The competition between Bidens pilosa and Setaria viridis alters soil microbial composition and soil ecological function

Bidens pilosa is recognized as one of the major invasive plants in China.Its invasion has been associated with significant losses in agriculture,forestry,husbandry,and biodiversity.Soil ecosystems play an important role in alien plant invasion.Microorganisms within the soil act as intermediaries between plants and soil ecological functions,playing a role in regulating soil enzyme activities and nutrient dynamics.Understanding the interactions between invasive plants,soil microorganisms,and soil ecological processes is vital for managing and mitigating the impacts of invasive species on the environment.In this study,we conducted a systematic analysis focusing on B.pilosa and Setaria viridis,a common native companion plant in the invaded area.To simulate the invasion process of B.pilosa,we constructed homogeneous plots consisting of B.pilosa and S.viridis grown separately as monocultures,as well as in mixtures.The rhizosphere and bulk soils were collected from the alien plant B.pilosa and the native plant S.viridis.In order to focus on the soil ecological functional mechanisms that contribute to the successful invasion of B.pilosa,we analyzed the effects of B.pilosa on the composition of soil microbial communities and soil ecological functions.The results showed that the biomass of B.pilosa increased by 27.51% and that of S.viridis was significantly reduced by 66.56%.The organic matter contents in the bulk and rhizosphere soils of B.pilosa were approximately 1.30 times those in the native plant soils.The TN and NO_(3)^(-)contents in the rhizosphere soil of B.pilosa were 1.30 to 2.71 times those in the native plant soils.The activities of acid phosphatase,alkaline phosphatase,and urease in the rhizosphere soil of B.pilosa were 1.98-2.25 times higher than in the native plant soils.Using high-throughput sequencing of the16S rRNA gene,we found that B.pilosa altered the composition of the soil microbial community.Specifically,many genera in Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were enriched in B.pilosa soils.Further correlation analyses verified that these genera had significantly positive relationships with soil nutrients and enzyme activities.Plant biomass,soil p H,and the contents of organic matter,TN,NO_(3)^(-),TP,AP,TK,and AK were the main factors affecting soil microbial communities.This study showed that the invasion of B.pilosa led to significant alterations in the composition of the soil microbial communities.These changes were closely linked to modifications in plant traits as well as soil physical and chemical properties.Some microbial species related to C,N and P cycling were enriched in the soil invaded by B.pilosa.These findings provide additional support for the hypothesis of soil-microbe feedback in the successful invasion of alien plants.They also offer insights into the ecological mechanism by which soil microbes contribute to the successful invasion of B.pilosa.Overall,our research contributes to a better understanding of the complex interactions between invasive plants,soil microbial communities,and ecosystem dynamics.

Antidiabetic Properties of Bidens pilosa and Its Polyacetylenic Compounds for Management of Diabetes: Systematic Review

Bidens pilosa is a member of the Asteraceae family that is widely distributed across the tropics. It has been utilized by different communities both as food and medicinal herb. This plant and its polyacetylenic compounds hold potential as a natural antidiabetic intervention that can be used to combat this global public health problem. Bioactive compounds found in this plant constitute promising interventions for combating obesity which is a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. These phytocompounds can work independently or synergistically to modulate appetite, lipase activity, adipogenesis and adipocyte apoptosis. However, the efficacy, mode of action and scope of management of diabetes by these compounds remains elusive. The current review aims to summarize data on efficacy in the management of diabetes, an antidiabetic candidate polyacetylenic compound and possible biological activities as an antidiabetic agent from the available literature. Much emphasis has been directed to cytopiloyne as a representative of polyacetylenic compounds extracted from Bidens pilosa and its activity on diabetic animal models. The majority of the studies conducted on animal models described antidiabetic mechanisms that range from hypoglycemic to secretagogue activity of cytopiloyne in a dose-dependent manner. A clinical trial pilot indicated improved glycemic control of Bidens pilosa formulation among diabetic patients in the study. Bidens pilosa and its compounds are highly potent antidiabetic agent(s) that should be graduated to an intervention for management of diabetes through pre-clinical and clinical trials to elucidate its efficacy and safety.

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils. Bidens is a new Pb hyperaccumulator, which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb. The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues. The Pb distribution order in the B. was： leaf 〉 stem 〉 root. The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied. The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application. Compared with CK （control check）, EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant. The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg. This research demonstrated that B. maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil, especially, combination with EDTA.

Antihyperglycemic effects of the methanol leaf extract of Diaphananthe bidens in normoglycemic and streptozotocin—induced hyperglycemic rats

Objective:To evaluate the methanol leaf extract of Diaphonathe bidem(D.bidenx)(AFZEL EX SW) SCHLTR for antihyperglycemic activity in order to confirm it antidiabetic potential.Methods: D.bidenx was extracted by cold maceration for 48 h and concentrated in vacuo to yield D.bidenx extract(DBE).Hyperglycemia was induced by intraperitoneal administration of slreplozotocin (75 mg/kg).Oral glucose tolerance test was done with 2 g/kg glucose load in normal rats.DBE (150.300 and 600 mg/kg) was administered orally,while tolbutamide(100 mg/kg.p.o.) was used as the standard reference drug.Blood glucose levels determined using ACCUCHEK glucose autoanalyzer. The acute toxicity and phytochemical studies were also carried out.Results:DBF. (600 mg/kg) and tolbutamide(100 mg/kg) significantly(P【0.05,0.005) reduced blood glucose levels of rats between 120 and 480 nun post administration in normal rats.In the streptozotoeininduced hyperglycemic rats,DBE(150.300.600 mg/kg) caused significant(P【0.001)dose- and time- dependent reduction in the blood glucose levels by 1.7%.22.8%and 43.4%,respectively at 480 min compared to the negative control group.DBE(600 mg/kg) reduced the blood glucose level of rats by 1.2%in the oral glucose tolerance test when compared with the normal saline treated group.The acute toxicity test showed that DBE was safe at the doses used and the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins,steroids,tannins and terpernoids.Conclusions:D. bidens extract possess antihyperglycemic activity which may be mediated through pancreatic and extra-pancreatic pathways,thereby justifying it folkloric use.

Constituents from Aerial Parts of Bidens ceruna L. and Their DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity

A new chalcone glycoside, butein-4-methoxyl-4′-O-（6＂-O-acetyl）-β-D-glucopyranoside（2）, along with seven known compounds, namely, quercitrin（1）, luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（3）, butein-4＇-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（4）, butein-4-methoxyl-4＇-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（5）, butin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（6）, isoquercitrin（7）, and sulfurein（8） was isolated from aerial parts of Bidens ceruna L. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic studies. Compounds 1-8 were tested for their DPPH radical scavenging activity and, except compounds 2 and 5, other compounds showed scavenging activitv.

Analgesic Appraisal of Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae) Leaf Extracts Used in Management of Oral Lesion Pain in HIV/AIDS Patients in Rodents

Oral lesions, diarrhoea, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, tuberculosis and urinary tract infections are some of the opportunistic infections (OIs) which arise when the CD4 cells of the HIV/AIDS patient fall below 200 cells/mm3. HIV/AIDS infection complications include tissue damage from oral lesions accompanied with pains. Pain is a disagreeable sensory and sensitive experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. This condition requires immediate treatment with analgesics and antibiotics. However, the inability of rural dwellers to afford readily available drugs is a consequence for using herbs like Bidens pilosa whose local usefulness in the management of oral lesions of HIV/AIDS has not been proven scientifically. Therefore, the objective of this study was to provide the scientific basis in rats for the traditional healers’ use of Bidens pilosa leaves’ extracts in managing pain associated with oral lesions of HIV/AIDS patients in South Western Uganda. Assessment of the analgesic effects of Bidens pilosa was conducted using acetic acid in mice, formalin-induced pain and tail flick methods in rats. Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Bidens pilosa produced statistically significant dose dependent inhibition of acetic acid induced pain, non dose dependent pain reduction in formalin induced pain, (p < 0.05;student t-test) and non dose dependent tail withdrawal pattern (p < 0.05, Multivariate ANOVA test). Hence, we conclude that extracts of Bidens pilosa have an analgesic basis for their local use in treatment of oral lesions associated pain in HIV/AIDS patients in South-Western Uganda.

STUDY ON THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF BIDENS BIPINNATA A NEW POLYACETYLENE GLYCOSIDE

A new naturally occurring compound 1-polyacetylene glycoside has been isolated form the n- butanol soluble fraction of the leaves of Bidens bipinnata. The chemical structure of 1 was shown to be 3E, 11E—Diethenylene 5. 7. 9—triacetylene, 1, 13—tridecanglycol-2-O-β-D-glycoside named bipinnatpolyacetyloside according to spectral analyses of UV. IR. FDMS, ~1H-NMR, ~H-~H COSY, ^(13)C-NMR and DEPT.

Studies on the Anti-inflammatory Activity of Three Extraction Processes of Bidens alba(L.) DC

[Objectives] To compare the anti-inflammatory activities of three extraction processes of the exotic plant Bidens alba(L.) DC in Lingnan(south of the Five Ridges in China).[Methods]The alcohol extracts of B.alba(L.) DC were extracted and separated with petroleum ether,chloroform and ethyl acetate respectively.The anti-inflammatory activity experiment of these three extracts was carried out with the RAW264.7 inflammatory model of mouse macrophages in vitro.[Results]When the concentration was 0.05-1.6 mg/L,the petroleum ether extract of B.alba(L.) DC produced strong inhibitory effects on nitric oxide(NO) release of RAW264.7 macrophages induced by LPS;the inhibition of ethyl acetate extract was weak,and the chloroform extract showed no significant inhibition.[Conclusions]Petroleum ether is the best extractant for active anti-inflammatory ingredients of B.alba(L.) DC.

Comparison on the phytoextraction efficiency of Bidens pilosa at heavy metal contaminated site in natural and electrokinetic conditions

The plant samples of Bidens pilosa were collected from a coal gangue vacant site and its surrounding area,located in central China,to study the remediation effect of the plant species on heavy metal(HM)contamination in both natural and electrokinetic(EK)conditions.The analytical results showed that the effect of phytoextraction and bioconcentration on the heavy metals in the sample of the EK group is more significant than those in the other control group.Compared with the results of natural condition,under the EK condition the concentrations of cadmium(Cd),lead(Pb),copper(Cu)and zinc(Zn)in the stems and leaves of the Bidens pilosa increased to 0.40 mg/kg,4.23 mg/kg,7.27 mg/kg,830.24 mg/kg,respectively,with their increments of 292%,1731%,141%,2076%.For root samples,the Cd,Pb,Cu and Zn concentrations increased to 0.52 mg/kg,4.36 mg/kg,10.87 mg/kg,and 98.12 mg/kg and the increase rates were 1034%,140%,29%,and 181%,respectively.The phytoextraction efficiency of the Bidens pilosa was significantly higher than that of control group.The removal efficiency of Cd,Pb,Cu and Zn in soil increased to 26%,72%,27%,and 79%with the EK applied.In addition,the mechanism of HM migration,extraction and enrichment in Bidens pilosa under the EK condition was discussed.

Assessment of in Situ Anthelminthic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Bidens pilosa against Adult’s Gastro-Intestinal Strongyle of Small Ruminants

Infections caused by gastrointestinal nematodes are major threats to livestock industry in the developing countries. They cause direct effects in form of loss in production and indirect economic losses due to high cost of anthelmintic drugs. Various alternative strategies are in practice to control parasitism which includes the usage of medicinal plants. This study evaluates the in situ anthelminthic activity of Bidens pilosa ethanolic extract on gastro-intestinal strongyles of small ruminants. Twenty (20) naturally infested goats of both sexes were distributed into 5 groups (n = 4) corresponding to groups receiving Tween 80 at 2.8%, Albendazole at 5 mg/kg and the three doses of extract (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg). The doses of extract and 2.8% Tween 80 were administered twice daily for 3 consecutive days while Albendazole was administered in a single dose. Faecal eggs count reduction, body weight, packed cell volume (PCV) and total worm count reduction were determined. Results showed that the ethanolic extract of B. pilosa was not effective against adult worms while Albendozole inflicted a 100% reduction of eggs count and total worm count of digestive strongyle. Body weight and PCV remain almost constant. This study indicates that ethanolic extract of B. pilosa at tested doses has no anthelminthic activity. However, further optimization and standardization of the ethanolic extract of B. pilosa could enhance its anthelminthic activity.

Allelopathic Potentials of Some Crop Residues on the Germination and Growth of Bidens pilosa. L.

The allelopathic potentials of the aqueous extracts of rice husk and sorghum stem were examined on the germination and growth ofBidens pilosa. L. The extracts inhibited the germination ofB. pilosa seeds and the growth lengths of its radicle and plumule. In both extracts, the severity of the inhibition increased with the increase in the concentrations of the extracts, indicating that the effects of the extracts were concentration dependent. The results obtained also showed that the degree of retardation appeared to be more pronounced in the rice husks extract-treated seeds than those of sorghum extract-treated seeds. However there were no significant differences （at 5% level） in the comparison of the degree of inhibitions of radicle and plumule growths at the varying extract concentrations as well as those of the control in both extracts treated seeds.

Studies on the Analgesic Activity and Acute Toxicities of Bidens alba(L.) DC

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the analgesic effects and acute toxicities of Bidens alba (L.) DC.[Methods]The alcohol extract of B.alba (L.) DC was extracted and separated with petroleum ether and chloroform successively.The acute toxicities of the two extracts on mice were measured,and then the analgesic effects were measured with writhing pain model induced by acetic acid.[Results]No mice died when the crude dosages of B.alba (L.) DC from petroleum ether extract and chloroform extract were 5 016 and 5 100 mg/kg,respectively.When the petroleum ether extract was 60.0 mg/kg,the percentage of twisted mice induced by acetic acid was 40%,the analgesic rate was 77.5%,and the time of the first writhing was (294.0±165.8) s;when the chloroform extract was 20.0 mg/kg,the percentage of twisted animals was 55.6%,the analgesic rate was 51.5%,and the time of the first writhing was (273.8 ±153.4) s;and when the chloroform extract was 4.0 mg/kg,the percentage of twisted animals was 40%,and the analgesic rate was 62.1%,and the time of the first writhing was (370.6±231.3) s.[Conclusions]The petroleum ether extracts and chloroform extracts of B.alba (L.) DC have good analgesic effects and no acute toxicities.

Hypoglycemic and High Dosage Effects of <i>Bidens pilosa</i>in Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus

Ethno-pharmaceutical products have received a lot of international attention in the scientific community in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM). In this study we determined the anti-diabetic and high dosage effects of Bidens pliosa in type 1 DM (T1DM). Methodology: Thirty rats were divided into six groups and subgrouped into the extract and non extract treatment groups. The extract treated group was subdivided into three groups which received 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/ kg and 800 mg/kg dosage treatments respectively. The blood glucose levels were monitored using a standard glucometer for one month, and biochemical analysis of the two liver function enzymes;Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were carried out at the Institute of Biomedical Research (IBR-KIU-WC) at the end of week IV. The study revealed that Bidens pilosa maintained hypoglycemia for a period of two weeks and this status was lost in subsequent weeks. T1DM rats treated with a dosage of 200 mg/kg showed a better recovery (355.25 - 164.5 mg/dl) of the glucose levels, followed by those that were being treated at 400 mg/kg. The AST and ALT enzymes in blood varied with a mean ± SEM (33.72 ± 32.32 to -7.23 ± 12.61 IU and 22.98 ± 11.12 to 42 ± 38.2 IU, respectively) in both the glibencimide? and in the 800 mg/ kg treatment groups in the study. High dosages of extract were associated (P = 0.049) with increased systemic enzyme leakage. In conclusion, tissue degeneration caused by high levels of the extract was accompanied by leakage of various enzymes (AST and ALT) into the blood, which could be a major etiological factor for the development of secondary systemic pathologies, thus potentially worsening the effects of an existing T1DM prognosis in human patients. The preliminary results indicate that a dose of Bidens pilosa has an anti-diabetic effect for a limited initial duration before starting to cause systemic toxicological effects. It is highly recommended that further investigation into the cellular mechanisms and consequences of any therapy involving Bidens pilosa be carried out.

In vitro Antibacterial Efficacy of <i>Bidens pilosa</i>, <i>Ageratum conyzoides</i>and <i>Ocimum suave</i>Extracts against HIV/AIDS Patients’ Oral Bacteria in South-Western Uganda

The objective of the study was to determine the antibacterial efficacy of Bidens pilosa Aqueous (BPA), Bidens pilosa Ethanolic (BPE), Ageratum conyzoides Aqueous (ACA), Ageratum conyzoides Ethanolic (ACE), Ocimum suave Aqueous (OSA) and Ocimum suave Ethanolic (OSE) extracts on HIV/AIDS patients’ oral bacteria. Healthy green leaves of the plants were collected in Ishaka Uganda, processed and portions separately extracted with hot distilled water and cold ethanol. The susceptibility, MIC and MBC of each extract were determined using standard protocols. The bacteria had significant (p Bidens pilosa, Ageratum conyzoides and Ocimum suave on oral lesions of HIV/AIDS patients made by traditional healers and local people in South-Western Uganda. We recommend a detailed study of structural identities and activities of the active antibacterial principle(s) in these plants for possible new drug entities and verification of the interactive effects of the principle(s) with ARVs and cotrimoxazole used daily by HIV/AIDS patients.

Development of Granule Composition Based on the Total Evaporated Extract of Bidens Tripartita, Solidago Canadensis and Agrimonia Eupatoria Herbs

The aim of the study is the development and standardization of granules in hard gelatin capsules based on the composition of dry extracts of Bidens tripartita L.,Solidago canadensis L.and Agrimonia eupatoria L.Herbs,possessing nephroprotective activity and antifibrotics in toxic nephropathies.Developed the structure and defined the quality indicators of the pellets with dry extracts of Bidens tripartita L.,Solidago canadensis L.and Agrimonia eupatoria L.herbs.The quality specification for the drug-granules of the composition of dry extracts in solid gelatin capsules is developed.

Anti-Acute Fatigue Effects of Ethanol Extract of Bidens pilosa L.and the Profiling of Antioxidant Index in ICR Mice

The effects of ethanol extract of Bidens pilosa L.(EEB)on acute exercise fatigue and its underlying biochemical mechanism were investigated in this study.Sixty adult male ICR mice were divided into control,model,vitamin C(VC)100,EEB40,EEB80,and EEB160 groups,receiving VC(100 mg/kg)or EEB(40,80,160 mg/kg)for 28 days(intragastrically,I.G.).The mice underwent tailsuspension,elevated plus maze(EPM),rotarod,and loaded swimming tasks and biochemical indices were measured.There were no significant differences in body weight,tail suspension time,EPM open arm time/entries and serum cortisone levels among the groups.Compared with the model group,there was an increase in rotarod latency in the VC100/EEB80 groups and an increase in loaded swimming time in the EEB80/EEB160 groups.Furthermore,the haptic and muscle glycogen levels decreased in the model group,while the haptic glycogen levels increased in the all VC/EEB groups.Similarly,the serum lactate and creatinine levels increased in the model group,but decreased in lactate(except for EEB160),creatinine(except for EEB40)and lactate dehydrogenase in the EEB80 group.In the liver,malonaldehyde(MDA)and oxidized glutathione(GSSG)levels increased in the model group;however,glutathione reductase(GR)(except for EEB40),glutathione(GSH)and GSH/GSSG ratios increased,with GSSG levels decreasing in all VC/EEB groups.In the quadriceps,the GR levels increased in the model,whereas it decreased in the VC100,EEB40 and EEB80 groups.These results suggest that EEB has anti-acute fatigue effect,potentially attributed to mitigate metabolite accumulation,enhancing glycogen reserves,and fortifying the antioxidant mechanism.

Flavonoids from the herb of Bidens pilosa L.

Chemical constituents of the whole herb of Bidens pilosa L. were investigated. By using various column chromatography （CC） and spectroscopic methods, 13 flavonoids were isolated and identified as follows： 2′-hydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxy-chalcone （1）, isoliquiritigenin （2）, 3,2′,4′-trihydroxy-4-methoxy-chalcone （3）, licochalcone A （4）,4′-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-2′,3-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-chalcone （5）, butein （6）, apigenin （7）, luteolin （8）, diosmetin （9）, chrysoeriol （10）, 3,5,6,7,3′,4′,5′-heptamethoxyflavone （11）, 7-O-β-D-glucopyranosyt-5,3′dihydroxy-3,6,4′-trimethoxyfiavone （12）, sulfuretin （13）. Compounds 1-5, 9, 11 were obtained from the genus Bidens for the first time.

滦河水系马口鱼胚胎及仔鱼发育观察

为了解滦河水系马口鱼(Opsariichthys bidens)胚胎和仔鱼发育情况,对其胚胎和仔鱼发育开展了系统观察。结果显示:马口鱼卵圆球形,颜色黄或深黄,沉性,卵径1.2~1.4 mm,吸水后卵径1.4~1.6 mm。孵化水温19~22℃的条件下,经历胚盘形成期、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官形成期和出膜期7个阶段,历时50 h 46 min孵化出膜,所需积温1054.90℃·h。培育水温22~25℃条件下,仔鱼1日龄平均全长为(6.03±0.24)mm,2日龄时眼中布满黑色素,3日龄胸鳍出现,4日龄鳔出现,至5日龄时卵黄囊完全消耗,17日龄全长(14.55±0.40)mm,各鳍发育完全。其早期发育阶段(1—17日龄)的生长特性符合:y=0.0145 x 2+0.2627 x+6.0443(R 2=0.9933)。

入侵植物肿柄菊对三叶鬼针草的化感作用

肿柄菊(Tithonia diversifolia A.Gray)和三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa L.)同属菊科外来入侵植物。采用培养皿培养法用前者不同含量(0.8%,1.6%,2.4%,3.2%)的叶片提取液胁迫处理后者的种子和幼苗,通过测定后者种子活力及幼苗生长量、抗氧化酶活性和细胞膜透性,探讨肿柄菊对三叶鬼针草的化感作用,进而为前者用于后者防控提供理论依据。结果表明,随着肿柄菊叶片提取液含量的提高,三叶鬼针草种子发芽指数和种子活力及幼苗生长量逐渐下降,化感效应指数小于0;相对电导率逐渐提高,幼苗细胞膜的完整性下降;而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性则随之提高,化感效应指数大于0。肿柄菊叶提取含量达3.2%时,鬼针草种子发芽指数、活力指数和幼苗生长量仅分别为对照的25.7%、2.1%和9.4%。对照的SOD、CAT和POD活性分别为68.3±2.3、0.6±0.0和0.5±0.1,而提取液含量3.2%时则分别为117.2±3.2、1.2±0.1和0.9±0.2。显然,肿柄菊对鬼针草产生强烈化感作用,且随浓度的增加而加强。

马口鱼苗种人工繁育试验

为实现马口鱼(Opsariichthys bidens)人工养殖和资源增殖,于2023年5—7月在河北省承德市兴隆县鱼水情生态庄园开展了马口鱼人工繁育试验。共催产马口鱼亲鱼60组,获得受精卵约20万粒,受精率达95%以上,孵化率31.6%,获得初孵仔鱼6万尾左右。经过近一个月培育,获得体长1.5 cm的马口鱼苗种4万余尾。