The widespread use of antimicrobials in animal husbandry has led to an increase in concentrations of antibiotics in animal faeces. Furthermore, the spreading of this waste as fertilizer on agricultural land indirectly...The widespread use of antimicrobials in animal husbandry has led to an increase in concentrations of antibiotics in animal faeces. Furthermore, the spreading of this waste as fertilizer on agricultural land indirectly introduces antimicrobial residues into the environment. This study examined samples of pig slurry and poultry manure for three tetracyclines—oxytetracycline (OTC), chlortetracycline (CTC) and doxycycline (DOC) and conducted an environmental evaluation of soils. The samples were taken from manure heaps on eight broiler chicken farms and from slurry ponds on eight pig farms. The tetracycline analysis was conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS). The risk assessment was carried out on the basis of the estimated PECsoil value and the ecotoxicological information available for terrestrial organisms. TC concentrations were between >0.01 and 1.38 mg/kg. OCT was detected in 37% of the poultry manure and in 20% of the pig slurry samples. DOC was present in 50% of pig slurry samples with an average concentration of 1.2 mg/kg, while CTC was only found in one slurry sample at a concentration of 0.56 mg/kg. Compared with published values for these two farm animals from other countries, the TC concentrations obtained in this study were low. The environmental importance of the data generated was also discussed.展开更多
氨挥发是肥料氮素损失的主要途径之一。以厌氧发酵后的猪粪沼液为研究对象,通过蔬菜大棚小区试验,分析其作为追肥表施于冬季菜地(水芹(Oenanthe clecumbens L.)和扬花萝卜(Raphanus sativusL.Var.Radiculus pers.);追施氮量分别为72 kg ...氨挥发是肥料氮素损失的主要途径之一。以厌氧发酵后的猪粪沼液为研究对象,通过蔬菜大棚小区试验,分析其作为追肥表施于冬季菜地(水芹(Oenanthe clecumbens L.)和扬花萝卜(Raphanus sativusL.Var.Radiculus pers.);追施氮量分别为72 kg hm-2和54 kg hm-2)及夏季菜地(小白菜(Brassica chinensisL.)和大叶茼蒿(Chrysanthemum carinatum Schousb.);追施氮量分别为42 kg hm-2和63 kg hm-2)后的氨排放特征及其影响因子。研究结果表明:(1)施用猪粪沼液后菜地氨挥发激增,沼液中氮素以氨挥发形态损失较快,通常发生在施入后48 h内;(2)冬季芹菜地和萝卜地施用沼液后的累积氨排放量分别为8.68 kg hm-2和9.90 kg hm-2,显著高于化肥处理(4.06 kg hm-2和5.59 kg hm-2);而夏季白菜地和茼蒿地则分别为10.40kg hm-2和11.61 kg hm-2,与化肥处理间差异不显著(9.81 kg hm-2和10.09 kg hm-2);(3)冬季菜地施用沼液后氨挥发损失率分别达到11.7%和17.7%,显著低于夏季菜地(23.3%和26.8%);(4)0～10 cm土层土壤温度、水分含量、可溶性有机碳含量、氮素水平及形态、微生物生物量及活性,均与菜地氨挥发有较高的关联度。沼液作为追肥施入农田后会因其自身氨挥发和激发效应而使氨排放增加,在施用过程中应特别注意温度的影响,同时应选择合适的施用方式。展开更多
文摘The widespread use of antimicrobials in animal husbandry has led to an increase in concentrations of antibiotics in animal faeces. Furthermore, the spreading of this waste as fertilizer on agricultural land indirectly introduces antimicrobial residues into the environment. This study examined samples of pig slurry and poultry manure for three tetracyclines—oxytetracycline (OTC), chlortetracycline (CTC) and doxycycline (DOC) and conducted an environmental evaluation of soils. The samples were taken from manure heaps on eight broiler chicken farms and from slurry ponds on eight pig farms. The tetracycline analysis was conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS). The risk assessment was carried out on the basis of the estimated PECsoil value and the ecotoxicological information available for terrestrial organisms. TC concentrations were between >0.01 and 1.38 mg/kg. OCT was detected in 37% of the poultry manure and in 20% of the pig slurry samples. DOC was present in 50% of pig slurry samples with an average concentration of 1.2 mg/kg, while CTC was only found in one slurry sample at a concentration of 0.56 mg/kg. Compared with published values for these two farm animals from other countries, the TC concentrations obtained in this study were low. The environmental importance of the data generated was also discussed.
文摘氨挥发是肥料氮素损失的主要途径之一。以厌氧发酵后的猪粪沼液为研究对象,通过蔬菜大棚小区试验,分析其作为追肥表施于冬季菜地(水芹(Oenanthe clecumbens L.)和扬花萝卜(Raphanus sativusL.Var.Radiculus pers.);追施氮量分别为72 kg hm-2和54 kg hm-2)及夏季菜地(小白菜(Brassica chinensisL.)和大叶茼蒿(Chrysanthemum carinatum Schousb.);追施氮量分别为42 kg hm-2和63 kg hm-2)后的氨排放特征及其影响因子。研究结果表明:(1)施用猪粪沼液后菜地氨挥发激增,沼液中氮素以氨挥发形态损失较快,通常发生在施入后48 h内;(2)冬季芹菜地和萝卜地施用沼液后的累积氨排放量分别为8.68 kg hm-2和9.90 kg hm-2,显著高于化肥处理(4.06 kg hm-2和5.59 kg hm-2);而夏季白菜地和茼蒿地则分别为10.40kg hm-2和11.61 kg hm-2,与化肥处理间差异不显著(9.81 kg hm-2和10.09 kg hm-2);(3)冬季菜地施用沼液后氨挥发损失率分别达到11.7%和17.7%,显著低于夏季菜地(23.3%和26.8%);(4)0～10 cm土层土壤温度、水分含量、可溶性有机碳含量、氮素水平及形态、微生物生物量及活性,均与菜地氨挥发有较高的关联度。沼液作为追肥施入农田后会因其自身氨挥发和激发效应而使氨排放增加,在施用过程中应特别注意温度的影响,同时应选择合适的施用方式。
