaldehydes with Functionalized Benzylic Zinc Halides

Functionalized benzylic zinc halides reacted with benzaldehydes in the presence of Lewis acid Me3SiCl giving high yields of trans-stilbenes under the catalysis of Co(PPh3)3Cl.

Catalytic Reduction of Benzaldehyde Under Hydrogen Flow over Nickel-Containing Mesoporous Silica Catalysts

The hydrogenation of benzaldehyde over a series of nickel-containing mesoporous silicas with different nickel contents was studied at atmospheric pressure in the range temperature of 393 - 513 K under H2 ?ow. These materials (noted Nin-HMS with n = Si/Ni = 50, 25, 15) have been prepared at room temperature using a route based on hydrogen bonding and self-assembly between neutral primary amine micelles (S0) and neutral inorganic precursors (I0). They were characterized by their chemical analysis, BET surface area, XRD, FT-IR, and SEM microscopy. The obtained products were benzylalcohol, toluene, benzene with yields depending on the nickel content (Si/Ni ratio) and reaction temperature. The products of benzaldehyde hydrogenation (benzylalcohol, and toluene) and hydrogenolysis (benzene) were preferentially formed at low/middle and high reaction temperature respectively. The mesoporous Ni-containing materials were very active hydrogenation catalysts with almost 90% selectivity to benzylalcohol product and showed excellent stability. A mechanism in which the reaction could be initiated by a benzaldehyde reduction over Nin-HMS materials under hydrogen flow with formation of reaction products is proposed.

Correlation Analysis of the Fluorescence Data of Some Benzaldehyde Derivatives by the Dual-Parameter Equation

The fluorescence emission wavelength [lambda(max(em))] values of three types of benzaldehyde derivatives, namely, ethylene acetals (1-Ys), 4-nitrophenylhydrazones (2-Ys) and phenylhydrazones (3-Ys), have been measured. Correlation analyses by the dual-parameter equation show that the lambda(max(em)) values of 1-Ys are mainly affected by the spin-delocalization effects of the substituents, while those of 2-Ys are mainly affected by the polar effects. However, those of 3-Ys are independent of the substituents.

Interactions of phenol and benzaldehyde in electrocatalytic upgrading process

Biomass pyrolysis oil can be improved effectively by electrocatalytic hydrogenation(ECH).However,the unclear interactions among different components lead to low bio-oil upgrading efficiency in the conversion process.Herein,benzaldehyde and phenol,as common compounds in bio-oil,were chosen as model compounds.The interactions between the two components were explored in the ECH process by combining experiments and theoretical calculations.Results showed that phenol could accelerate the conversion of benzaldehyde in the ECH.The selectivity of benzyl alcohol was increased from 60.9%of unadded phenol to 99.1%with 30 mmol/L phenol concentration at 5 h.Benzaldehyde inhibited the ECH of phenol.In the presence of benzaldehyde,the conversion rate of phenol was below 10.0%with no cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol formation at 5 h.The density functional theory(DFT)calculations revealed that the phenol could promote the adsorption of benzaldehyde and facilitate the targeted conversion of benzaldehyde on the active site by lowering the reaction energy barrier.The research on the interaction between phenol and benzaldehyde in the ECH provides a theoretical basis for the application of ECH in practical bio-oil upgrading.

Rh-catalyzed Transient Directing Group Promoted C-H Amidation of Benzaldehydes Utilizing Dioxazolones

Transition-metal catalyzed C--H functionalization of benzaldehydes is of great interest in organic synthesis. Herein, we developed a transient directing group assisted amidation of benzaldehydes catalyzed by rhodium catalyst. With the employment of 10 mol% of 4-trifluoromethyl aniline, the in situ generated imine groups as the directing group efficiently enable this transformation. By using this protocol, a wide range of benzaldehydes were efficiently converted into the corresponding N-（2-formylphenyl）benzamides utilizing dioxazolones as the nitrogen source.

Efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution coupled with benzaldehyde production over 0D Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S/2D Ti_(3)C2 Schottky heterojunction

Converting water into hydrogen fuel and oxidizing benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde simultaneously under visible light illumination is of great significance,but the fast recombination of photogenerated carriers in photocatalysts seriously decreases the conversion efficiency.Herein,a novel dual-functional 0D Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S/2D Ti_(3)C2 hybrid was fabricated by a solvothermally in-situ generated assembling method.The Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S nano-spheres with a fluffy surface completely and uniformly covered the ultrathin Ti_(3)C2 nanosheets,leading to the increased Schottky barrier(SB)sites due to a large contact area,which could accelerate the electron–hole separation and improve the light utilization.The optimized Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S/Ti_(3)C2 hybrid simultaneously presents a hydrogen evolution rate of 5.3 mmol/(g·h)and a benzaldehyde production rate of 29.3 mmol/(g·h),which are~3.2 and 2 times higher than those of pristine Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S,respectively.Both the multiple experimental measurements and the density functional theory(DFT)calculations further demonstrate the tight connection between Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S and Ti_(3)C2,formation of Schottky junction,and efficient photogenerated electron–hole separation.This paper suggests a dual-functional composite catalyst for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and benzaldehyde production,and provides a new strategy for preventing the photogenerated electrons and holes from recombining by constructing a 0D/2D heterojunction with increased SB sites.

A comparative study of Ni/Al_2O_3–SiC foam catalysts and powder catalysts for the liquid-phase hydrogenation of benzaldehyde

In this study, Al_2O_3-washcoated SiC(Al_2O_3–SiC) foams and Al_2O_3 powder were employed as the supports of a Ni catalyst for the liquid-phase hydrogenation of benzaldehyde. A series of Ni/Al_2O_3–SiC foam catalysts and Ni/Al_2O_3 powder catalysts with a Ni loading from 10 wt% to 37 wt% of the weight of Al_2O_3 were first prepared by a deposition–precipitation(DP) method. The catalytic activity and recyclability of both kinds of catalysts were then compared. Although it had a smaller accessible surface area with the reactant, the foam catalyst with a Ni loading of 16 wt% exhibited a slightly higher conversion of benzaldehyde after 6 h(of 99.3%) in comparison with the Ni/Al_2O_3 catalyst with identical Ni loading(conversion of 97.5%). When the Ni loading increased from 16 wt% to 37 wt%, the reaction rate obtained with the foam catalyst increased significantly from 0.108 to 0.204 mol L^(-1)h^(-1), whereas the reaction rate obtained with the powder catalyst increased from 0.106 to 0.123 mol L^(-1)h^(-1). Furthermore, the specific activity(moles of benzaldehyde consumed by 1 g min^(-1)of Ni) of the foam catalyst with a Ni loading above 30 wt% was superior to that of the powder catalyst because of its smaller Ni-particle size and higher mass-transfer rate. The foam catalyst displayed a high recyclability as a function of run times owing to the strong interaction between the Ni component and the Al_2O_3 coating. The conversion of benzaldehyde over the foam catalyst remained almost unchanged after being used 8 times. In comparison, a drop of 43% in the conversion of benzaldehyde with the powder catalyst was observed after being used 7 times due to the leaching of the Ni component.