Advancements in implantable temperature sensors:Materials,mechanisms,and biological applications

Implantable temperature sensors are revolutionizing physiological monitoring and playing a crucial role in diagnostics,therapeutics,and life sciences research.This review classifies the materials used in these sensors into three categories:metal-based,inorganic semiconductor,and organic semiconductor materials.Metal-based materials are widely used in medical and industrial applications due to their linearity,stability,and reliability.Inorganic semiconductors provide rapid response times and high miniaturization potential,making them promising for biomedical and environmental monitoring.Organic semiconductors offer high sensitivity and ease of processing,enabling the development of flexible and stretchable sensors.This review analyzes recent studies for each material type,covering design principles,performance characteristics,and applications,highlighting key advantages and challenges regarding miniaturization,sensitivity,response time,and biocompatibility.Furthermore,critical performance parameters of implantable temperature sensors based on different material types are summarized,providing valuable references for future sensor design and optimization.The future development of implantable temperature sensors is discussed,focusing on improving biocompatibility,long-term stability,and multifunctional integration.These advancements are expected to expand the application potential of implantable sensors in telemedicine and dynamic physiological monitoring.

Time-gated fluorescence imaging:Advances in technology and biological applications

Time-gated(TG)fluorescence imaging(TGFI)has attracted increasing attention within the biological imaging community,especially during the past decade.With rapid development of light sources,image devices,and a variety of approaches for TG implementation,TGFI has demonstrated numerous biological applications ranging from molecules to tissues.The paper presents inclusive TG implementation mainly based on optical choppers and electronic units for synchronization of fluorescence excitation and emission,which also serves as guidelines for researchers to build suited TGFI systems for selected applications.Note that a special focus will be put on TG implementation based on optical choppers for TGFI of long-lived probes(lifetime range from microseconds to milliseconds).Biological applications by TG imaging of recently developed luminescent probes are described.

Porphyrinic metal-organic frameworks for biological applications

Porphyrins and their derivatives have been extensively applied in various fields owing to their photophysical and electrochemical properties.However,the drawbacks of self-aggregation and self-quenching in aqueous media limit their biological applications.Porphyrinic metal-organic frameworks(PMOFs)have attracted considerable attention because the introduction of porphyrins as organic linker into frameworks overcomes the limitations of free porphyrins.This review summarizes the strategies for the construction of PMOFs and their biological applications.The challenges and chances displayed by this class of emerging materials are also discussed.

Biological applications of carbon dots

Carbon dots （C-dots）, since their first discovery in 2004 by Scrivens et al. during purification of single-walled carbon nano- tubes, have gradually become a rising star in the fluorescent nanoparticles family, due to their strong fluorescence, resistance to pbotobleaching, low toxicity, along with their abundant and inexpensive nature. In the past decade, the procedures for prepar- ing C-dots have become increasingly versatile and facile, and their applications are being extended to a growing number of fields. In this review, we focused on introducing the biological applications of C-dots, hoping to expedite their translation to the clinic.

Photo-crosslinkable hydrogel and its biological applications

In the past few years,photo-crosslinkable hydrogels have drawn a great attention in tissue engineering applications due to their high biocompatibility and extracellular matrix(ECM)-like structure.They can be easily biofabricated through exposure of a photosensitive system composed of photo-crosslinkable hydrogels,photo-initiators and other compounds such as cells and therapeutic molecules,to ultraviolet or visible light.With the development ofbiofabrication methods,many researchers studied the biological applications of photo-crosslinkable hydrogels in tissue engineering,such as vascular,wound dressing and bone engineering.This review highlights the biomaterials for photo-crosslinkable hydrogels,biofabrication techniques and their biological applications in tissue engineering.Meanwhile,the challenges and prospects of photo-crosslinkable hydrogels are discussed as well.

Fe3O4 Modified Up-Conversion Luminescent Nanocrystals for Biological Applications

Magnetic-luminescent nanocomposites have obtained a great deal of attention due to their potential applications in magnetic separation of cells, magnetic resonance imaging and luminescence imaging, and so on. Herein, a new and facile two-step synthetic strategy was developed to prepare magnetic Fe304 modified single crystalline up- conversion luminescent NaYF4： Yb3＋, Er3＋ nanocrystals using Fe304 nanoparticles as the seeds. Acting as the ＂nu- clei＂ in the reaction, the presence of Fe304 nanoparticles facilitates the formation of up-conversion NaYF4： Yb3＋, Er3＋ nanocrystals on their surfaces through heterogeneous nucleation process. The structure and properties of these multifunctional nanocrystals were characterized by transmission electron microscope （TEM）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, photo luminescence （PL） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The results revealed that the as-prepared multifunctional nanocrystals show dual distinct properties of up-conversion fluorescent and superpara- magnetism, which were cubic in shape and very uniform in size with an average size ranging 30m40 nm. These unique functionalities could be very attractive for biological systems, and some biological applications such as cell- labelling were also demonstrated.

Precise construction of DNA origami-based materials for functional regulation on biological interface

Precise design and control of molecular self-assembly as living creatures are exciting ideas in the field of nanotechnology.Characterized with predesigned geometries and accurate spatial addressability,programmable DNA origami nanostructures have been recognized as optimized tools for assembling multiple functional components.A variety of biomolecules can be attached to the nanoscale drawing boards in a site-specific fashion,thus facilitating the precise construction of DNA origami-based materials for studies on biological interface.In this minireview,we highlight the recent advances in the precise construction of DNA origami-based materials with artificial bio-structures and/or biomimicking functions.The regulation of biological functions by these DNA origami-engineered assemblies at the bio-interface has been summarized and discussed.

4-((4-Chlorophenylsulfonamido)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid： Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Biological Activities

In this study, a novel 4-（（4-chlorophenylsulfonamido）methyl）cyclohexanecarboxylic acid（C（14）H（18）ClNO4S） was synthesized by the reaction of tranexamic acid and 4-chlororbenzene sulfonyl chloride in basic medium at room temperature. The molecular structure was determined by FT-IR, NMR, elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray analysis. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c with a = 12.3120（11）, b = 16.5987（19）, c = 7.6873（7） ？, β = 90.495（6）o, Z = 4 and V = 1570.9（3） ？~3, crystal size（mm） = 0.38 × 0.16 × 0.14 and Rint = 0.045. In this compound, the carboxylic acid A（O（1）/C（1）/C（2）） and the sulfonyl B（O（3）/S（1）/O（4）） moieties are of course planar. The molecules are dimerized due to the O–H…O type of H-bonding with the R22（8） ring motifs. The dimmers are interlinked through C–H…O and N–H…O types of H-bonding. The synthesized compound was screened against four bacterial and two fungal strains and inactive against all strains. Antioxidant activity was checked against DPPH. Enzyme inhibition activity was carried out using three different enzymes and the title compound was more potent α-chymotrypsin inhibitor.

Lanthanide-based microlasers:Synthesis,structures,and biomedical applications

The large size of lasers limits their applications in confined spaces,such as in biosensing and in vivo brain tissue imaging.In this regard,micron-sized lasers have been developed.They exhibit great potential for biological detecting,remote sensing,and depth tracking due to their small sizes,sensitive properties of their spectral fingerprints,and flexible positional modulation in the microenvironment.Lanthanide-based luminescent materials that possess long excited-state lifetime,narrow emission bandwidth,and upconversion behaviors are promising as gain mediums for novel microlasers.In addition,lanthanide-based microlasers could be generated under natural ambient conditions with pumped or continuous light sources,which significantly promotes the practical applications of microlasers.Recent progress in the design,synthesis,and biomedical applications of lanthanide-based microlasers has been outlined in this review.Lanthanide ions doped and upconverted lanthanide-based microlasers are highlighted,which exhibit advantageous structures,miniaturized dimensions,and high lasing performance.The applications of lanthanide-based microlasers are further discussed,the upconverted microlasers show great advantages for biological applications owing to their tunable excitation and emission characteristics and excellent environmental stability.Moreover,perspectives and challenges in the field of lanthanide-based microlasers are presented.

A Comparative Study on the Selected Area Electron Diffraction Pattern of Fe Oxide/Au Core-shell Structured Nanoparticles

The selected area electron diffraction （SAED） pattern of magnetic iron oxide core/gold shell nanoparticles has been studied. For the composite particles with mean size less than 10 nm, their SAED pattern is found to be different from either the pattern of pure Fe oxide nanoparticles or that of pure Au particles. Based on the fact that the ring diameters of these composite particles fit the characteristic relation for the fcc structure, the Au atoms on surfaces of the concerned particles are supposed to pack in a way more tightly than they usually do in pure Au nanoparticles. The driving force for this is the coherency strain which enables the shell material at the heterostructured interface to adapt the lattice parameters of the core.

Mono-functionalized pillar[n]arenes: Syntheses, host–guest properties and applications

Pillar[n]arenes are a novel class of macrocyclic hosts reported by Ogoshi and co-workers in 2008. Because of their rigid pillar structures, interesting host-guest properties and ease of modifications, pillar[n]arenes have been developed rapidly in the field of functional materials and biomedicine. The modifications of pillar[n]arenes at different positions can give them varied characteristics. Functional groups can be introduced into one position of pillar[n]arenes without changing host-guest properties of pillar[n]arenes. A series of pillar[n]arene dimers, trimers, tetramers and metallacycles can be constructed by mono-functionalized pillar[n]arenes. In this review, two synthetic methods of mono-functionalized pillar[n]arenes are summarized and structures containing mono-functionalized pillar[n]arenes are described. Furthermore, the applications of mono-functionalized pillar[n]arenes in different fields (e.g., supramolecular polymers, sensors, molecular machines, catalysis, biological applications and light-harvesting systems) are also introduced. Hopefully, this article will be useful for researchers studying pillar[n]arenes, especially the mono-functionalized pillar[n]arenes.

Multifunctional Clay/PNIPAM Hydrogel Incorporating HxMoO3 Plasmonic Quantum Dot

Functional hydrogel is becoming a frequently used material in various fields,especially in biological and medical applications.In order to overcome the barriers of low uniformity of structure and lack of energy dissipation effect in common hydrogel,in this work a strategy of doping plasmonic HxMoO3 quantum dots into PNIPAM(poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)) hydrogel to proceed its multifunctionalization is developed.This quantum dots-induced tactic could effectuate the enhancement of photothermal conversion,mechanical property,adhesion,and self-healing performance simultaneously.In particular,for adhesion performance,the toughness value could be elevated to over 2500 J m-2 efficiently.Further,the enhancement mechanism behind the extraordinary adhesion performance is studied,and it can be contributed to the synergistic effect of pore structure regulation and abundant hydrogen bond,which are both beneficial to the interaction between composite hydrogel and solid surface.Subsequently,based on its extraordinary adhesion and self-healing performance,the applicability of HxMoO3/PNIPAM hydrogel as a M? growth substrate is investigated on wound dressing,and the experimental result demonstrates its excellent M? growth-promoting activity.

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials for biomedical applications

In the past decade,nanoscale metal-organic frameworks(nMOFs)have drawn a great attention due to their high porosity,wide range of pore shapes,tunable frameworks and relatively low toxic.With the development of nanotechnology,many researchers studied the synthesis,characterization,functionalization and biotoxicity of nMOFs,and a more thorough understanding was developed about numerous nMOFs as promising platforms for biomedical applications.This review highlights the up-to-date progress of nMOFs related to their bio-applications such as drug delivery,bioimaging,biosensing and biocatalysis,and the common surface modification methods we re classified into four categories:covalent post-synthetically modification,coordinative post-synthetically modification,noncovalent postsynthetically modification and modification on the external surface.At the same time,the challenges and perspectives of nMOFs were discussed as well.

Advanced biomedical hydrogels:molecular architecture and its impact on medical applications

Hydrogels are cross-linked polymeric networks swollen in water,physiological aqueous solutions or biological fluids.They are synthesized by a wide range of polymerization methods that allow for the introduction of linear and branched units with specific molecular characteristics.In addition,they can be tuned to exhibit desirable chemical characteristics including hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity.The synthesized hydrogels can be anionic,cationic,or amphiphilic and can contain multifunctional crosslinks,junctions or tie points.Beyond these characteristics,hydrogels exhibit compatibility with biological systems,and can be synthesized to render systems that swell or collapse in response to external stimuli.This versatility and compatibility have led to better understanding of how the hydrogel’s molecular architecture will affect their physicochemical,mechanical and biological properties.We present a critical summary of the main methods to synthesize hydrogels,which define their architecture,and advanced structural characteristics for macromolecular/biological applications.

N-cap helix nucleation： methods and their applications

Recapitulation of well-defined α-helices could result in constrained peptide mimetics with preferable secondary structures and enhanced therapeutic properties for various purposes. Among the helix-stabilizing strategies, the nucleation strategies are able to maximize recognition specificity of the original sequence without compromising the molecular recognition surface. In this review,current methodologies of helix nucleation are introduced including their constructing strategies, structure features and proof of concept biological applications.

INNOVATIVE BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES OF HERBAL MEDICINES APPLICATION OF MASSLYNX AND UNIFI PLATFORM SOLUTION TO ACCELERATE THE IDENTIFICATION OF INGREDIENTS AND THEIR METABOLITES OF TCM

Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)has been used in prevention and treatment of disease in clinical practice for thousands of years,with an indispensable role of multiple ingredients.Thus,a rapid and effective chemical ingredients analysis was of necessary to be established for the evaluation of the holistic quality of TCM.As could afford the data with high resolution and high sensitivity,

Metal complex catalysts broaden bioorthogonal reactions

Bioorthogonal reactions involving transition metals have diversified applications in imaging,drug development,chemical catalysis and other fields.Transition metals used to catalyze the bioorthogonal reaction mainly include ruthenium,palladium,copper,and gold.However,the great potential for translational applications of bioorthogonal reaction needs to be further expanded and their reaction efficiency should be improved.Therefore,it is an urgent need for the development of this field to find more suitable catalysts to efficiently catalyze existing biological orthogonal reactions and expand the types of biological orthogonal reactions.Thus,this review not only summarizes those transition metal complexes-based catalysts participating in bioorthogonal reaction and some bioorthogonal reactions involving transition metals inside the cells,but also sheds light into the discovery of new transition metal complexes and their future development in applications.

Lighting up plants with near-infrared fluorescence probes

Fluorescence imaging is a non-invasive and highly sensitive bioimaging technique that has shown remarkable strides in plant science. It enables real-time monitoring and analysis of biological and pathological processes in plants by labeling specific molecular or cellular structures with fluorescent probes. However, tissue scattering and phytochrome interference have been obstacles for conventional fluorescence imaging of plants in the ultraviolet and visible spectrum, resulting in unsatisfactory imaging quality. Fortunately, advances in near-infrared(NIR) fluorescence imaging technology(650-900 nm) offer superior spatial-temporal resolution and reduced tissue scattering, which is sure to improve plant imaging quality. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the development of NIR fluorescence imaging probes and their applications for in vivo plant imaging and the identification of plant-related biomolecules. We hope this review provides a new perspective for plant science research and highlights NIR fluorescence imaging as a powerful tool for analyzing plant physiology, adaptive mechanisms, and coping with environmental stress in the near future.

CeO_(2)and CeO_(2)-based nanomaterials for photocatalytic,antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

Cerium oxide(CeO_(2)),one of the most significant rare-earth oxides,has attracted considerable interest over the past decades.This is primarily due to the ease in Ce^(3+)/Ce^(4+)redox ability as well as other factors that affect the efficacy of CeO_(2)and CeO_(2)-based materials.CeO_(2)and CeO_(2)-based materials have shown enhanced responses in catalytic and photocatalytic activities for environmental and biological applications.In addition,the formation of Ce^(3+)and oxygen vacancies in CeO_(2)has aided in enhancing CeO_(2)activities.In order to produce oxygen-deficient CeO_(2)and CeO_(2)-based materials,a variety of synthesis methods were used and are highlighted in this review.Therefore,this review compiles and discusses the mechanisms that involve oxygen vacancies,defects,and Ce^(3+)formation for environmental applications,such as photocatalytic dye degradation,photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction,and non-colored pollutants removal.The biological applications of CeO_(2),such as antioxidant enzyme mimetic,antioxidant reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species,and antimicrobial activities,are also discussed.Additionally,future prospects are also suggested for future development and detailed investigations.

Micro or nano:Evaluation of biosafety and biopotency of magnesium metal organic framework-74 with different particle sizes

In recent years,various particulate materials have played important roles in medical applications.However,nano-and micron-sized particles of the same material could exhibit distinct properties due to different particle sizes.This finding provided a simple and effective way to improve the biological applications of particulate materials.Therefore,as a highly promising member,the effect of the particle size change of the magnesium metal organic framework-74(Mg-MOF74)was well worth evaluating.Here we firsth assessed the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of micron/nanoscale Mg-MOF74(m-Mg-MOF74/n-Mg-MOF74)in detail.Our in vitro study revealed that compared to micron-sized subjects,n-Mg-MOF74 provided a wider range of safe concentrations.Furthermore,both micron/nanoscale Mg-MOF74 showed good biocompatibility and allowed all the rats under the treatment to survive through the expected experimental periods,with n-Mg-MOF74 still showing lower cardiotoxicity.These advantages of nanoscale Mg-MOF74might benefit from its sustainable and balanced release of Ma^2+both inside and outside the cells.Based on the biosafety evaluation,advanced bio-functional assessments of m/n-Mg-MOF74 including early osteogenesis and angiogenesis were alsoperformed.Similarly,the suitable dose groups of n-Mg-MOF74 achieved optimal early osteogenic promotion and angiogenic stimulation effects.Overall,our combined data delineated the toxicity and biological behaviors of Ma-MOF74 of different scales,and sugqested nanoscale Mg-MOF74 as a better choice for future applications.This result revealed that particle size reductior might be a viable strategy to improve and expand medical applications of MOFs or other particulate materials.