There are more uncertainties with ice hydrometeor representations and related processes than liquid hydrometeors within microphysics parameterization(MP)schemes because of their complicated geometries and physical pro...There are more uncertainties with ice hydrometeor representations and related processes than liquid hydrometeors within microphysics parameterization(MP)schemes because of their complicated geometries and physical properties.Idealized supercell simulations are produced using the WRF model coupled with“full”Hebrew University spectral bin MP(HU-SBM),and NSSL and Thompson bulk MP(BMP)schemes.HU-SBM downdrafts are typically weaker than those of the NSSL and Thompson simulations,accompanied by less rain evaporation.HU-SBM produces more cloud ice(plates),graupel,and hail than the BMPs,yet precipitates less at the surface.The limiting mass bins(and subsequently,particle size)of rimed ice in HU-SBM and slower rimed ice fall speeds lead to smaller melting-level net rimed ice fluxes than those of the BMPs.Aggregation from plates in HU-SBM,together with snow–graupel collisions,leads to a greater snow contribution to rain than those of the BMPs.Replacing HU-SBM’s fall speeds using the formulations of the BMPs after aggregating the discrete bin values to mass mixing ratios and total number concentrations increases net rain and rimed ice fluxes.Still,they are smaller in magnitude than bulk rain,NSSL hail,and Thompson graupel net fluxes near the surface.Conversely,the melting-layer net rimed ice fluxes are reduced when the fall speeds for the NSSL and Thompson simulations are calculated using HU-SBM fall speed formulations after discretizing the bulk particle size distributions(PSDs)into spectral bins.The results highlight precipitation sensitivity to storm dynamics,fall speed,hydrometeor evolution governed by process rates,and MP PSD design.展开更多
Hemoglobin hydrolysate is derived from the enzymatic degradation of hemoglobin.This work aimed to evaluate whether hemoglobin hydrolysate promotes the absorption of non-heme iron and the safety of absorbed iron in mic...Hemoglobin hydrolysate is derived from the enzymatic degradation of hemoglobin.This work aimed to evaluate whether hemoglobin hydrolysate promotes the absorption of non-heme iron and the safety of absorbed iron in mice by analyzing the iron binding content,iron circulation,and liver homeostasis.We found that hemoglobin hydrolysate promoted the absorption of non-heme iron with high efficiency in duodenum by spontaneously binding non-heme iron during digestion,and increased hepatic iron content by up-regulating divalent metal transporter 1,zinc transporter 14,but hepatic iron content only increased at 3 weeks.Duodenal iron entered the blood through ferroportin without restriction at 3 weeks,and excessive iron entered the liver and then affected the hepatocyte membranes permeability and lipid synthesis through oxidative stress.With the prolongation of dietary intervention,the up-regulated hepcidin acted on the ferroportin to restrict excess iron from entering the blood,and then the hepatic homeostasis recovered.In addition,hemoglobin hydrolysate enhanced the hepatic antioxidant capacity.Taken together,hemoglobin hydrolysate has a strong ability to promote the absorption of non-heme iron in vivo,and the absorbed iron is relatively safe due to the regulation of hepcidin.展开更多
建筑能耗分析中透过玻璃窗日射负荷占有较大比重,B IN能耗计算方法(也叫温、湿频数法)认为该项负荷与温度成简单的线性关系,这样处理过于粗略。一方面日射负荷与温度不是直线关系;另一方面确定两点时,负荷所对应的代表温度的选取主观因...建筑能耗分析中透过玻璃窗日射负荷占有较大比重,B IN能耗计算方法(也叫温、湿频数法)认为该项负荷与温度成简单的线性关系,这样处理过于粗略。一方面日射负荷与温度不是直线关系;另一方面确定两点时,负荷所对应的代表温度的选取主观因素很大,缺乏客观标准。针对这个问题,先得到逐日最大日射得热因数DJ m ax,乘以逐时冷负荷系数得到透过玻璃窗日射负荷与温度的全年逐时详细关系。再按朝向统计不同温度下日射负荷的平均值,得出温度与冷负荷的实用关系,经过统计处理计算方法仍可以比较简单。并将这种方法求得的冷负荷与原方法作了比较。由于它反映了温度与该部分冷负荷的真实关系,使负荷和能耗计算精度提高。并以成都南向玻璃窗为例介绍了新统计关系的使用方法。展开更多
Windows CE操作系统存在启动速度慢的现象。为此在解析系统镜像文件和研究镜像文件下载函数的基础上,设计了一种在Windows CE系统Bootloader中实现Multi-bin的方法。通过调用Bootloader中的BootPart支持库的接口函数,借助BinFS文件系统...Windows CE操作系统存在启动速度慢的现象。为此在解析系统镜像文件和研究镜像文件下载函数的基础上,设计了一种在Windows CE系统Bootloader中实现Multi-bin的方法。通过调用Bootloader中的BootPart支持库的接口函数,借助BinFS文件系统,从而减少了系统的启动时延,增加了用户的可用内存,降低了客户的等待时间,最终达到提高客户用户体验(QoE)的目的。展开更多
基金This research was primarily supported by a NOAA Warn-on-Forecast(WoF)grant(Grant No.NA16OAR4320115).
文摘There are more uncertainties with ice hydrometeor representations and related processes than liquid hydrometeors within microphysics parameterization(MP)schemes because of their complicated geometries and physical properties.Idealized supercell simulations are produced using the WRF model coupled with“full”Hebrew University spectral bin MP(HU-SBM),and NSSL and Thompson bulk MP(BMP)schemes.HU-SBM downdrafts are typically weaker than those of the NSSL and Thompson simulations,accompanied by less rain evaporation.HU-SBM produces more cloud ice(plates),graupel,and hail than the BMPs,yet precipitates less at the surface.The limiting mass bins(and subsequently,particle size)of rimed ice in HU-SBM and slower rimed ice fall speeds lead to smaller melting-level net rimed ice fluxes than those of the BMPs.Aggregation from plates in HU-SBM,together with snow–graupel collisions,leads to a greater snow contribution to rain than those of the BMPs.Replacing HU-SBM’s fall speeds using the formulations of the BMPs after aggregating the discrete bin values to mass mixing ratios and total number concentrations increases net rain and rimed ice fluxes.Still,they are smaller in magnitude than bulk rain,NSSL hail,and Thompson graupel net fluxes near the surface.Conversely,the melting-layer net rimed ice fluxes are reduced when the fall speeds for the NSSL and Thompson simulations are calculated using HU-SBM fall speed formulations after discretizing the bulk particle size distributions(PSDs)into spectral bins.The results highlight precipitation sensitivity to storm dynamics,fall speed,hydrometeor evolution governed by process rates,and MP PSD design.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072211)Jiangsu Province Department of Education(Innovation Group of Meat Nutrition and Biotechnology)。
文摘Hemoglobin hydrolysate is derived from the enzymatic degradation of hemoglobin.This work aimed to evaluate whether hemoglobin hydrolysate promotes the absorption of non-heme iron and the safety of absorbed iron in mice by analyzing the iron binding content,iron circulation,and liver homeostasis.We found that hemoglobin hydrolysate promoted the absorption of non-heme iron with high efficiency in duodenum by spontaneously binding non-heme iron during digestion,and increased hepatic iron content by up-regulating divalent metal transporter 1,zinc transporter 14,but hepatic iron content only increased at 3 weeks.Duodenal iron entered the blood through ferroportin without restriction at 3 weeks,and excessive iron entered the liver and then affected the hepatocyte membranes permeability and lipid synthesis through oxidative stress.With the prolongation of dietary intervention,the up-regulated hepcidin acted on the ferroportin to restrict excess iron from entering the blood,and then the hepatic homeostasis recovered.In addition,hemoglobin hydrolysate enhanced the hepatic antioxidant capacity.Taken together,hemoglobin hydrolysate has a strong ability to promote the absorption of non-heme iron in vivo,and the absorbed iron is relatively safe due to the regulation of hepcidin.
文摘建筑能耗分析中透过玻璃窗日射负荷占有较大比重,B IN能耗计算方法(也叫温、湿频数法)认为该项负荷与温度成简单的线性关系,这样处理过于粗略。一方面日射负荷与温度不是直线关系;另一方面确定两点时,负荷所对应的代表温度的选取主观因素很大,缺乏客观标准。针对这个问题,先得到逐日最大日射得热因数DJ m ax,乘以逐时冷负荷系数得到透过玻璃窗日射负荷与温度的全年逐时详细关系。再按朝向统计不同温度下日射负荷的平均值,得出温度与冷负荷的实用关系,经过统计处理计算方法仍可以比较简单。并将这种方法求得的冷负荷与原方法作了比较。由于它反映了温度与该部分冷负荷的真实关系,使负荷和能耗计算精度提高。并以成都南向玻璃窗为例介绍了新统计关系的使用方法。
