Chlorella across latitudes: investigating biochemical composition and antioxidant activities for biotechnological applications

With the present day rise of interest in acquiring sustainability in the pharmaceutical industry,there has been an emphasis on finding natural resources to replace the use of synthetic compounds used in products.Microalgae have garnered significant attention owing to their natural and sustainable capability to produce a diverse array of bioactive compounds.Therefore,this study aims to evaluate the biochemical composition and antioxidant properties of Chlorella strains from a tropical region(Chlorella UMACC 051 and Chlorella UMACC 038)and a polar region(Chlorella UMACC 250 and Chlorella UMACC 234).The cultures were grown for 10 d.At the end of the experiment,the specific growth rate,chlorophyll-a content,carotenoid content,biomass,and biochemical composition such as carbohydrate,protein and lipid content were determined.In addition,the phytochemical properties were determined using a total phenolic assay while the antioxidant activities were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH).Of all Chlorella strains tested,the tropical Chlorella UMACC 051 showed the fastest growth rate and biomass while the polar Chlorella UMACC 234 contained the highest pigment content and tropical Chlorella UMACC 038 has the highest total phenolic content.The biochemical composition analysis showed all strains have a high lipid content ranging from 45.36%to 60.30%dry weight.All Chlorella strains exhibited a small amount of antioxidant activity(15.42%to 30.15%)and total phenolic content ranging from 1.91±0.04 to 4.43±0.10 mg GAE·g–1 dry weight.The results indicated that polar Chlorella UMACC 234 has the most potential in containing significant amounts of bioactive compounds.

The Ratio of Flesh to Body and Analysis on Biochemical Composition of Muscle in Pachyhynobius Shangchengensis

[Objective] The ratio of flesh content and biochemical compositions in muscles of Pachyhynobius shangchengensis were researched in this experiment to provide basic referrences for studying nutritive physiological ecology of Pachyhynobius shangchengensis. [Method] The biochemical analytic method was used to detect the ratio of flesh content and biochemical compositions in muscle of Pachyhynobius shangchengensis. [Result] The ratio of flesh contents of female and male Pachyhynobius shangchengensis were 54.93% and 55.84% respectively. The contents of protein, total saccharides and fatty acid of female Pachyhynobius shangchengensis were 15.44% ,1.70% and 0.68% respectively,while the same contents of male Pachyhynobius shangchengensis were 15.67%, 1.89% and 0.53% respectively. The total content of 18 kinds of amino acids was 12.72% （the proportion in fresh weight）, among which the content of 8 kinds of essential amino acids was 4.68%. The essential amino acids index（EAAI） was 72.68 and limiting amino acids was valine. There were 11 kinds of fatty acids in muscles of Pachyhynobius shangchengensis, among which the content of unsaturated fatty acids （80.02%） was higher than that of saturated fatty acids（ 19.98% ）. [ Conclusion] Pachyhynobius shangchengensis was a kind of valuable natural resource belonging to the nutritious type of low fat content and high protein content.

Effects of nutrients and light intensity on the growth and biochemical composition of a marine microalga Odontella aurita

Algal biotechnology has advanced greatly in the past three decades. Many microalgae are now cultivated to produce bioactive substances. Odontella aurita is a marine diatom industrially cultured in outdoor open ponds and used for human nutrition. For the first time, we have systematically investigated the effects of culture conditions in cylindrical glass columns and fiat-plate photobioreactors, including nutrients （nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur）, light intensity and light path, on O. aurita cell growth and biochemical composition （protein, carbohydrate, β-1,3-glucan, lipids, and ash）. The optimal medium for photoautotrophic cultivation of O. aurita contained 17.65 mmol/L nitrogen, 1.09 mmol/L phosphorus, 0.42 mmol/L silicon, and 24.51 mmol/L sulfur, yielding a maximum biomass production of 6.1-6.8 g/L and 6.7-7.8 g/L under low and high light, respectively. Scale-up experiments were conducted with fiat-plate photobioreactors using different light-paths, indicating that a short light path was more suitable for biomass production of O. aurita. Analyses of biochemical composition showed that protein content decreased while carbohydrate （mainly composed of 15-1,3-glucan） increased remarkably to about 50% of dry weight during the entire culture period. The highest lipid content （19.7% of dry weight） was obtained under 0.11 mmol/L silicon and high light conditions at harvest time. Fatty acid profiles revealed that 80% were Cx4, C^6, and C20, while arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid （EPA） accounted for 1.6%-5.6% and 9%-20% of total fatty acids, respectively. High biomass production and characteristic biochemical composition profiles make O. aurita a promising microalga for the production ofbioactive components, such as EPA and D-1,3-glucan.

Seasonal Changes of Reproductive Activity and Biochemical Composition of Pen Shell Atrina pectinata Linnaeus,1767 in Bohai Sea,China

Seasonal variations in the biochemical composition and the reproductive cycle of pen shell Atrina pectinata in Bohai Sea were investigated from May 2013 to April 2014. Histological analysis indicated that the reproductive cycle of A. pectinata can be divided into two phases, inactive stage and gametogenesis, which were equally and significantly influenced by seawater temperature and food availability. Gametogenesis began in late autumn(October), and completed in June and July. Spawning took place in August, coinciding with the highest water temperature and the richest phytoplankton. The significantly high glycogen content in adductor muscles sustained throughout the late active and ripeness stages, but plummeted during spawning and inactive stages. The protein content in female gonads exhibited a synchronous increase along with oocyte diameter and lipid content, suggesting that the female gonads could accumulate protein and lipid for vitelline in A. pectinata. Furthermore, the RNA/DNA ratio was found to be a useful index to indicate the level of gonad maturation in both males and females. The findings of the present study provided a foundation for the fishery resource administration and the aquaculture development of this species.

STUDIES ON THE BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION,ENERGETICS AND ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS OF THREE MUDSKIPPERS IN XIAMEN HARBOUR

Measurements were made on the contents of protein, lipid, glycogen (PLG) and water, and on caloric values and amino acids, in muscle of three mudskippers Periophthalmis cantonensis, Scarteiaos viridis and Boleophthalmus pectinirostris collected from Haicang, Xiamen. The essential amino acids (EAA) for these fishes were also studied with radioisotopic trace method. The results showed: (1) The content of each component in tested fish muscles differed slightly, and protein was the most important component making up from 6.685% to 9.891% of the wet weight (about 44.21%-50.45% of dry weight); (2) Energy calculated from the sum of protein, lipid and glycogen in wet muscle was low (<4.3kJ/g) in these fishes, especially in B. pectinirostris (<3.1 kJ/g); the ratios of energy to protein content (E/P) also were low (<39.873 -45.535kJ/g); (3) Seventeen amino acids were determined in these three fishes. The content of the same amino acid (among the seventeen) tested in different species and sexes varied slightly. The amounts of methionine, phenylalanine lysine, arginme, histidine, threonine isoleucine and leucine which are indispensable for the needs of human beings and animals were relative-ly high, accounting for 47.35%-48.06% of the total amino acid content. (4) Leucine, isoleucine, arginme, lysine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, methionine, histidine, threonine, and valine, are essential in the diet of the three mudskippers as the radioisotopic trace method using D-[U-^(14) C]-glucose showed little or no radioactivity was incorporated into these ten amino acids.

Study of effects of environmental factors on biochemical compositions of four species of marine single-celled algae

Photosynthetic rates (PR ) of four species of marine single- celled algae were determined by means of 14C-tracer method under the experimental modelling conditions. The effects of environmental factors, such as light, temperature and nutrients, on the biochemical compositions of the algae were studied. The results indicate that the suitable light intensities for the growth of Phaeodactylum tricorntum, Dunaliella spp, Skeletonema costatum and Isochrysis galbana are in the range from 5. 8 X 103 to 15 x 103 lx, showing an increasing trend of photosynthetic rates with the heightened light intensities. The irradiance response of Dunaliella spp. and Isochrysis galbana is significant. The contents of carbohydrate increase, but those of protein decrease, and the contents of lipids change very little. The optimum temperatures for the growth of the four species of algae are 14, 26, 21 and 26t respectively, characterized by the maxima of PR and the contents of carbohydrate, protein and lipid as well as their variations. The apparent activation energies in the photosynthesis process of Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Dunaliella spp., Skeletonema costatum and Isochrysis galbana are 23. 2, 38. 5, 22. 4 and 61. 7 kJ/mol respectively, and the temperature coefficients for the four algae are 1. 74, 1. 74, 1. 38 and 1. 69 respectively. The peaks of PR appeared in some culture media (N/P = 16 ) of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Skeletonema costatum, and in other media (N/P = 28) of Dunaliella spp. and Isochurysis galbana. The contents and their variations of carbohydrate, protein and lipid of the four species of algae are all maximum when N/P is equal to 16 in culture media.

The study of fluorescence characteristics and biochemical composition of a marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana 3H in light and dark cyclesI. The effects of nutrients

The effects of nutrients on the fluorescence characteristics and biochemical composition of marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana 3H in light and dark cycles were investigated with continuous culture. The results show that with the increase of nutrient deficiency, the ratio of enhanced fluorescence to fluorescence (Fd/F), cellular chloropyll-a and protein content of the algae decline, but the fluorescence yield (F/Chl) , DCMU enhanced fluorescence yield (Fd/Chl) , cellular carbohydrate content, carbohydrate/Chl, protein/Chl, carbohydrate/protein increase. The changing amplitude of each parameter is different at different nutrition status, sampling time and different light intensity.

Seasonal variation in the biochemical composition,condition index,and meat yield of the non-indigenous pearl oyster Pinctada imbricata radiata(Leach,1814)from the West of the Aegean Sea,Greece

The average values of the seasonal flesh biochemical composition(%)of the pearl oyster Pinctada imbricata radiata originated form 2 sampling sites,the gulfs of Evoikos(E)and Saronikos(S)in the Western Aegean Sea,showed that is rich in proteins(64.00±1.86-(E),64.67±2.95-(S))with low fat content(10.96±1.04-(E),11.86±1.13-(S))and carbohydrates(13.29±2.48-(E),9.94±4.32(S)).The condition index ranged from 26.16%±5.04 in the autumn in(E),to 44.73%±7.50 in the summer in(S).The meat yield varied from 20.49%±3.20%in the summer in(E)to 30.73%±3.47%in the summer in(S).Both results demonstrate the high nutritional profile of the pearl oyster,supporting its suitability as a potential new Mediterranean seafood source for human consumption.

Evaluation of Nutritional Composition of Two Fonio Ecotypes Grown in Casamance (Sénégal)

In order to better understand the cultural route, biochemical and nutritional composition of two ecotypes of fonio, a study was carried out in village of Tambananing located approximately 7 km from Sédhiou. The objective of studies was to determine nutritional composition of two ecotypes of fonio: the first called momo in short-cycle mandinka (75 - 90 days) and the other called medium-cycle dibong (90 - 110 days). For this, samples of two ecotypes were collected in an experimental field which was split into two equal parts, one sown with the momo ecotype and the other with the dibong ecotype. The nutritional composition (sugars, fats, proteins, minerals, ash, etc.) and the physicochemical properties (pH, humidity, water activity, color, etc.) of fonio’s were determined by appropriate physicochemical methods. The two ecotypes exhibited quite similar physicochemical properties. The levels of biochemical compounds were relatively close with protein contents of 7.05 ± 0.06 mg/100g for the momo ecotype and of 8.02 ± 0.04 mg/100g for the dibong ecotype, in carbohydrates (76.37 ± 1.2 mg/100g for momo and 78.7 ± 1.5 mg/100g for dibong) and in fat (2.92 ± 0.05 mg/100g for momo and 3.14 ± 0.004 mg/100g for dibong). Identical mineral element contents were found except for iron, an element for which the contents were 10.80 ± 0.008 mg/100g for the momo ecotype and 99.59 ± 0.005 mg/100g for the dibong ecotype. Thus, two ecotypes of fonio present a fairly interesting nutritional composition and their consumption deserves to be popularized and could contribute effectively to fight against the problems of malnutrition of certain vulnerable groups.

Accumulation of dysprosium,samarium,terbium,lanthanum,neodymium and ytterbium by Arthrospira platensis and their effects on biomass biochemical composition

The growth of Arthrospira platensis and physiological changes in biomass under the effects of six rare earth elements Dy,Sm,Tb,La,Nd and Yb were evaluated.Elements were tested by three concentrations of 10,20 and 30 mg/L.According to neutron activation analysis data A.platensis’s accumulation capacity toward studied elements changes in the following order of La>Dy>Nd>Sm>Yb>Tb.The results show that Dy and La ions stimulate biomass growth and Yb ions inhibit it,while Sm,Tb and Nd ions do not affect biomass accumulation.The contents of proteins and chlorophyll a are not affected by the presence of rare earth elements in the cultivation medium.Studied elements affect to different extents carbohydrates,phycobilins,β-carotene,lipids and MDA contents in spirulina biomass.Changes in the antioxidant activity under applied metal loads reveal a moderate stress in exposed A.platensis.Cyanobacterium A.platensis can be successfully used for bioremediation of natural water contaminated with REEs as well as REEs recovery from low polluted industrial effluents.

Seasonal Variation of Biochemical Components in Clam (Saxidomuspurpuratus Sowerby 1852) in Relation to Its Reproductive Cycle and the Environmental Condition of Sanggou Bay, China

Seasonal variation of biochemical components in clam(Saxidomus purpuratus Sowerby 1852) was investigated from March 2012 to February 2013 in relation to environmental condition of Sanggou Bay and the reproductive cycle of clam.According to the histological analysis,the reproductive cycle of S.purpuratus includes two distinctive phases:a total spent and inactive stage from November to January,and a gametogenesis stage,including ripeness and spawning,during the rest of the year.Gametes were generated at a low temperature(2.1℃) in February.Spawning took place once a year from June to October.The massive spawning occurred in August when the highest water temperature and chlorophyll a level could be observed.The key biochemical components(glycogen,protein and lipid) in five tissues(gonad,foot,mantle,siphon and adductor muscle) were analyzed.The glycogen content was high before gametogenesis,and decreased significantly during the gonad development in the gonad,mantle and foot of both females and males,suggesting that glycogen was an important energy source for gonad development.The protein and lipid contents increased in the ovary during the gonad development,demonstrating that they are the major organic components of oocytes.The lipid and protein contents decreased in the testis,implying that they can provide energy and material for spermatogenesis.The results also showed that protein stored in the mantle and foot could support the reproduction after the glycogen was depleted.

Starvation on changes in growth and fatty acid composition of juvenile red swamp crawfish, Procambarus clarkii

The effect of starvation on physiological and biochemical indicators of body, muscle and hepatopancreas were investigated for juvenile red swamp crawfish （Procambarus clarkii）, and the results showed the effect was obvious. In a 70-day starvation experiment, mean body weight, exuvial rate, abdominal muscle ratio and hepatosomatic index decreased significantly. The percentage of protein, fat, ash and moisture were also significantly affected. The protein content decreased sharply at Day 30 onward and the percentage of fat decreased rapidly from Day 50 and on. The percentages of ash and moisture started to increase significantly at Day 40 and 30 respectively. After the starvation experiment, the hepatopancreatic total and neutral lipid content decreased slightly from 23.90% to 20.39% and 73.75% to 70.35%, while the hepatopancreatic polar lipid content increased from 23.81% to 27.32%. On the other hand, all the muscular total, neutral and polar lipid contents, and the muscular fatty acid compositions did not change significantly except for the hepatopancreatic fatty acid composition. The relative percentages of 14：0, 16：0, 16：1n-7 and 18：1n-9 were decreased by 55.17%, 11.11%, 8.5% and 6.70% from the initial values, and the relative percentages of 18：2n-6, 18：3n-3, 20：4n-6, 20：5n-3 and 22：6n-3 increased obviously from 5.2%, 3.9%,4, 2.4%, 10.6%, and 13.7% to 7.1%, 5.0%, 2.8%, 11.5%, and 14.4% respectively. Preference of utilization of fatty acids from hepatopancreas during starvation was as follows： 14：0〉16：0〉16：1n-7〉18：1n-9, and the conservation of highly unsaturated fatty acids was in the order of： 18：2n-6 〉18：3n-3〉20：4n-6〉20：5n-3〉22：6n-3.

Physico-Chemical and Thermal Characterization of Some Lignocellulosic Fibres: <i>Ananas comosus</i>(AC), <i>Neuropeltis acuminatas</i>(NA) and <i>Rhecktophyllum camerunense</i>(RC)

This paper focuses on the study of the physical, biochemical, structural, and thermal properties of plant fibres of Rhecktophyllum camerunense (RC), Neuropeltis acuminatas (NA) and Ananas comosus (AC) from the equatorial region of Cameroon. The traditional use of these fibres inspired researchers to investigated their properties. This study aims at improving the state of knowledge with a view to diversifying applications. The fibres are extracted by retting. Then, their apparent density was measured following the ASTM D792 standard and their water moisture absorption and moisture content were also evaluated. Their molecular structure was studied by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. A quantitative analysis of the biochemical composition was performed according to the analytical technique for the pulp and paper industry (TAPPI). A TGA/DSC analysis was also performed. The results reveal that the AC, NA and RC fibres have densities of 1.26 ± 1.06, 0.846 ± 0.13 and 0.757 ± 0.08 g·cm-3 respectively. They are also hydrophilic with a water absorption rate of 188.64 ± 11.94%, 276.16% ± 8.07% and 198.17% ± 20%. They have a moisture content of 12.21%, 10.36% and 9.37%. The studied fibres exhibit functional groups that are related to the presence of hemicellulose, pectin, lignin and cellulose. The cellulose crystallinity index was found to be 67.99%, 46.5% and 59.72% respectively. The fibres under study have the following chemical composition: an extractive content of 3.07%, 14.77% and 8.74%;a pectin content of 4.15%, 7.69% and 3.45%;a hemicellulose content of 4.90%, 15.33% and 7.42%;a cellulose content of 68.11%, 36.08% and 65.15%;a lignin content of 12.01%, 25.15% and 16.2%;and an ash content of 0.27%, 1.53% and 0.47% respectively. The thermal transitions observed on the thermograms correlate with the TAPPI chemical composition. It is observed that these fibres are thermally stable up to temperatures of 200°C, 220°C and 285°C. These results make it possible to envisage uses similar to those of sisal, hemp and flax fibres.

Isolation of a novel strain of Cyanobacterium sp.with good adaptation to extreme alkalinity and high polysaccharide yield

The use of high alkaline medium is a feasible way to provide carbon source and prevent biological contamination for the outdoor cultivation of alkaliphilic microalgae and cyanobacteria.A novel cyanobacterial strain was isolated from the open pond of a marine green alga(Picochlorum sp.SCSIO-45015,Sanya,Hainan)and identified as Cyanobacterium sp.SCSIO-45682.The effects of initial sodium bicarbonate(NaHCO_(3))concentrations on the growth and biochemical composition of Cyanobacterium sp.SCSIO-45682 were investigated.The results demonstrated that Cyanobacterium sp.SCSIO-45682 had good adaptation to 16.8-g/L NaHCO_(3)(the same concentration of NaHCO_(3) used in Zarrouk medium for Spirulina).Moreover,the yields of biomass,polysaccharide,chlorophyll a(chl a),and phycocyanin increased under high NaHCO_(3) concentrations.The maximum final biomass concentration of 2.5 g/L was observed at 8.4-g/L NaHCO_(3),while the highest intracellular total saccharide content of 49.2%of dry weight(DW)and exopolysaccharide(EPS)concentration of 93 mg/L were achieved at the NaHCO_(3) concentration of 16.8 g/L.The crude protein content declined under high NaHCO_(3) concentrations,which provide a possible explanation for the accumulation of polysaccharide.This study shows a good potential of alkaliphilic Cyanobacterium sp.SCSIO-45682 as a polysaccharide feedstock.

Activity of a lipid synthesis inhibitor(spiromesifen) in Culiseta longiareolata(Diptera:Culicidae)

Objective: To evaluate the activity of spiromesifen against the most abundant and investigated mosquito species, Culiseta longiareolata Aitken, 1954(Diptera, Culicidae).Methods: Culiseta longiareolata larvae were collected from untreated areas located at Te′bessa(Northeast Algeria). A commercial formulation of spiromesifen(Oberon?240 SC) was tested at different concentrations ranging between 238 and 1 428 mg/L on newly molted fourth-instar larvae under standard laboratory conditions according to Word Health Organization recommendations. The effects were examined on the mortality, the morphometric measurements, two biomarkers(catalase and malondialdehyde), and the biochemical composition of larvae, respectively.Results: The compound exhibited insecticidal activity. Moreover, it disturbed growth and several morphological aberrations were observed. It also affected body volume,biomarkers and contents of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. A marked effect on lipids and malondialdehyde was noted, confirming its primary mode of action on lipid synthesis.Conclusions: Spiromesifen appears less potent than other insecticides tested such as the insect growth disruptors.

Study of the Compensatory Growth Following Starvation of Juvenile Golden Pompano Trachinotus ovatus

A starvation trial was conducted to determine compensatory growth of the juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus which were deprived of food for 1, 2, 5 and 7 days respectively. The results of tests in outdoor cement pools and net pens showed that, in the first 15 days and 30 days, the growth of 1 day and 2 days-deprived groups was probably the same with that of control group, which accorded with fully compensatory description. However, the weight of 5 days and 7 days-deprived fingerlings were lower than that of the control group, which accorded with the description of the partial compensatory growth. As the starvation prolonged, feed conversion efficiency of the starved groups increased and was higher than the control group. Meanwhile, feeding rate also increased, but the fish of 1 day and 2 days-deprived groups was lower than that of the control group, and feeding quantity reduced and was lower than that of the control group. It suggested that the mechanism of compensatory growth was mainly due to improving feed conversion efficiency. Fish biochemical composition was analyzed： the water content and ash of fish sample increased due to starvation, while the lipid and protein decreased. The loss of lipid was greater than that of the protein, and the biochemical composition of fish in each group was restored to the control level by the end of the experiment. It suggested that Trachinotus ovatus may mainly consume lipid during the period of starvation.

Comparative studies on biochemical analysis of some economically important marine gastropods along Gulf of Mannar region,southeast coast of India

Objective:To signify the economic importance of molluscan-gastropod food by estimating its biochemical composition.Methods:Samples were collected from the trawl net bycatch at the fish landing center of Mandapam coast of the Gulf of Mannar region.The total protein,carbohydrate,lipid,ash and moisture contents were estimated from nine gastropods i.e.Phalium glaucum,Tonna dolium,Hemifusus pugilinus,Babylonia spirata,Xancus pyrum,Chicoreus ramosus,Harpa articularis,Ficus ficus and Babylonia zeylanica.Results:The percentages of protein(41.2%),carbohydrate(17.5%)and lipid(6.6%)contents were found highest in Babylonia spirata,followed by other gastropods.The maximum ash content was observed in Chicoreus ramosus(1.21%)and the maximum moisture content was observed in Phalium glaucum(83.71%).Conclusions:The results show that all the nine gastropods contain good sources of protein and other biochemical constituents and can be used for edible purposes to prevent starvation.

Rapid detection of total phenolics,antioxidant activity and ascorbic acid of dried apples by chemometric algorithms

Multivariate approaches like machine learning are commonly used in estimation of biochemical traits from spectral and color characteristics of foodstuffs and agricultural commodities.In present study,windfall apples of Golden Delicious,Oregon Spur and Granny Smith cultivars were dried in open-sun,controlled greenhouse,microwave oven(200W),hybrid system(100W+60℃),convective dryer(70℃)and freeze-dryer(−55℃).Spectral,chromatic and biochemical characteristics of dried apples were determined and assessed through machine learning algorithms.Total phenolic matter,DPPH(2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl),FRAP(Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power)and ascorbic acid content were estimated with the use of five different machine learning algorithms(artificial neural networks,k-nearest neighbor,random forest,gaussian processes and support vector regression).The most successful results were achieved in estimation of total phenolic content(R≥0.85).Additionally,Multilayer Perceptron,Support Vector Regression and Gaussian Processes were identified as the best machine learning algorithms in estimation of biochemical compositions of dried apples.

Nutritional evaluation of the moonfish Mene maculata(Bloch&Schneider,1801)from Parangipettai,southeast coast of India

Objective:To assess the nutritions in Mene maculata(Bloch&Schneider,1801)(M.maculata).Methods:Fishes(14-16 cm)were obtained from the landings at Parangipettai for the evaluation of biochemical composition.The present study deals with biochemical composition such as protein,carbohydrate,lipid,amino acids fatty acids,vitamins and minerals which were evaluated in the moonfish.Results:protein was high in the tissue(23.16%),followed by the carbohydrate(1.3%)and lipid(2.62%).Totally 20 essential and nonessential amino acids were present at the rate of 46.72%and 43.91%.In the analysis,the fatty acid profile by gas chromatography revealed the presence of higher amount of saturated fatty acid(palmitic acid 22.17%)than monounsaturated fatty acid(oleic acid 14.51%)and polyunsaturated fatty acid(alpha linolenic acid 16.07%).Vitamins were detected in M.maculata.Among them,vitamin A was found in higher levels(124.5 mg/g),whereas vitamin B6 was noticed as lower levels(0.34 mg/g).In the present study,totally 5 macro minerals and 2 trace minerals were reported.The macro mineral calcium(156.7 mg/g)was found at the highest level and other minerals such as sodium(31.98 mg/g),potassium(21.33 mg/g),copper(1.43 mg/g)and magnesium(0.341 mg/g)were also detected in the moonfish.Conclusions:The results of proximate composition in M.maculata showed that the percentage of The result showed that the moonfish M.maculata tissue is a valuable food recipe for human consumption,due to its high quality protein and well-balanced amino acids.