The Biological Activity of Some Bacteria as Biocides to Protect Sesame Crop （Sesamum indicum） from Fungi Diseases

Two experiments were conducted during 2006-2007 in Complete Randomized Design （CRD） to test the biological activity of Pseudomonas bacteria as biocides to protect sesame crop from some fungi and to evaluate its efficiency as plant growth promoting First experiment investigated the effects of Pseudomonas putida2 and Pseudomonas fluorescens3 on germination and seedlings growth of sesame crop against Pythium, Alternaria and Fusarium under plastic house conditions. Second experiment conducted in large pots to investigate the effects of the two bacterial isolates on some morphological, productive and physiological characters of sesame plants against same fungi under normal conditions. Results showed very low germination and slowly seedlings growth in Pythium, Fusarium and Alternaria treatments respectively, but adding bacterial vaccine of Pseudomonas putida2 and Pseudomonas fluorescens3 as a Biocide to fungi treatments, increased the germination percent and seedlings growth of sesame crop significantly, 20 days after planting compared with control treatment. In the second experiment, control treatment scored germination by 52%, while vaccines of Pseudornonas putida2 and Pseudomonas fluorescence3 treatments increased germination percentage in Fusarium, Pythium and Alternaria treatments significantly in average more than 71%. Both isolates increased significantly Leaf number per plant, leaf area per plant, height of plant, branches number per plant, total dry weight of shoot per plant and chlorophyll content compared with other and control treatments. Similar significant effect for both isolates was recorded in seeds number per pod per plant, total weight of 1,000 seeds per plant and pods number per plant and percentage of N, P, K in total dry weight of shoot per plant and oil percentage in seeds per plant compared with other and control treatments. P. putida2 increased oil percentage in seeds by 43.3, 48.0 and 45.0% respectively while with P. fluorescens3 increased to 42.7, 44.0 and 43.7% respectively compared with control treatment （27.7%）. In general Pseudomonas putida2 increased most of growth characters much higher than Pseudomonas fluorescens3, it may related to siderophores compound and genetic factors.

Efficacy of natural biocide on control of microbial induced corrosion in oil pipelines mediated by Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Desulfovibrio gigas

We compared the efficacy of a natural biocide with four chemical tetrakishydroxymethyl phosphonium sulfonate, benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, and formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, to control microbial induced corrosion in oil pipelines. The efficacy of biocides were monitored against Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Desulfovibrio gigas in experimental pipes by measuring cell counts, H2S production, Fe（II） production, production of extracellular polymeric substances and structure of biofilm. The treatment with cow urine had minimum planktonic cell counts of 3 x 102 CFU/mL as well as biofilm cell counts of 9 x 101 CFU/mL as compared with tetrakishydroxyl methyl phosphonium sulfonate, benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. Sulfide production was the lowest with cow urine （0.08 mmol]L）, followed by tetrakishydroxymethyl phosphonium sulfonate 0.72 mmol]L. On day 90 of treatment, Fe（II） production was also found to be the lowest with cow urine. The scanning electron microscopic studies indicated that the biofilm bacteria were killed by cow urine. These results demonstrate the cow urine mediated control of microbially induced corrosion, and this is indicative of its potential as a viable substitute of toxic biocides. To the best of our knowledge, this seems to be the first report which screens possible biocidal activity by cow urine as compared to the most common bioeides which oil industry is currently using.

Mitigation of sulfate reducing Desulfovibrio ferrophilus microbiologically influenced corrosion of X80 using THPS biocide enhanced by Peptide A

Tetrakis hydroxymethyl phosphonium sulfate(THPS) was enhanced by a 14-mer Peptide A, with its core12-mer sequence mimicking part of Equinatoxin II protein, in the mitigation of sulfate reducing Desulfovibrio ferrophilus MIC(microbiologically influenced corrosion) of X80 carbon steel. Results proved that50 ppm(w/w) THPS was sufficient to mitigate the D. ferrophilus biofilm, and its very agressive MIC(19.7mg/cm^(2) in 7 days or 1.31 mm/a), but not 20 ppm THPS. To achieve effective mitigation at a low dosage of THPS, biofilm-dispersing Peptide A was added to 20 ppm THPS in the culture medium. Sessile cell counts were reduced by 2-log and 4-log after enhancement by 10 ppb and 100 ppb Peptide A, respectively. Enhancement efficiency(further reduction in corrosion rate) reached 69% for 10 ppb Peptide A and 83% for100 ppb Peptide A compared with 20 ppm THPS alone treatment, indicating that Peptide A was a good biocide enhancer for THPS.

Stricter regulation applies to antimicrobial substances when used as biocides compared to cosmetics under current EU legislation

Antimicrobial substances are substances that have the ability to kill or slow down the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria,algae and fungi.Exposure of microorganisms to low concentrations of antimicrobial substances may lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance.To protect human health and the environment and to limit resistance,the risks for the release of these substances into the environment should be minimized from all sources.Under the current EU legal framework,some specific uses of antimicrobial substances are strictly regulated whereas others are not.When antimicrobial substances are used as active substances in biocidal products,such as disinfectants,they are regulated by Biocidal Products Regulation.When the same substances are used as preservatives in cosmetic products they fall under Cosmetic Products Regulation.In this paper,we investigated how the regulation of antimicrobial substances differ when used in biocidal products compared to cosmetic products.This was achieved by performing a systematic comparison using document analysis with focus on aims,scope,information requirements,and risk assessment procedures for biocidal active substances and cosmetic preservatives.One of the main differences identified is that no environmental data or environmental risk assessment are required for approval of cosmetic preservatives.In contrast,environmental data and risk assessment for both the active substances and one representative product would be required for the approval of the same substance if used as a biocidal active substance.This means first that a substance not approved for use in biocidal products due to its hazardous environmental properties can still be approved as a cosmetic preservative.And second,the environmental release of antimicrobial substances from cosmetic products remains unassessed and uncontrolled,despite the obvious risks of cosmetic ingredients being emitted into the environment via wastewater.From this,we recommend that an environmental risk assessment is added to the requirements for market approval of cosmetic preservatives to achieve the aim of a high level of protection for the environment as set by several EU regulations.This would be in line with the“one substance e one assessment”approach proposed by the European Commission.While the details of“one substance e one assessment”approach are not decided,it is believed to contribute to more coordinated and transparent chemical safety assessments and enhance interlinking between the regulations.

Monitoring the mode of action of synthetic and natural biocides against Aeromonas hydrophila by Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics

We have investigated the mode of action of synthetic biocides,(2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole(TCMTB),dichlorophen,(commonly used in leather industry for preservation)and natural biocides,oregano and eucalyptus oils,on Aeromonas hydrophila using Raman spectroscopy in collaboration with multivariate analysis and 2D correlation spectroscopy to evaluate whether Raman spectra acquired contained valuable information to study the action of biocides on bacterial cells.The growth of A.hydrophila in clear and outer edge zone of inhibition differ in their reaction with different biocides,which allows us to highlight the differences as a characteristic of two kinds of bacteria.Such classification helps identify oregano oil as the most effective biocide by altering clear and outer edge zone of bacteria.Standard disk diffusion assay method was used for screening biocide bacteria interactions and later analysed by Raman spectroscopy.The paper also presents the introduction of TCMTB and oregano oil into leather processing stages to examine and determine the antimicrobial effect as an application to real-world setting.Therefore,we conclude that Raman spectroscopy with appropriate computational tools constitutes a powerful approach for screening biocides,which provide solutions to all the industries using biocides including leather industry,considering the potentially harmful effect of biocides to humans and the environment.

Application and Prospect of Organic Biocides in Timber Preservation

Organic biocides as timber preservatives have aroused more and more attention,because metal salts especially arsenic,chrome and so on, have been suspected to be poisonous to the soil and aquatic animals,as well as the disposal of preserved timber wastes.Therefore,a number of effective organic biocides have been selected to prevent wood or bamboo from decay,mildew, stain and so on.Most of these products have entered into the market.With people’s increasing awareness of the environmental protection,organic biocides will eventually play important roles in timber preservation in the future.This paper summarized the studies on application of organic biocides as wood or bamboo preservatives,including resistant mechanisms,commonly applied types and effects against wood or bamboo fungi,approaches to detecting the amount of organic biocides in timber and their influences on the environment.Based on the discussion above,the authors predicted the developing prospect of organic biocides in timber preservation.

Effect of Oxygen and Bacteria on the Property of Polymer Gel

The viscosity property of Cr^3＋, Al^3＋, and compound ion cross-linked polymer gel solution in the anaerobic and aerobic environment was investigated aiming at meeting the practical demand of the oil field. The viscosity reserving effect after adding the biocide and the gelation in the anaerobic and aerobic environments was also studied in the paper. The results indicate that the viscosity of the cross-linked polymer gel solution caused by the water produced in aerobic environment is higher than that in anaerobic environment, and that the viscosity value of the cross-linked polymer gel solutions after adding biocides has improved to some extent and polymer gel has gelated well in anaerobic environment.

Current and future prospects for nanotechnology in animal production

Nanoparticles have been used as diagnostic and therapeutic agents in the human medical field for quite some time, though their application in veterinary medicine and animal production is still relatively new. Recently,production demands on the livestock industry have been centered around the use of antibiotics as growth promoters due to growing concern over microbial antibiotic resistance. With many countries reporting increased incidences of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, laws and regulations are being updated to end in-feed antibiotic use in the animal production industry. This sets the need for suitable alternatives to be established for inclusion in feed.Many reports have shown evidence that nanoparticles may be good candidates for animal growth promotion and antimicrobials. The current status and advancements of nanotechnological applications in animal production will be the focus of this review and the emerging roles of nanoparticles for nutrient delivery, biocidal agents, and tools in veterinary medicine and reproduction will be discussed. Additionally, influences on meat, egg, and milk quality will be reviewed.

The Impact of Implementing the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships （AFS Convention） on the Marine Environment

Marine fouling is the settlement and growth of a variety of marine organisms, such as bacteria, diatoms, protozoa and algae spores on structures immersed in seawater, such as ship＇s hulls, navigation buoys, and sonar equipment. Anti-fouling refers to material or systems used to prevent the accumulation of biological material on submerged surfaces. Bio-fouling results in higher fuel consumption and can also facilitate the transport of harmful NIS （Non-Indigenous Species）. Antifouling technologies incorporating biocides （e.g., Tributyltin） have been developed to prevent fouling. Their widespread use, however, raised concerns about their toxic effects on marine communities. The AFS Convention （International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships） is a 2001 IMO （International Maritime Organization） treaty, whereby states agree to ban the use of harmful anti-fouling paints and other anti-fouling systems that contain harmful substances. Particularly, the use of the organotinTributyltin is prohibited, since leaching of that chemical from the hulls of ships has been shown to cause deleterious effects on some sea creatures. Although the AFS Convention has entered into force, its full implementation has not yet been appropriately achieved. Most of the ratifying States have delegated the Classification Society to inspect their ships to ensure the implementation of the provisions of the Convention. Since painting ships takes place in dry docks, the full control falls in the hands of Classification Societies.

Formation of Trihalomethanes during Seawater Chlorination

The use of seawater for industrial cooling is a vital technology that poses some of the most profound environmental impact on the water quality in the Arabian Gulf. Biocide (chlorine) is added to the seawater to control biofouling of the cooling system. This added chlorine reacts with bromide and other chemicals naturally exist in the water to form a wide range of oxidants. Regrettably, reactions between the residual oxidants and natural organic matter in the water lead to formation of toxic halogenated organic compounds that have detrimental effects on the environment when they are discharged into the Gulf. This paper describes the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) in seawater cooling systems. Results of kinetic experiments have shown that concentrations of THMs increased rapidly with time during the first half hour. Chlorination of seawater has shown significant increase in total THMs (TTHMs) and in bromoform concentrations. Rapid decrease of UV absorbance at 254 nm was also observed during seawater chlorination which is indicative of natural organic matter degradation into small organic molecules including THMs and other by-products. The increase in chlorine dose was accompanied with an increase in TTHMs and bromoform concentrations. Linear relationships between total chlorine concentration and both final TTHMs and bromoform concentrations were established. First order exponential decay and exponential associate functions were developed to correlate chlorine dose with formed THMs.

Insecticidal Activity of Annonaceous Acetogenins and Their Derivatives on <em>Spodoptera frugiperda</em>Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Background: Annonaceous acetogenins enclose a large number of biological activities, among which the insecticidal stands out. Methods: We report herein the biocide effects of natural acetogenins from Annona squamosa, A.?muricata and A. montana seeds: annonacin, cis-annonacin, cis-annonacin-10- one, asimicin, rolliniastatin-2, cherimolin-1, cherimolin-2, almu&ntilde;equin, and two β-OH acetogenins: laherradurin and itrabin on Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Also, some acetylated and methoxy methylated ACG derivatives were synthesized and evaluated: annonacin (3 OAc), annonacin (4 OAc), asimicin (3 OAc), rolliniastatin-2 (3 OAc), rolliniastatin-2 (MOM), laherradurin (3 OAc) and itrabin (3 OAc). Results: The natural acetogenin rolliniastatin-2 (100 μg·g-1 of diet) produced the most important toxic action causing 100% mortality of early instar larvae. Derivatization of ACG yielded compounds that produced nutritional alterations. The incorporation of rolliniastatin-2 (3 OAc) and rolliniastatin-2 (3 MOM) (100 μg·g-1) into the artificial diet of Spodoptera frugiperdadisplayed the strongest antifeedant effects causing marked decreasings in larval growth and adult lethal malformations. Conclusion: Natural acetogenins are promising metabolites for insect control. Derivatization of these compounds reduces their toxicity to early instar larvae.

Combined Use of NMR, LC-ESI-MS and Antifungal Tests for Rapid Detection of Bioactive Lipopeptides Produced by Bacillus

The science and technology interact with the art in several ways. Biotechnological coupled with analytical approaches can play an important role in protecting and preserving cultural heritage for future generations. Many microorganisms influenced by environmental conditions are the main responsible for biological contamination in built heritage. Biocides based on chemical compounds have been used to mitigate this problem. Thus, it is vitally important to develop proper remediation actions based on environmentally innocuous alternative. Bacillus specie is emerging as an optimistic alternative for built heritage treatment due to their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with antagonistic activities against many fungal pathogens. Therefore, the intent of this work was to access a rapid evaluation of antifungal potential of bioactive metabolites produced by Bacillus strains and simultaneously their characterization using spectroscopic (NMR) and chromatographic techniques (LC-ESI-MS). The high antifungal activity obtained for Bacillus sp. active compounds produced in this study confirms the great potential to suppress biodeteriogenic fungi growth on historical artworks. Additionally, the proposed methodology allowed to access bioactive metabolites produced without need of the laborious total previous isolation and could be used as a viable alternative to be employed for screening and production of new green biocides.

Biofimls Formation in Nanofiltration Membranes

Technological advances in the past 30 years have boosted the use of PSM （membrane separation processes）, important for its efficiency and flexibility of operation. These processes can be used in many types of separation, with some advantages over the usual separation processes. NF （nanofiltration） is a membrane separation technique, which has properties intermediate between reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration in terms of separated species, because the average of the pores is in the range of 1/2 to 10 nm, and the separation occurs in function of load and size of the species. Usually removes species in solution with an effective diameter of about 1 nm or larger and multivalent ions to a greater extent than monovalent ions. The objective was to study the formation of biofouling on the surface of commercial nanofiltration membrane （Osmonics/GE） and surface membrane synthesized in our laboratory. The study was conducted in permeation system with filtration cell with tangential displacement of 15 bar for 8 days flow. DBNPA （2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide） was used as a biocide agent, and an anti-fouling, in concentrations of 5 and 300 ppm, respectively, added to the water coming from the Beach Sea Galleon, RJ. The results demonstrated that there was no change in the flow and rejection of sulphate ions, even in the presence of anti-fouling. The count of aerobic, anaerobic and BRS （sulfate reducing bacteria） in seawater before and after using the DBNPA showed efficiency in controlling these groups of microorganisms and biofouling microbial consortium consisting of the existing in seawater.

Metabolic Response of the Two Marine Unicellular Algae <i>Chlorella salina</i>and <i>Dunaliella bardawil</i>to Toxicity of the Antifouling Agent Irgarol 1051

Toxic pollutants are metabolic poisons that can seriously injure or destroy the photosynthetic organisms upon which the food chain depends. Since microalgae play a key role in marine ecosystems, marine microalgae are proposed as excellent bio-indicators of pollution due to their high sensitivity, which can give warning of the toxic effects of chemicals sooner than any other species. The aim of this work concentrated on the effect of different concentrations of the antifouling biocide (Irgarol 1051) on growth and chlorophylls content (as an essential metabolite) of the two marine unicellular green algae Chlorella salina and Dunaliella bardawil that usually used in fish feeding. The growth of the wall-less Dunaliella bardawil was more sensitive to Irgarol 1051 than the walled cells Chlorella salina, although the concentrations used were greatly different. The product of photosynthesis in the two algal species greatly affected since in the presence of Irgarol 1051, a serious destructive effect was observed. The cell wall appeared to play a significant role in protecting the organism against toxicity of the antifouling agent either by adsorption or degradation. The strength of toxicity depends mainly on the concentration of the antifouling agent, the length of culturing period and the type of organism tested.

Contamination of Residual Chlorine and Formation of Halogenated Hydrocarbons at the Vicinity of Desalination Plant in Kuwait

Seawater desalination is one of the major industrial activities along the coastline of Kuwait that poses profound environmental impact on the quality of seawater.This study focuses on investigating the potential contamination of biocides,volatile organic hydrocarbons(VOCs)and other halogenated hydrocarbons discharged from Az-Zour desalination plant.Chemical contamination by residual chlorine(RC)and some VOCs was detected in effluents from inside and at the vicinity of the plant.RC ranged between 0.15 and 0.49 mg/L while bromoform(CHBr3)was the highest of all the VOCs detected and ranged between 0.22 and 3.30μg/L.Benzinoides(benzene,toluene,xylene and ethylbenzene)were also detected at 0.1μg/L and 0.25μg/L.The levels of RC as measured in the vicinity of the Az-Zour plant are below the limit set up by Kuwait EPA.However,it still poses effects to the nearby aquatic life and therefore,it is important to lower the concentration of RC in the discharge effluent.

Effects of Silver Addition in Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Films of HMSPP/SEBS against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Contamination

In this research we decided to analyze the addition of silver(Ag°)on zinc oxide(ZnO)utilizing two nanoparticles:the synthesized zinc oxide-doped-silver nanoparticles(ZnO/Ag_Lab)utilizing the zinc nitrate as metal precursor for ZnO and silver nitrate as metal precursor for Ag°;and the commercial nanoparticle ZnO/Ag.For the study of application of the nanoparticles,they were processed in the form of films and the polymer utilized was the blend of HMSPP(high melt strength polypropylene)and styrene-ethylene/butadiene-styrene.For the study of nanoparticles,they were submitted to biocide tests against Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC 6538)and Escherichia coli(ATCC8739)and XRD(X-Ray Diffraction).The XRD analysis results indicated,in both of nanoparticles,with the presence of wurtzite phase of ZnO,being that on the commercial nanoparticles the intensity of peak was higher than that of synthesized one,on other hand,the peaks attributed to Ag°,were more intense in the synthesized nanoparticle.

A Semi-Field Approach to Testing Botanical Insecticides. Effects of Natural and Analogues Annonaceous Acetogenins on <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i>Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Annonaceous acetogenins enclose a large number of biological activities, among which the insecticidal stands out. Spodoptera frugiperda is a pest that affects corn crops among others and has a great capacity to develop resistance to traditional insecticides, which represents sufficient reasons for the search for new alternatives for their control. The objective of this study was to determine the appropriate concentration and screening new natural insecticides against second instar larvae of S. frugiperda, under glasshouse conditions on Zea mays L. Natural products such as annonaceous acetogenins and some acetylated and methoxy methylated ACG derivatives and the commercial product Lambda-cyhalotrin (LC) were evaluated. The percent mortalities of S. frugiperda larvae in glasshouse conditions were recorded after 24, 48 and 72 h of treatment application. The results showed that the acetogenins tested were significantly (P < 0.05) different in relation to pest mortality than untreated check. After 72 h of treatment application the highest percent mortalities were obtained with the mixture of two natural products, rolliniastatin-2 (5) (100 μg/mL) + squamocin (6) (100 μg/mL) + LC (50 μg/mL) that proved the most effective and gave (100%), while rolliniastatin-2 (5) at 100 μg/mL alone, gave lowest percent mortality (65%), followed by squamocin (6) at 100 μg/mL (55%) and LC at 50 μg/mL (30%). The acetylated and methoxy methylated ACGs derivatives caused very low mortality (25% - 35%). It is recommended the mixture as a management option of S. frugiperda as a component of integrated pest management. The results allow us to infer that the addition of natural ACGs synergizes the insecticidal activity of the commercial product. Finding a new ecological alternative for insect control.

业务开发与技术服务本地化

Dow Biocides公司在中国市场发展的一个重要成果是造就了一批了解市场、行业和地区的本地化人才。为此，前不久该公司任命曾运生先生为新的大中国区业务开发经理，而Jeff Yang先生将从美国调过来领导新设Dow Biocides研发实验室的技术服务工作。

Synthesis, Investigation and Use Aqueous Acrylic Dispersions

Emulsive polymerization of mono- and dy(meth)acrylates of butandiol, decid(meth)acrylate, methyl-α-alkilacrylates with industrial acrylic monomers—butylacrylate, methylacrylate, methacrylic acid, methyl(meth)acrylate has been investigated. Structurization of copolymers using dy(meth)acrylates of butandiol, braking of emulsive polymerization using water insoluble biocides, dy(meth)acrylates of butandiol and methyl-α-alkilacrylates have been determined. The mechanism of emulsive polymerization of (meth)acrylic monomers using methyl-α-alkilacrylates has been investigated.

Activity of Tagetes minuta Linnaeus(Asteraceae)essential oil against L3 Anisakis larvae type 1

Objective:To evaluate in vitro effects of Tagetes minuta L. essential oil(TEO) on L3 Anisakis larvae type 1. Methods:In order to evaluate the potential use of Tagetes minuta essential oil against L3 Anisakis larvae three different media were tested:1) a saline solution(SS); 2) an industrial marinating solution; 3) sunflower seeds oil(SO). For each media and concentrations of TEO(0.1%,0.5%,1.0% and 5.0% v/v),20 parasites were introduced into plastic Petri dishes(diameter 90 mm) and maintained at room temperature. As controls,larvae were maintained without TEO under identical experimental conditions in SS,MS and SO. A total of 900 larvae were tested. The normalized mean viability,LT100,LT50 and the percentage of inactivation at 24 hours were calculated. Results:In vitro tests revealed a complete inactivation of parasites in saline solution after 2 hours with 5% and 1% of TEO. In marinating solution,a complete inactivation of parasites was observed after 4 hours at all concentrations used. A slower activity for all TEO concentration was reported in SO. Conclusions:The results obtained,showing a strong activity against Anisakis larvae,confirm TEO as a larvicidal agent in the treatment of human anisakidosis and in the industrial marinating process.