Impact of Fertilizer Types on Photosynthetic and Biological Effects of Direct-seeded Brassica napus at Flowering Stage

[Objective] The aim was to investigate the effects of fertilizer type on di- rect-seeded rapeseed and to explore effective fertilizing. [Method] Four treatments including different types of fertilizers were set in the test. Growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters at flowering stage such as plant height, stem diameter, shoot and root dry matter, net photosynthesis, light energy conversion effi- ciency （Fv/Fm） and SPAD value, were investigated. The effects of fertilizer treat-ments on the yield of rapeseed were evaluated as well. [Result] Both multi-functional fertilizer and controlled release fertilizer could improve plant height, stem diameter, shoot dry matter, SPAD value, net photosynthesis, non-photochemical quenching （NPQ）, etc., which helped increase yield and stress resistance. [Conclusion] Both multi-functional fertilizer and controlled release fertilizer could improve yield significantly while multi-functional fertilizer （MFF） was better than controlled release fertilizer （CRF）.

Biological effects and mechanisms of shortwave radiation： a review

With the increasing knowledge of shortwave radiation,it is widely used in wireless communications,radar observations,industrial manufacturing,and medical treatments.Despite of the benefits from shortwave,these wide applications expose humans to the risk of shortwave electromagnetic radiation,which is alleged to cause potential damage to biological systems.This review focused on the exposure to shortwave electromagnetic radiation,considering in vitro,in vivo and epidemiological results that have provided insight into the biological effects and mechanisms of shortwave.Additionally,some protective measures and suggestions are discussed here in the hope of obtaining more benefits from shortwave with fewer health risks.

Establishment of injury models in studies of biological effects induced by microwave radiation

Microwave radiation has been widely used in various fields,such as communication,industry,medical treatment,and military applications.Microwave radiation may cause injuries to both the structures and functions of various organs,such as the brain,heart,reproductive organs,and endocrine organs,which endanger human health.Therefore,it is both theoretically and clinically important to conduct studies on the biological effects induced by microwave radiation.The successful establishment of injury models is of great importance to the reliability and reproducibility of these studies.In this article,we review the microwave exposure conditions,subjects used to establish injury models,the methods used for the assessment of the injuries,and the indicators implemented to evaluate the success of injury model establishment in studies on biological effects induced by microwave radiation.

Size-dependent Biological Effects on Vascular Endothelial Cells Induced by Different Particulate Matters

Summary： The contribution of particles to cardiovascular mortality and morbidity has been enlightened by epidemiologic and experimental studies. However, adverse biological effects of the particles with different sizes on cardiovascular cells have not been well recognized. In this study, sub-cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells （HUVECs） were exposed to increasing concentrations of pure quartz particles （DQ） of three sizes （DQPM1, 〈1 μm; DQPM3-5, 3-5 μm; DQPM5, 5 μm） and carbon black particles of two sizes （CB0.1, 〈0.1 μm; CB 1, 〈 1 μm） for 24 h. Cytotoxicity was estimated by measuring the activity of lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） and cell viability. Nitric oxide （NO） generation and cyto- kines （TNF-α and IL-1β） releases were analyzed by using NO assay and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay （ELISA）, respectively. It was found that both particles induced adverse biological effects on HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner. The size of particle directly influenced the biological activity. For quartz, the smaller particles induced stronger cytotoxicity and higher levels of cytokine responses than those particles of big size. For carbon black particles, CB0.1 was more capable of inducing adverse responses on HUVECs than CB 1 only at lower particle concentrations, in contrast to those at higher concentrations. Meanwhile, our data also revealed that quartz particles performed stronger cell damage and produced higher levels of TNF-α than carbon black particles, even if particles size was similar. In conclusion, particle size as well as particle composition should be both considered in assessing vascular endothelial cells injury and inflammation responses induced by particles.

A Study on the Biological Effects of Laser-induced Mutation on Fibrous Roots of Yellow Skin Onion

[ Objective] This study aimed to investigate the biological effects of laser-induced mutation on fibrous roots of yellow skin onion. [ Method] Wet seeds of two yellow skin onion cultivars were irradiated by CO2 laser and He-Ne laser at three dosage levels separately. A randomized complete block design with three replications was adopted. The biological effects of laser-induced mutation on fibrous roots of Ll-generation yellow skin onion were investigated with biostatistics and physiological and biochemical methods. [Result] Significant variations in the biological effects caused by various laser treatments were observed in the length, quantity, fresh weight and activity of onion fibrous roots. Specifically, the variation in fibrous root length induced by different types of laser reached 5% significance level; significant variation was observed in fibrous roots of different onion cultivars induced by laser, while the variation among each treatment did not reach 5% sig- nifieance level ; the variation in fibrous root quantity induced by different dosage levels of laser reached 5% significance level ; laser radiation showed stimulating effect on root activity of onion. [ Conclusion] This study provided reference for laser-induced breeding of yellow skin onion.

Biological effect of expression of exogenous human nuclear receptor hLRH-1 in SW480 cells and its molecular mechanism

Objective： To explore the possible biological function of human nuclear receptor hLRH-1 in tumorigenesis and progress of colon cancer. Methods： Plasmids pcDNA3-hLRH-1 were introduced into SW480 cells via lipofectamine. The expression of mRNA and protein of exogenous hLRH-1 were detected by RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. MTT assay was carried out to survey the proliferation of SW480 cells with overexpression of hLRH-1. Meanwhile, the expression of proliferation-related genes cyclin E1 and cyclin D1, and apoptosis-related genes PTEN and Rbl, were analyzed by realtime RT-PCR. Results： The proliferation of SW480 cells was promoted under the condition of overexpression of hLRH-1. The expression of cyclin E1 was up-regulated significantly, while that of PTEN and Rbl were down-regulated in SW480 cells with overexpressed hLRH-1. Conclusion： The expression of exogenous hLRH-1 in SW480 cells induced the proliferation resulting form up-regulation of cyclin E1, as well as participated in the regulation of apoptosis via influencing the expression of PTEN and Rb1.

Biological Effects of Sunflower Seeds Implanted by Carbon Ion

[ Objective ] This study aimed to investigate the effects of carbon ion implantation and implantation times on growth and genetic variation of sunflowers. [ Method] Carbon ions were implanted into Bakui 138, Bakui i36 and Bakui 118 seeds at dose of 5 - 10is C/cm2, before they were planted. Their Fl-generation seeds were irradiated again. Seeds of the both generations were planted and the growth d the seedlings was observed in field tests. Finally, their genetic variation was analyzed through RAPD. [ Result] The germination rate and several agronomic traits like plant height, stem diameter, leaf number and yields of Bakui 138 of once-irradiated group were significantly improved, while that of twice-irradiated group showed opposite trend. The variation of Bakui 136 and Bakui 118 was insig- nificant. At the molecular level, the genetic distance with the control group of once and twice-irradiated groups was 0. 111 1, 0. 108 7 in Bakui 138; 0. 068 O, O. 030 3 in Bakui 136 and 0.062 5,0.043 5 in Bakui 118. [Conclusion] Carbon ion implantation had a significant effect on the growth and development of Bakui 138, and the effect varied with irradiation times. Moreover, it caused genomic variation in the three sunflower cuhivars.

Biological effects of indoor sunlight in ruraldweling houses

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Nano Lanthanum Oxide Preparation by Alkalescent Ammonium Citrate System and Its Primary Biological Effect

Using alkalescent ammonium(AAC)as precipitatnt, the diameter of nano La_2O_3 powder with diameter in 80 nm and less was prepared by the method of homogeneous precipitation, and reactant concentration, temperature and pH were studied and confirmed. The best precipitated concentration is from 0.2 to 0.5 mol·L^(-1), and the diameter of compounded powder turns small as the temperature gradually becomes high, and the pH from 6 to 8 is the best and the concentration of precipitant does not affect the diameter of compounded powder significantly. Meanwhile, most experiments lasting for fifty days in the greenhouse, and the results are 0.2 g·kg^(-1) nano La_2O_3 powder is enorgh for increasing biomass by 133% compared with that of the CK.

The Experimental Measurement of the Relative Biological Effectiveness of Carbon Ions with Different Qualities

The relative biological effectiveness （RBE） of carbon ions with linear energy transfer （LET） of 172 keV/μm and 13.7 keV/μm were determined in this study. The clonogenic survival and premature terminal differentiation were measured on normal human fibroblasts AG01522C and NHDF after exposure of the cells to 250 kV X-rays and carbon ions with different qualities. RBE was determined for these two biological end points. The results showed that the measured RBE10 with a survival fraction of 10% was 3.2 for LET 172 keV/μm, and 1.33 for LET 13.7 keV/μm carbon ions. RBE for a doubling of post-mitotic fibroblasts （PMF） in the population was 2.8 for LET 172 keV/μm, and 1 for LET 13.7 keV/μm carbon ions. For the carbon ion therapy, a high RBE value on the Bragg peak results in a high biological dose on the tumour. The tumour cells can be killed effectively. At the same time, the dose on healthy tissue would be reduced accordingly. This will lighten the late effect such as fibrosis on normal tissue.

Non-Thermal Biological Effect of Graphene Far-Infrared Ray on Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cells

Graphene materials can emit far-infrared ray, but the biological effects of graphene far-infrared ray have not been studied. Furthermore, the non-thermal biological effect of far-infrared ray on organism has not been systematically studied independently of the thermal effect. The purpose of this study was to investigate the non-thermal biological effect of graphene far-infrared ray (gFIR) on Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. In this work, stringent control of the cultivation conditions was carried out to ensure the stability and constancy of the culture and its temperature. Flow cytometry was used to detect the non-thermal effect of gFIR irradiation on cell membrane permeability, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. Compared with the control group, cell membrane permeability of the gFIR exposure cells decreased by 4.7%, MMP increased by 16% and intracellular ROS reduced by 10.7%. The results revealed the valuable features of the non-thermal biological effect of gFIR on Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, and the further analysis demonstrated that graphene far-infrared materials should have great application value in disease prevention and health promotion.

To understand moxibustion from the biological effect of local thermal stimulation

Moxibustion is one of treatment modalities in Traditional Chinese Medicine（TCM）. Its working mechanism is activated through heat-induced local thermal stimulation. By reviewing and compiling clear, scientific analysis of the biological and physiological effects from local thermal heat, the authors provides a coherent and systemic source to aid us to form an understanding of the mechanism of moxibustion’s promotion of qi and blood circulation throughout the body from local thermal stimulation. This has been done by a rigorous review of previous studies of the thermal effect on the body. The following presents the local, distal and systemic biological effects from local thermal stimulation while also discussing the similarities and differences between local thermal stimulation and moxibustion.

The biological effect of recombinant humanized collagen on damaged skin induced by UV-photoaging:An in vivo study

The application of medical devices to repair skin damage is clinically accepted and natural polymer enjoys an important role in this field,such as collagen or hyaluronic acid,etc.However,the biosafety and efficacy of these implants are still challenged.In this study,a skin damage animal model was prepared by UV-photoaging and recombinant humanized type Ⅲ collagen(rhCol Ⅲ)was applied as a bioactive material to implant in vivo to study its biological effect,comparing with saline and uncrosslinked hyaluronic acid(HA).Animal skin conditions were non-invasively and dynamically monitored during the 8 weeks experiment.Histological observation,specific gene expression and other molecular biological methods were applied by the end of the animal experiment.The results indicated that rhCol Ⅲ could alleviate the skin photoaging caused by UV radiation,including reduce the thickening of epidermis and dermis,increase the secretion of Collagen Ⅰ(Col Ⅰ)and Collagen Ⅲ(Col Ⅲ)and remodel of extracellular matrix(ECM).Although the cell-material interaction and mechanism need more investigation,the effect of rhCol Ⅲ on damaged skin was discussed from influence on cells,reconstruction of ECM,and stimulus of small biological molecules based on current results.In conclusion,our findings provided rigorous biosafety information of rhCol Ⅲ and approved its potential in skin repair and regeneration.Although enormous efforts still need to be made to achieve successful translation from bench to clinic,the recombinant humanized collagen showed superiorities from both safety and efficacy aspects.

Investigation and assessment of micropollutants and associated biological effects in wastewater treatment processes

Currently,the wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)attempt to achieve the shifting from general pollution parameters control to reduction of organic micropollutants discharge.However,they have not been able to satisfy the increasing ecological safety needs.In this study,the removal of micropollutants was investigated,and the ecological safety was assessed for a local WWTP.Although the total concentration of 31 micropollutants detected was reduced by 83%using the traditional biological treatment processes,the results did not reflect chemicals that had poor removal efficiencies and low concentrations.Of the five categories of micropollutants,herbicides,insecticides,and bactericides were difficult to remove,pharmaceuticals and UV filters were effectively eliminated.The specific photosynthesis inhibition effect and non-specific bioluminescence inhibition effect from wastewater were detected and evaluated using hazardous concentration where 5%of aquatic organisms are affected.The photosynthesis inhibition effect from wastewater in the WWTP was negligible,even the untreated raw wastewater.However,the bioluminescence inhibition effect from wastewater which was defined as the priority biological effect,posed potential ecological risk.To decrease non-specific biological effects,especially of macromolecular dissolved organic matter,overall pollutant reduction strategy is necessary.Meanwhile,the ozonation process was used to further decrease the bioluminescence inhibition effects from the secondary effluent;≥0.34 g O 3/g DOC of ozone dose was recommended for micropollutants elimination control and ecological safety.

Cycloartenol triterpenoid saponins from Cimicifuga simplex(Ranunculaceae) and their biological effects

The constituents of Cimicifuga plants have been extensively investigated, and the principal metabolites are 9,19-cyclolanostane triterpenoid glycosides, which are distributed widely in Cimicifuga plants, but not in other members of the Ranunculaceae family, and are considered to be characteristics of the Cimicifuga genus. This type of triterpenoid glycoside possesses several important biological activities. More than 120 cycloartane triterpene glycosides have been isolated from Cimicifuga simplex Wormsk. The aim of this review article is to summarize all the major findings based on the available scientific literatures on C. simplex, with a focus on the identified 9,19-cyclolanostane triterpenoid glycosides. Biological studies of cycloartane triterpene glycosides from Cimicifuga spp. are also discussed.

Biological effect and molecular mechanism study of biomaterials based on proteomic research

Along with the role transformation of biomaterials from bioinert substitute to regenerative inducer, the biological effect and mechanism of material-organism interaction become more important. Since most of animal tests and cellular experiments stay on the phenomenon description instead of mechanism interpretation, the development of proteomics technologies provides a golden opportunity to uncover the molecular interaction mechanism between biomaterial-organism on whole scale. This review summarizes current application of proteomics in biological effect and mechanism study of biomaterials, and discusses the development and challenges for future studies.

Evaluation of biological effects of three neodymium compounds on silkworm,Bombyx mori

Neodymium(Nd)is one of the most famous members of rare earth elements family.With the increasing global demand for Nd,it can inevitably enter the environment and affect the ecological environment through the food chain and other ways.Therefore,it is very important to study the biological effects of Nd.In this study,the biological effects of 3 kinds of Nd compounds,i.e.neodymium oxide(Nd_(2)O_(3)),neodymium chloride(NdCl3)and neodymium nitrate(Nd(NO_(3))_(3)),were evaluated by using silkworm models through the method of intravascular injection.Each of the three Nd compounds was prepared into 6 groups at different concentrations(40,50,60,70,80,90μg/μL).The results show that within the certain concentration range,Nd compounds show great damage to the growth of silkworms since high death rate is observed:the death rate from Nd2 O3 group is floating between 30%and 80%,the one from NdCl3 group is between 17%and 33%and that from Nd(NO3)3 group is between 23%and 37%.It also reveals that Nd compounds have some negative effects on the body length and weight of silkworms.However,the histophysiological study shows that the three Nd compounds cause no obvious negative effects on the cell morphologies in midgut,fat body and silk gland.The XRD and FTIR spectra show that the secondary and the crystalline structures of silks are not destroyed,the TGA and DTG data exhibit that the thermal stability of silks is not damaged,and the tensile test shows that the mechanical properties of silks are not affected significantly by the intake of Nd compounds.In general,the intake of Nd compounds has significant inhibitory effects on silkworm growth but little negative impact on silk structures or cell morphology,the study can provide useful toxicological data for the safe application of Nd compounds in various fields.

Biologically effective radiation of solar ultraviolet radiation and the depletion of stratospheric ozone

Based on the biological action spectra and total UV-B radiation in the atmosphere,the effective UV-dose for DNA, erythema,and plant at different seasons in the last decade,and their future change in Beijing area were calculated.Computation results indicate that the maxi- mum of biologically effective radiation dose at noontime is in July and the minimum is in January. From 1980 to 1989 biologically effective radiation dose have increased with the average rates of about 0.6,0.7 and 1.1 mW/m￣2 per year for January, April and October,while in July the trend of radiation dose is not ln evidence. For 1% reduction of ozone concentration radiation amplification factor for DNA,erythema and plant are 2.3,2.3 and 1.4 and for 30% reduction of ozone concentration the RAF for DNA,erythema and plant are 4.2,4.0 and 2.1,respectively.

A Study on Early Biological Effects of Oral Administration of Terephthalic Acid in Rats

Rats were fed with foods containing various doses of terephthalic (TPA) for 8 weeks. General status was observed and biological indices(including urine,serum and bone) were determined after 1, 3 and 8 week administration.Differences in urine calcium, ammonia, PH and serum albumin between the treat groups and the control were significant. Marked correlation was found in these indices. No Change in N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG),serum calcium,bone calcium, alkaline phosphatase and alanine transaminase was noted in the treat groups.It suggests that change of urine ammonium concentration may serve as a protective level in setting the TPA exposure limit.

THE EARLY RELATIVE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTIVENESS OF SINGLE DOSE OF FAST NEUTRONS（35MeV_（p→Be）） FOR BONE MARROW IN MICE

The early RBE of the bone marrow in mice after studied irradiation with fast neutrons(35 MeVp→Be) was studied.60Co-γ ray was used for referent beams.Using the dos.making 50% loss of the nucleated cells of bone marrow in mice relative to control group mice to calculated the RBE value which was 2.13±0.18.Meanwhile,the relationship of the RBE values and the dose of neutrons was noted.On log-log plot the RBE values decrease with increasing dose of fast neutrons and it is consistent with a slope of -0.39± 0.10.The α/β ratios were estimated from linear-quadratic model of cell survival,they are 14.4±1.30 Gy for fast neutrons and 0.83±0.10 Gy for γ-ray,respectively.