Exploring multifaceted factors in chronic kidney disease risk: A comprehensive analysis of biochemistry, lifestyle, and inflammation in elderly Chinese individuals

This letter praises a recent article in the World Journal of Clinical Cases(Roles of biochemistry data,lifestyle,and inflammation in identifying abnormal renal function in old Chinese),examining factors affecting abnormal renal function in elderly Chinese using advanced machine learning.It highlights the importance of uric acid,age,hemoglobin,body mass index,sport hours,and systolic blood pressure.The study's holistic approach,integrating lifestyle and inflammation,offers a nuanced understanding of chronic kidney disease risk factors.The letter suggests exploring mechanistic pathways of hyperuricemia,the link between anemia and renal function,and the connection between body mass index and estimated glomerular filtration rate.It advocates investigating physical activity's impact on renal health and the independent effects of blood pressure.The study significantly contributes to chronic kidney disease understanding,proposing avenues for further exploration and interventions.Commendations are extended to the authors and the journal.

Effects of Inoculation with Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria on the Physiology,Biochemistry,and Expression of Genes Related to the Protective Enzyme System of Fritillaria taipaiensis P.Y.Li

Fritillaria taipaiensis P.Y.Li is a widely used medicinal herb in treating pulmonary diseases.In recent years,its wild resources have become scarce,and the demand for efficient artificial cultivation has significantly increased.This article is the first to apply phosphate solubilizing bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere soil of F.taipaiensis P.Y.Li to the cultivation process of F.taipaiensis P.Y.Li.The aim is to identify suitable reference strains for the artificial cultivation and industrial development of F.taipaiensis P.Y.Li by examining the effects of various phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their combinations on photosynthesis,physiological and biochemical properties,and gene expression related to the protective enzyme system in F.taipaiensis P.Y.Li.The experiment,conducted in pots at room temperature,included a control group(CK)and groups inoculated with inorganic phosphorussolubilizing bacteria:W1(Bacillus cereus),W2(Serratia plymuthica),W12(Bacillus cereus and Serratia plymuthica),and groups inoculated with organophosphorus-solubilizing bacteria:Y1(Bacillus cereus),Y2(Bacillus cereus),Y12(Bacillus cereus and Bacillus cereus),totaling seven groups.Compared to CK,most growth indices in the bacterial addition groups showed significant differences,with W12 achieving the highest values in all indices except the leaf area index.The content of photosynthetic pigments,photosynthetic parameters,and osmoregulatory substances increased variably in each bacterial treatment group.W12 exhibited the highest content of chlorophyll a and soluble protein,while W1 had the highest free proline content.The activities of peroxidase(POD),superoxide dismutase(SOD),and catalase(CAT)in all inoculated groups were higher than in CK,with significant changes in SOD and CAT activities.The malondialdehyde(MDA)content in all inoculated groups was lower than in CK,with Y12 being the lowest,at approximately 30%of CK.Gene expression corresponding to these three enzymes also increased variably,with POD expression in Y2 being the highest at 2.73 times that of CK.SOD and CAT expression in Y12 were the highest,at 1.84 and 4.39 times that of CK,respectively.These results indicate that inoculating phosphate solubilizing bacteria can enhance the growth of F.taipaiensis P.Y.Li,with the mixed inoculation groups W12 and Y12 demonstrating superior effects.This lays a theoretical foundation for selecting bacterial fertilizers in the cultivation process of F.taipaiensis P.Y.Li.

Exploration and Practice of Ideological and Political Teaching Construction for Biochemistry Course in Agricultural Colleges and Universities

Biochemistry is a fundamental core course in disciplines such as agriculture,forestry,medicine,animal husbandry,veterinary medicine,and food science.By prioritizing"educating people"in the teaching process of this professional course,we can unearth diverse ideological and political elements related to agricultural production practices within the curriculum knowledge system and the forefront of discipline development.Exploring various teaching methods and utilizing diverse teaching tools are effective strategies to achieve ideological and political education that silently influences students in the field of biochemistry.The goal is to nurture students strong ideals and beliefs,fostering a deep connection to the sentiments of"agriculture,rural areas and farmers in a great nation."This approach aims to instill a sense of responsibility towards strengthening agriculture,shaping students into individuals from South China Agricultural University who possess lofty aspirations and the courage to shoulder responsibility in the new era.

Roles of biochemistry data, lifestyle, and inflammation in identifying abnormal renal function in old Chinese

BACKGROUND The incidence of chronic kidney disease(CKD)has dramatically increased in recent years,with significant impacts on patient mortality rates.Previous studies have identified multiple risk factors for CKD,but they mostly relied on the use of traditional statistical methods such as logistic regression and only focused on a few risk factors.AIM To determine factors that can be used to identify subjects with a low estimated glomerular filtration rate(L-eGFR<60 mL/min per 1.73 m^(2))in a cohort of 1236 Chinese people aged over 65.METHODS Twenty risk factors were divided into three models.Model 1 consisted of demographic and biochemistry data.Model 2 added lifestyle data to Model 1,and Model 3 added inflammatory markers to Model 2.Five machine learning methods were used:Multivariate adaptive regression splines,eXtreme Gradient Boosting,stochastic gradient boosting,Light Gradient Boosting Machine,and Categorical Features+Gradient Boosting.Evaluation criteria included accuracy,sensitivity,specificity,area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC),F-1 score,and balanced accuracy.RESULTS A trend of increasing AUC of each was observed from Model 1 to Model 3 and reached statistical significance.Model 3 selected uric acid as the most important risk factor,followed by age,hemoglobin(Hb),body mass index(BMI),sport hours,and systolic blood pressure(SBP).CONCLUSION Among all the risk factors including demographic,biochemistry,and lifestyle risk factors,along with inflammation markers,UA is the most important risk factor to identify L-eGFR,followed by age,Hb,BMI,sport hours,and SBP in a cohort of elderly Chinese people.

留学生《Biochemistry》网络试题库建设的探索与实践

目的:探索留学生《Biochemistry》网络试题库建设的现实意义。方法:以留学生《Biochemistry》教学大纲为指导原则,邀请有多年留学生教学经验的生物化学教研室教师一同建立题库建设小组,编写试题,通过集体备课审核和校对题库内容,并建立网络试题库,并以二维码形式发放试题,应用于课堂随堂测试、课下练习、章节测试和期末考试,并在留学生中发放《关于Biochemistry留学生试题库建设的问卷调查》,最后分析网络试题库的使用情况及考试结果。结果:共建设了11个章节,2122道题的A1、A2型题库。将题目根据内容分为容易、一般和较难3个等级,各等级试题比例分别为44%、37%和19%;问卷结果提示试题库的建设对留学生学习《Biochemistry》这门课程有所帮助;对比分析2020级和2019级《Biochemistry》期末考试成绩,使用网络试题库后2020级各成绩等级学生人数均优于2019级。结论:留学生《Biochemistry》网络试题库的建设有利于提高留学生的考试成绩,为提高留学生教学质量,提高执业医师资格考试通过率奠定了基础。

Effects of Heavy Metals and Saline-alkali on Growth,Physiology and Biochemistry of Orychophragmus violaceus

[Objective] The aim was to study on effects of heavy metals and saline-alkali on growth, physiology and biochemistry of Orychophragmus violaceus. [Method] Taken Orychophragmus violaceus as materials, growth, physiology and biochemistry were explored under stress of saline-alkali and heavy metals (light, moderate and severe saline-alkali, Pb, Pb + Cd, light saline-alkali + Pb, moderate saline-alkali + Pb, severe saline-alkali + Pb, light saline-alkali + Pb + Cd, moderate saline-alkali + Pb + Cd and severe saline-alkali + Pb + Cd) with control group set. [Result] Light stress of saline-alkali had little effect on membrane permeability, as follows: MDA contents in leaves and root systems declined by 25.6% and 9.0% compared with control group; Pb (500 mg/L) stress promoted synthetization of photosynthetic pigments, as follows: chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid increased by 0.86%, 0.69% and 6.25% than those of control group; combined stresses of Pb and Cd destroyed synthetization of photosynthetic pigments, among which carotenoid was more sensitive; under combined stresses of saline-alkali, Pb and Cd, POD and SOD activities, soluble saccharides and Pro content all increased and activities of POD and SOD in root system were both higher than those in leaves. [Conclusion] Orychophragmus violaceus is with resistance against light combined stresses of saline-alkali and Pb (500 mg/L).

Liver biochemistry profile,significance and endoscopic management of biliary tract complications post orthotopic liver transplantation

AIM： To correlate the significance of liver biochemical tests in diagnosing post orthotopic liver transplantation （OLT） biliary complications and to study their profile before and after endoscopic therapy.METHODS： Patients who developed biliary complications were analysed in detail for the clinical information, laboratory tests, treatment offered, response to it, follow up and outcomes. The profile of liver enzymes was determined. The safety, efficacy and outcomes of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography （ERC） were also analysed. RESULTS： 40 patients required ERC for 70 biliary complications. GGT was found to be 〉 3 times （388.1 ± 70.9 U/mL vs 168.5 4± 34.2 U/L, P = 0.007） and SAP 〉 2 times （345.1 ± 59.1 U/L vs 152.7 ± 21.4 U/L, P = 0.003） the immediate post OLT values. Most frequent complication was isolated anastomotic res in 28 （40%）. Sustained success was achieved in 26 （81%） patients. CONCLUSION： Biliary complications still remain an important problem post OLT. SAP and GGT can be used as early, non-invasive markers for diagnosis and also to assess the adequacy of therapy. Endoscopic management is usually effective in treating the majority of these biliary complications.

Application of seminal germ cell morphology and semen biochemistry in the diagnosis and management of azoospermic subjects

Aim: To evaluate whether the study of seminal germ cell morphology (SGCM) and semen biochemistry could befruitfully utilized for the diagnosis and management of azoospermic subjects. Methods: In the semen, mature andimmature germ cells are contributed by the testes, 70% of glycerylphosphoryl choline (GPC) by the epididymis, fruc-tose mostly or solely by the seminal vesicles and acid phosphate (ACP) by the prostate. In 16 normal volunteers, 12vasectomized subjects and 186 azoospennic subjects, these parameters have been studied and the data have been ana-lyzed. Results: Both mature and immature germ cells are absent in the semen of vasectomized subjects as well as inobstructive azoospennia; GPC level is also significantly decreased in both these groups. In cases with non-obstructiveazoospermia immature germ cells are present and seminal GPC, ACP and fructose levels are normal. The diagnosis ofobstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia based on these parameters correlated well with 'correct' testicular biopsyfindings. In some cases of azoospermia due to hypospermatogenesis or spermatogenic developmental arrest, the SGCMstudies were very helpful in objectively monitoring the response of the germinal tissue to specific treaunents. Conclu-sion: SGCM and semen biochemical parameters are very valuable non-invasive markers for differentiating obstructivefrom non-obstructive azoospermia. The SGCM findings serve as a dependable non-invasive testicular marker with highpredictive value. (Asian J Androl 2001 Mar; 3: 55-62)

Clinical significance of serum biochemistry changes in mice with targeted disruption of βB2-crystallin gene

AIM: To explore the pathogenesis, influencing factors, ways of medical intervention and evaluation indicators of cataract by observing changes in serum biochemical indices in mice with targeted disruption of βB2-crystallin. · METHODS: Nine 6-week-old male mice with targeted knockout of βB2-crystallin were used as the study group, and nine age- and sex-matched normal wild-type mice as the control group. The genetype of the modeled mice was identified by PCR technique. Tropicamide and phenylephrine eye drops were used as the cycloplegic agents to observe changes in lens opacity with a slit-lamp. The lens was then removed and blood was collected for biochemical evaluation in the serum. · RESULTS: Two genotypes were successfully identified by PCR technique. Slit-lamp observation showed that the lens cortex was opaque and GSH level in the lens cortex was remarkably decreased in mice with βB2-crystallin deficiency compared with the control group (P <0.01). Serum Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Fe2+ levels, ALT and AST activities, and TP, ALP, Cr, TC, GLU content were decreased significantly compared with the control group (P <0.05). There was no difference in LDH, P, Cu2+, K+ levels between the two groups (P >0.05). · CONCLUSION: Compared with the wild-type mice, serum biochemical indices underwent significant changes in mice with targeted disruption of βB2-crystallin gene, especially with abnormal distribution of Na+&Ca2+, which induced the formation of cataract.

The relationship between staging of hepatic fibrosis and the levels of serum biochemistry

Objective: To study the relationship between the de- gree of hepatic fibrosis and serum fibrosis markers. Methods: Liver biopsies were performed in 67 pa- tients with hepatitis. The sections were stained with hematoxylin eosin and immunohistochemical stain. Staging of hepatic fibrosis was made microscopically. The serum levels of hyaluronic acid (HA), type Ⅲ procollagen (PC-Ⅲ), laminin (LN), and type Ⅳ collagen (Ⅳ-C) were measured by radioimmunoas- say. Results: The serum levels of HA, PC-Ⅲ, LN and Ⅳ-C were elevated from S1 to S4 because of the in- crease of hepatic fibrosis. The serum concentrations of HA, PC-Ⅲ, LN and Ⅳ-C were increased with the progress of disease, with the highest concentration at the stage of cirrhosis. Conclusion: The stages of hepatic fibrosis are corre- lated with the serum levels of HA, PC-Ⅲ, LN and Ⅳ-C, which as markers may play a role in detecting the degree of hepatic fibrosis.

The Effect of Gankang Suppository on Duck Hepatitis B Virus, Serum Biochemistry and Liver Histology in Ducklings

To examine the effect of Gankang Suppository on duck hepatitis B virus （DHBV）, the serum biochemistry and hepatic histology in an animal model of DHBV infection, a model of DHBV infection was established by infecting 1-day-old Yingtaogu ducklings with DHBV-positive serum. The successful model was confirmed by PCR assay and 48 ducklings infected with DHBV were randomly divided into 3 groups： a Gankang Suppository treatment group, an acyclovir （ACV） group and a DHBV model group （control）, with each group having 16 animals. All the animals were given the medicines for 4 weeks in a row. The serum of the animals was taken 14 and 28 days after the medica- tion and 7 days after drug discontinuation. Real-time PCR was performed to detect the copy numbers of DHBV DNA in the serum. ALT and AST were dynamically monitored. The ducklings were sacrificed on the 7th day after the discontinuation of the treatment and livers were harvested and examined for inflammation and degeneration of liver cells by using HE staining. The results showed that on day 14, 28 after the treatment and day 7 after the withdrawal, the logarithmic values （log） of DHBV DNA copy numbers in ducklings of Gankang Suppository treatment group were significantly lower than that before the treatment （P=0.0092, P=0.0070, P=0.0080, respectively）. Compared with DHBV model control group, the ALT level was significantly decreased （P=0.0020, P=0.0019, respectively） on day 28 after the treatment and on day 7 after the withdrawal. The AST level was also reduced on day 14 after the treatment （P=0.0298）. Compared with the ACV control group, the level of ALT was lower on day 7 after the withdrawal （P=0.0016）. Histologically, the hepatocyte swelling, vacuolous degeneration and acidophilic degeneration in Gankang Suppository treatment group were alleviated 7 days after the withdrawal as compared with model control group （P=0.0282, P=0.0084, P=0.0195, respectively）. It is concluded that Gankang Suppository can effectively suppress DHBV replication, reduce the levels of serum ALT and AST and improve hepatic histology.

Biochemistry of Melanization in Mosquitoes

Melanization/pigmentation is an important physiological phenomenon in insects,which is involved incuticular tanning,parasite encapsulation,and egg shell hardening.During the past few years,we have beenusing mosquito eggs as a model to study the detailed biochemistry of melanization reactions in mosquitoes.Chorion of newly oviposited eggs is white and soft,but the chorion becomes black and hard within 3～4 hfollowing oviposition. Once the chorion turns black,the eggs become resistant to desiccation and solubiliza-tion.Floodwater mosquitoes,such as Aedes aegypti,oviposit on substrates at the edge of water and theeggs hatch only after being flooded with water following adequate rainfall.Consequently,the ability towithstand the desiccation and other environmental adversities is critical for egg survival.Our research deal-ing with chorion melanization in mosquitoes is aimed at understanding the biochemical processes and mech-

Effect of different anesthetic mixtures——ketamine-xylazine, ketamine-acepromazine and tiletamine-zolazepam——on the physiological and blood biochemistry parameters of male rhesus monkeys(Macaca mulatta) at different ages

Background: Anesthetic agents are commonly utilized in the handling of non‐human primates for prevent the stress caused in physical exploration or physical restrain. For this reason, the objective of this work was to describe the effect of age and dissociative anesthetics (ketamine and tiletamine), and their combinations with acepromazine, xylazine and zolazepam, on the physiological and blood biochemical parameters in Macaca mulatta. Methods: Eighty male Macaca mulatta were divided into four experimental groups depending on the anesthetic mixture applied. Each group of 20 males was divided into five sub‐groups according to age. Physiological parameters were recorded every five minutes during a 30‐minute period. A blood sample was drawn to analyze blood biochemistry. Results: Statistical analyses revealed significant differences in the physiological parameters between the ketamine‐acepromazine and ketamine‐xylazine groups compared to the control group. The analysis of blood biochemistry found significant differences by age and by anesthetic mixture among all groups. Conclusion: These findings contribute to standardizing this animal model in biological research.

Insect oil and protein: Biochemistry, food and other uses: Review

In searching for new sources of oil, protein and gelatin researchers have investigated many wild plants, but our research group took a different approach: We looked at insects as oil, protein and gelatin source for both nutritional and industrial applications. According to Sudanese indigenous knowledge, many insects have food and medicinal uses. We targeted two of these insects for our research:Aspongopus vidiuatus(melon bug) and Agonoscelis pubescens(sorghum bug). The two insects showed 27.0% and 28.2% crude protein, 45% and 60% oil, respectively. The oils contained 46.5% and 40.9% oleic acid, 3.4% and 34.5% linoleic acid, 44.2% and 12.1% palmitic acid and traces of linolenic acid,respectively. The tocopherol content of theseoils amounted to 0.3 and 34.0 mg/100g oil, respectively. The total content of sterols in the two oils was 17 and 450 mg/100g oil, respectively, whereasβ-sitosterol was determined as the main compound in all oils with about 60% of the totalsterol. The oxidative stability of the oils, asmeasured by the Rancimat test at 120&#176;C, was 38 and 5.1 h, respectively. Edible gelatin was extracted from the two insect using hot water and mild acid and distilled water. SDS-PAGE patterns ofthe insect gelatins had very low molecularweight chains, and the two gelatins contained 40 kDa asmain component, differential scanning calorimetry results confirmed the difference betweenextraction methods concerning the extracted gelatin quality. FTIR spectra of melon and sorghum bug gelatins were similar and the absorption bands were situated in more than 6 bands in melon bug gelatin and only 6 bands in sorghum bug gelatin. Microstructures of the insect gelatinexamined with the scanning electron microscope showed that melon bug exhibited the finest gelatin network with very small voids. Melon bug gelatin showed the finer structure with smallerprotein strands and voids than sorghum buggelatin. Ice cream was made by using 0.5% insect’sgelatine and compared with that made using 0.5%commercial gelatine as stabilizing agent. The properties of the obtained ice cream produced using insects gelatine were found to be acceptable for the panelists, and no significant differences between ice cream made using insect gelatine when compared with that made using commercial gelatine in their general preferences The behavior of the crude Sorghum bug oil during deep-frying of par-fried potatoes was studied with regard to chemical, physical, and sensory parameters, such as the content ofFFA, tocopherols, polar compounds, oligomerTG, volatile compounds, oxidative stability, and totaloxidation (TOTOX) value. The results showed that the oil was suitable for deep-frying of potatoes. The oxidative stability of sunflower kernel oil was improved by blending with melon bug oil, the oxidative stability in the Rancimat test was improved from 5% to 68% compared to the control, with increasing parts of MBO, respectively. The insect oils were transesterified using methanol or ethanol in the presence of sulfuricacid to obtain biodiesel. The obtained insectbiodiesel characteristics were studied in accordance with the DIN EN 14214 specifications for biodiesel. It was possible to prepare the methyl and ethyl esters catalyzed by H2SO4 from the two insect oils.

Serum Biochemistry in Four Siberian Husky Puppies with Swimming Puppy Syndrome

Complete blood counts and blood chemistry in four Siberian husky puppies diagnosed with swimming puppy syndrome were compared with four healthy Siberian husky puppies. Only serum creatine kinase in affected puppies was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than in normal puppies. Although serum creatine kinase level cannot be used for diagnosis of this disease, it could serve as a tool for prognosis of the disease after treatment.

Soil Biology & Biochemistry中国专刊征稿启事

Soil Biology & Biochemistry是土壤学科和农学的国际权威杂志。为了反映中国土壤生态学科的发展和加强中国土壤生态学工作者与国际间的学术交流,Soil Biology & Biochemistry正在组织一个中国专刊。

Haematological and Serum Biochemistry Profile of Cockerels Experimentally Infected with <i>Salmonella enterica</i>Serovar Zega

Salmonellosis is a serious medical and veterinary problem worldwide and causes great concern in the food and livestock industries, especially the poultry industry which occupies a prominent position in the provision of animal protein and accounts for about 25% of local meat production in Nigeria particularly and is identified as a disease of major economic importance causing low performance in poultry production. The study was carried out at the experimental animal farm, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. One hundred (100) five-week old chickens obtained from the Poultry division of National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, were used for the experiment. The birds were randomly assigned to 4 groups of 25 birds per group (A, B, C, D). Each bird in all the groups received 0.5 ml of PBS containing 1 × 108 cfu/ml of Salmonella enterica serovar Zega as follows: Group A was infected with Salmonella Zega intra-nasally (IN). Group B was infected with Salmonella Zega intra-peritonealy (IP). Group C was infected with Salmonella Zega orally (OR). Group D was the Uninfected control (CT). There was a significant change (p 0.05) in the mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in the infected groups compared across the different days post infection. There was significant increase (p Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Gallinarum that are known to cause pathology in birds Salmonella Zega which is none host specific for birds can also cause pathology in them. This is the first report in the study area to the best of our knowledge.

Synthetic Biochemistry and Synthesized Consciousness

The aim of the study is the possibility of synthesis and study of the properties of“synthetic consciousness”by modifying various chemical elements of the genome of synthetic biochemistry.We have proposed a new approach to synthesize“synthetic consciousness”using synthetic biochemistry.

An investigation on compiling opinions on and suggestions for a biochemistry textbook from nursing undergraduates

Objective： To compile nursing undergraduates＇ opinions and suggestions for biochemistry textbook to improve the readability and applicability of a textbook of biochemistry. Methods： This investigation involved 279 nursing undergraduates through delivery of a self-made questionnaire, which was to be used to analyze and study the students＇ suggestions and opinions on the content of the biochemistry textbook. Results： The investigation revealed that the textbook＇s difficulty was associated negatively with stu- dents＇ interest （P 〈 0.05）, and the textbook＇s importance was associated positively with students＇ interest （P 〈 0.05）. Students suggested that the textbook should be closely related to nursing. The contents, difficulty, structure and charts of the textbook should be adjusted properly. Conclusions： The content of the nursing version of the biochemistry textbook should be driven by the needs of the nursing major and should focus on simplifying the textbook＇s content, and making it practical. This will make the textbook vivid and readable, enhancing the interest of students to accept and benefit from the textbook.

Evaluation of an Examination in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

This work was aimed at assessing one of the examinations applied to the students enrolled in courses of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the School of Medicine, UNAM. We analyzed a f＇mal examination in this subject. The test consisted of 80 multiple choice questions. The database was exported to Excel and then to the SPSS 16 statistical software for statistical analyses. The following techniques were used： （1） dificulty index （Pi）, （2） discrimination index （Di）, （3） discrimination coefficient （rpbis）, and （4） Cronbach＇s alpha. Those questions that complied with 3 of the 4 mentioned techniques were considered acceptable; of the 80 questions, only 25 were accepted corresponding to 31%. The topic with the largest number of accepted questions was Water and pH （75%）, and the topics without accepted questions were Bioenergetics and Hormones （0%）. It is recommended that the faculty members that elaborate multiple choice examinations must know the subject, and should have a formation in didactics and educational methodology.