In Liaoning, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Gansu, Sichuan, Anhui, Jilin and other provinces in China, there is a wide occurrence of metal quantity over 1000 tons of refractory gold ores, principally because of low gold rec...In Liaoning, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Gansu, Sichuan, Anhui, Jilin and other provinces in China, there is a wide occurrence of metal quantity over 1000 tons of refractory gold ores, principally because of low gold recoveries and become "stay mine". Features of refi'actory gold ores are: gold in micro-particles or a microscopic state that is wrapped in pyrite, presence of arsenopyrite and other sulfide minerals or disseminated in the crystal lattice of sulfide minerals; harmful impurity elements such as arsenic, carbon, mercury, antimony, copper with high content are closely related with the gold, and these elements affect the contact reaction between the gold and solvent extraction, making the recovery of the gold extraction process low. In the past 20 years, overseas countries have developed the application of the roasting oxidation method, hot acid (alkali) oxidation, bacterial oxidation and flash chlorination oxidation technology to solve this problem.Among these, biological oxidation has developed rapidly in the domestic market and gold enterprises abroad because of its low investment in infrastructure, low production costs, less environmental pollution, simple process and easy control, etc.展开更多
This paper deals with the bio-oxidation of galena particles (-80 meshes) using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and compares it with Fe^3+ oxidation. Experimental results show that, at least, 0.00197 mol galena was l...This paper deals with the bio-oxidation of galena particles (-80 meshes) using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and compares it with Fe^3+ oxidation. Experimental results show that, at least, 0.00197 mol galena was leached from lOOmL pulp (density of 3.8%) with 39 days' bio-oxidation, as compared to 0.00329 mol galena by Fe^3+ with 9 days' oxidation. Because Fe^3+ was constantly consumed, leaching by Fe^3+ almost stopped after 9 days. Large amounts of lead sulfate were detected in both bio-oxidation and Fe^3+ oxidation of galena. A. ferrooxidans followed a unique growth pattern during the bio-oxidation of galena. In the initial 15 days, the bacteria attached themselves to the galena surface with the formation of erosion pits similar in shape and length to those of the bacteria, and there were hardly any bacteria suspended in the solution. After 15 days, suspended bacteria increased. It is thus suggested that A. ferrooxidans may directly oxidize galena.展开更多
In order to investigate the effect of Thiobacillusferrooxidans on the oxidation of pyrite, two parallel experiments, which employed H2SO4 solutions and acidic solutions inoculated with ThiobaciUus ferrooxidans, were d...In order to investigate the effect of Thiobacillusferrooxidans on the oxidation of pyrite, two parallel experiments, which employed H2SO4 solutions and acidic solutions inoculated with ThiobaciUus ferrooxidans, were designed and carried out at 30℃. The initial pH of the two solutions was adjusted to 2.5 by dropwise addition of concentrated sulphuric acid. The surfaces of pyrite before exposure to leaching solutions and after exposure to the H2SO4 solutions and acidic solutions inoculated with Thiobacillus ferrooxidans were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). There were a variety of erosion patterns by Thiobacillusferrooxidans on the bio-leached pyrite surfaces. A conclusion can be drawn that the oxidation of pyrite might have been caused by erosion of the surfaces. Attachment of the bacteria to pyrite surfaces resulted in erosion pits, leading to the oxidation of pyrite. It is possible that the direct mechanism plays the most important role in the oxidation of pyrite. The changes in iron ion concentrations of both the experimental solutions with time suggest that ThiobaciUus ferrooxidans can enhance greatly the oxidation of pyrite.展开更多
To clarify the role and mechanism of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A. ferrooxidans) in bio-electro-generative-leaching (BEGL), an experiment was made on the electro-generative leaching of chalcopyrite-MnO2 in the pr...To clarify the role and mechanism of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A. ferrooxidans) in bio-electro-generative-leaching (BEGL), an experiment was made on the electro-generative leaching of chalcopyrite-MnO2 in the presence of the bacteria which grew respectively in Fe(Ⅱ) and S0 media. A dual cell system with chalcopyrite anode and MnO2 cathode was used to study the relationship between time and both of electric quantity and dissolved rate of the two minerals in BEGL. The results show that the dissolved rates for Cu2+ and Fe2+ under the action of the bacteria cultivated by S0 medium are almost 2 times faster than those by Fe(Ⅱ). And the leaching ratio for Mn2+ and the electric output increase by near 3 times. The oxidation residue of chalcopyrite was characterized by SEM and XRD, whose patterns are similar to those of raw ore in BEGL. The mechanism of anodic reaction for CuFeS2-MnO2 leaching in the presence of A. ferrooxidans cultivated by S0 medium is proposed as a successive reaction of two independent sub-processes. The first stage is the dissolution of chalcopyrite to produce Cu2+, Fe2+ and sulfur, and the second stage is bio-oxidation of sulfur, which is the control step of the process. However, dissolution of MnO2 lasts until the reaction of chalcopyrite stops or the ores exhaust in two types of leaching.展开更多
The refractory gold ores associated with rich copper and trapped in pyrite and quartz were studied. With conventional technique (all-sliming cyanidation), the gold recovery rate is only 51.78%. To eliminate the nega...The refractory gold ores associated with rich copper and trapped in pyrite and quartz were studied. With conventional technique (all-sliming cyanidation), the gold recovery rate is only 51.78%. To eliminate the negative effects of copper and pyrite on cyanidation and increase the gold recovery rate, the investigation on bio-heap leaching pretreatment was made, by which Cu would be dissolved and gold would be liberated from pyrite. The experiment adopted mixed bacteria, mainly ThiobaciUus ferrooxidan (named T.fl ), as the bacterial catalyst for bio-preconditioning and was carried out in a PVC column with a diameter of 20 cm and a height of 1.3 m loaded with gold ores. The temperature was controlled between 28 and 30℃, the pH value was kept between 2.0-2.5, and the flux of sprinkling bacterial liquid was maintained 0.80 L/h. After 45-day's bio-oxidization, among the samples sizing from 0 to 5 mm, the oxidation rates of Cu, Fe and S were respectively 44.62%, 28.16% and 25.46%, and the gold recovery rate by cyaniding increased to 80.35%. The bio-heap leaching pretreatment can therefore effectively dissolve Cu and liberate gold from pyrite and lead to the increase of gold extraction.展开更多
Intensifying effects of ferrous sulfate and pyrite on bioleaching of low-grade molybdenite concentrate were studied in this paper. The experimental results show that the oxidation dissolution of molybdenite can be acc...Intensifying effects of ferrous sulfate and pyrite on bioleaching of low-grade molybdenite concentrate were studied in this paper. The experimental results show that the oxidation dissolution of molybdenite can be accelerated with the addition of either ferrous sulfate or pyrite in bi- oleaching medium. Pyrite has better enhancing effect than ferrous sulfate, and the highest molybdenum leaching rate in pyrite-added solutions is 20.85 %, increasing by 12.64 % compared with that in 9 K leaching system. Molybdenum leaching rate does not increase linearly with the increase of the addition of either ferrous sulfate or pyrite in each type solution. Great amounts of [NH4Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6] and [KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6] with different morphologies will be deposited on molybdenite ores when the additions of Fe from ferrous sulfate or pyrite exceed that from 9 K leaching system by 0.5 times, and these deposits hinder the oxidation dissolution of molybdenite to some extent.展开更多
In loess regions, landfilling is the predominant solid waste disposal and loess is usually used as landfill cover soil. However, the methane(CH_4) bio-oxidation activity of virgin loess is usually below 0.01 μmol/(h ...In loess regions, landfilling is the predominant solid waste disposal and loess is usually used as landfill cover soil. However, the methane(CH_4) bio-oxidation activity of virgin loess is usually below 0.01 μmol/(h g-soil). In this study, we proposed a method to improve CH_4 removal capacity of loess by amelioration with mature landfill leachate, which is in-situ, easily available, and appropriate. The organic matter content of the ameliorated loess increased by 180%, reaching 19.69–24.88 g/kg-soil, with more than 90% being non-leachable. The abundance of type I methane-oxidizing bacteria and methane monooxygenase gene pmoA increased by 5.0 and 79 times, respectively. Consequently, the maximum CH_4 removal rate of ameliorated loess reached 0.74–1.41 μmol/(h g-soil) at 25°C, which was 4-fold higher than that of water-irrigated loess. Besides, the CH_4 removal rate peaked at 10 vt% CH_4 concentration and remained at around 1.4 μmol/(h g-soil) at 15°C–35°C. The column test confirmed that the highest CH_4 removal efficiency was at 30–40 cm below the surface, reaching 26.1%±0.4%, and the 50-cm-thick loess layer irrigated with leachate achieved more than 85% CH_4 removal efficiency. These results could help to realize carbon neutrality in landfill sites of global loess regions.展开更多
文摘In Liaoning, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Gansu, Sichuan, Anhui, Jilin and other provinces in China, there is a wide occurrence of metal quantity over 1000 tons of refractory gold ores, principally because of low gold recoveries and become "stay mine". Features of refi'actory gold ores are: gold in micro-particles or a microscopic state that is wrapped in pyrite, presence of arsenopyrite and other sulfide minerals or disseminated in the crystal lattice of sulfide minerals; harmful impurity elements such as arsenic, carbon, mercury, antimony, copper with high content are closely related with the gold, and these elements affect the contact reaction between the gold and solvent extraction, making the recovery of the gold extraction process low. In the past 20 years, overseas countries have developed the application of the roasting oxidation method, hot acid (alkali) oxidation, bacterial oxidation and flash chlorination oxidation technology to solve this problem.Among these, biological oxidation has developed rapidly in the domestic market and gold enterprises abroad because of its low investment in infrastructure, low production costs, less environmental pollution, simple process and easy control, etc.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40532011, 40403004 and 40473032);Important Direction Project of Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX3-SW-223).
文摘This paper deals with the bio-oxidation of galena particles (-80 meshes) using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and compares it with Fe^3+ oxidation. Experimental results show that, at least, 0.00197 mol galena was leached from lOOmL pulp (density of 3.8%) with 39 days' bio-oxidation, as compared to 0.00329 mol galena by Fe^3+ with 9 days' oxidation. Because Fe^3+ was constantly consumed, leaching by Fe^3+ almost stopped after 9 days. Large amounts of lead sulfate were detected in both bio-oxidation and Fe^3+ oxidation of galena. A. ferrooxidans followed a unique growth pattern during the bio-oxidation of galena. In the initial 15 days, the bacteria attached themselves to the galena surface with the formation of erosion pits similar in shape and length to those of the bacteria, and there were hardly any bacteria suspended in the solution. After 15 days, suspended bacteria increased. It is thus suggested that A. ferrooxidans may directly oxidize galena.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant 40573001)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(No.20050284043 and No.20050284044).
文摘In order to investigate the effect of Thiobacillusferrooxidans on the oxidation of pyrite, two parallel experiments, which employed H2SO4 solutions and acidic solutions inoculated with ThiobaciUus ferrooxidans, were designed and carried out at 30℃. The initial pH of the two solutions was adjusted to 2.5 by dropwise addition of concentrated sulphuric acid. The surfaces of pyrite before exposure to leaching solutions and after exposure to the H2SO4 solutions and acidic solutions inoculated with Thiobacillus ferrooxidans were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). There were a variety of erosion patterns by Thiobacillusferrooxidans on the bio-leached pyrite surfaces. A conclusion can be drawn that the oxidation of pyrite might have been caused by erosion of the surfaces. Attachment of the bacteria to pyrite surfaces resulted in erosion pits, leading to the oxidation of pyrite. It is possible that the direct mechanism plays the most important role in the oxidation of pyrite. The changes in iron ion concentrations of both the experimental solutions with time suggest that ThiobaciUus ferrooxidans can enhance greatly the oxidation of pyrite.
基金Project(50874119) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject supported by the Post-doctoral Program of Central South University, China
文摘To clarify the role and mechanism of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A. ferrooxidans) in bio-electro-generative-leaching (BEGL), an experiment was made on the electro-generative leaching of chalcopyrite-MnO2 in the presence of the bacteria which grew respectively in Fe(Ⅱ) and S0 media. A dual cell system with chalcopyrite anode and MnO2 cathode was used to study the relationship between time and both of electric quantity and dissolved rate of the two minerals in BEGL. The results show that the dissolved rates for Cu2+ and Fe2+ under the action of the bacteria cultivated by S0 medium are almost 2 times faster than those by Fe(Ⅱ). And the leaching ratio for Mn2+ and the electric output increase by near 3 times. The oxidation residue of chalcopyrite was characterized by SEM and XRD, whose patterns are similar to those of raw ore in BEGL. The mechanism of anodic reaction for CuFeS2-MnO2 leaching in the presence of A. ferrooxidans cultivated by S0 medium is proposed as a successive reaction of two independent sub-processes. The first stage is the dissolution of chalcopyrite to produce Cu2+, Fe2+ and sulfur, and the second stage is bio-oxidation of sulfur, which is the control step of the process. However, dissolution of MnO2 lasts until the reaction of chalcopyrite stops or the ores exhaust in two types of leaching.
文摘The refractory gold ores associated with rich copper and trapped in pyrite and quartz were studied. With conventional technique (all-sliming cyanidation), the gold recovery rate is only 51.78%. To eliminate the negative effects of copper and pyrite on cyanidation and increase the gold recovery rate, the investigation on bio-heap leaching pretreatment was made, by which Cu would be dissolved and gold would be liberated from pyrite. The experiment adopted mixed bacteria, mainly ThiobaciUus ferrooxidan (named T.fl ), as the bacterial catalyst for bio-preconditioning and was carried out in a PVC column with a diameter of 20 cm and a height of 1.3 m loaded with gold ores. The temperature was controlled between 28 and 30℃, the pH value was kept between 2.0-2.5, and the flux of sprinkling bacterial liquid was maintained 0.80 L/h. After 45-day's bio-oxidization, among the samples sizing from 0 to 5 mm, the oxidation rates of Cu, Fe and S were respectively 44.62%, 28.16% and 25.46%, and the gold recovery rate by cyaniding increased to 80.35%. The bio-heap leaching pretreatment can therefore effectively dissolve Cu and liberate gold from pyrite and lead to the increase of gold extraction.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51304151 and 51174062)the High-Tech Research and Development Program of China(No.2012AA061501)
文摘Intensifying effects of ferrous sulfate and pyrite on bioleaching of low-grade molybdenite concentrate were studied in this paper. The experimental results show that the oxidation dissolution of molybdenite can be accelerated with the addition of either ferrous sulfate or pyrite in bi- oleaching medium. Pyrite has better enhancing effect than ferrous sulfate, and the highest molybdenum leaching rate in pyrite-added solutions is 20.85 %, increasing by 12.64 % compared with that in 9 K leaching system. Molybdenum leaching rate does not increase linearly with the increase of the addition of either ferrous sulfate or pyrite in each type solution. Great amounts of [NH4Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6] and [KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6] with different morphologies will be deposited on molybdenite ores when the additions of Fe from ferrous sulfate or pyrite exceed that from 9 K leaching system by 0.5 times, and these deposits hinder the oxidation dissolution of molybdenite to some extent.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFC1903700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41877537)。
文摘In loess regions, landfilling is the predominant solid waste disposal and loess is usually used as landfill cover soil. However, the methane(CH_4) bio-oxidation activity of virgin loess is usually below 0.01 μmol/(h g-soil). In this study, we proposed a method to improve CH_4 removal capacity of loess by amelioration with mature landfill leachate, which is in-situ, easily available, and appropriate. The organic matter content of the ameliorated loess increased by 180%, reaching 19.69–24.88 g/kg-soil, with more than 90% being non-leachable. The abundance of type I methane-oxidizing bacteria and methane monooxygenase gene pmoA increased by 5.0 and 79 times, respectively. Consequently, the maximum CH_4 removal rate of ameliorated loess reached 0.74–1.41 μmol/(h g-soil) at 25°C, which was 4-fold higher than that of water-irrigated loess. Besides, the CH_4 removal rate peaked at 10 vt% CH_4 concentration and remained at around 1.4 μmol/(h g-soil) at 15°C–35°C. The column test confirmed that the highest CH_4 removal efficiency was at 30–40 cm below the surface, reaching 26.1%±0.4%, and the 50-cm-thick loess layer irrigated with leachate achieved more than 85% CH_4 removal efficiency. These results could help to realize carbon neutrality in landfill sites of global loess regions.