Biological treatments as a mean to improve feed utilization in agriculture animals——An overview

As a result of agriculture practices, million tons of agriculture are produced as a secondary or by-products; however, with low nutritive values. Many methods are applied to improve the nutritive value and increase its utilization in ruminant＇s nutrition. The biological treatments are the most common with more safe-treated products. In most cases, the biological treatments are paralleled with decreased crude fiber and fiber fractions content with increased crude protein content. Direct-fed microbial and exogenous enzymes to animal are other ways of biological methods for improving nutritive value of feeds. Here in this review, we will try to cover the biological treatments of by-products from different sides view with different types of animals and different animal end-products.

Intended process water management concept for the mechanical biological treatment of municipal solid waste

Accumulating operational experience in both aerobic and anaerobic mechanical biological waste treatment （MBT） makes it increasingly obvious that controlled water management would substantially reduce the cost of MBT and also enhance resource recovery of the organic and inorganic fraction. The MBT plant at Gescher, Germany, is used as an example in order to determine the quantity and composition of process water and leachates from intensive and subsequent rotting, pressing water from anaerobic digestion and scrubber water from acid exhaust air treatment, and hence prepare an MBT water balance. The potential of, requirements for and limits to internal process water reuse as well as the possibilities of resource recovery from scrubber water are also examined. Finally, an assimilated process water management concept with the purpose of an extensive reduction of wastewater quantity and freshwater demand is presented.

Overview of enhancing biological treatment of coal chemical wastewater:New strategies and future directions

Coal chemical wastewater(CCW)is a type of refractory industrial wastewater,and its treatment has become the main bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of novel coal chemical industry.Biological treatment is considered as an economical,effective and environmentally friendly technology for CCW treatment.However,conventional biological process is difficult to achieve the efficient removal of refractory organics because of CCW with the characteristics of composition complexity and high toxicity.Therefore,seeking the novel enhancement strategy appears to be a favorable solution for enhancing biological treatment efficiency of CCW.This review focuses on presenting a comprehensive picture about the exogenous enhancement strategies for CCW biological treatment.The performance and potential application of exogenous enhancement strategies,including co-metabolic substrate enhancement,biofilm filler enhancement,adsorption material enhancement and conductive mediator enhancement,were expounded.Meanwhile,the enhancing mechanisms of different strategies were comprehensively discussed from a biological perspective.Furthermore,the prospects of enhancement strategies based on the engineering performance,economic cost and environmental impact(3E)evaluation were introduced.And novel enhancement strategy based on“low carbon emissions”,“resource recycling”and“water environment security”in the context of carbon neutrality was proposed.Taken together,this review provides technical reference and new direction to facilitate the regulation and optimization of typical industrial wastewater biological treatment.

Developments in Biological Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters

The characteristics and biological treatment technologies of several kinds of industrial wastewater are summarised. Biological treatment of industrial wastewater is a well established system with applications going back for over a century. However, developments are still taking place but at the design stage, more emphasis will be placed on small “footprint” systems, odour control and minimization of excess sludge production.

Effects of in situ biological treatments on heavy metal release of urban river sediment

A typical fiver in Yangzhou City was used to study the effects of artificial aeration, eco-brick cover, biological packing cover, and low-sited plant floating beds on the release of heavy metals from urban river sediments. This work showed that 1） the Cr release rate was decreased by 50.3%-89.6%, with an average of 59.3%, thereby reducing the Cr pollution load to the overlying water by 36.6%-82.7%, with an average of 53.3%; 2） the Zn release rate was reduced by 21.0%-88.9%, with an average of 42.3%, and the Zn pollution load of the overlying water was reduced by 38.0%-67.1%, with an average of 55.0%; 3） the Cu release rate was reduced by 27.5%-91.0%, with an average of 55.3%, and the Cu load of the overlying water was reduced by 57.1%-83.7%, with an average of 71.7%; 4） the Pb release rate was reduced by 11.8%- 79.3%, with an average of 41.2%, and the Pb pollution load of the overlying water was reduced by -1.3%-70.7%, with an average of 29.8%. We also found that the effects of in situ biological treatments on the release of heavy metals were affected by the extent of sediment disturbance. For integrated applications, high-disturbance treatments should be combined with low-disturbance treatments to reduce the explosive release of pollutants caused by sediment disturbance during the treatment operation to achieve better overall treatment effects.

New concept of contaminant removal from swine wastewater by a biological treatment process

Pollution from concentrated animal feeding operations(CAFOs)are the most serious pollution source in China now,and swine wastewater contains high concentrations of nutrients such as chemical oxygen demand(COD),biochemical oxygen demand 5(BOD 5),ammonium,and emergent contaminants related to public health.Biological processes are the most popular treatment methods for COD and ammonium removal.Considering the low operation cost,easy maintenance and high removal rate of contaminants in recent years,nitrogen removal via nitrite and real-time control processes using oxidation-reduction potential(ORP)and/or pH as parameters to control the aerobic and anaerobic cycles of a system has received much attention for animal wastewater treatment.During the biological treatment process,the emergent contaminants such as estrogen,antibiotics,and disinfec-tion reagents have been the focus of research recently,and degradation bacteria and resistance bacteria have also been extracted from activated sludge.The microbial analysis technique is also advancement in the field of biodegrada-tion bacteria and resistance bacteria.All of these advance-ments in research serve to improve wastewater treatment and decrease environmental hazards,especially for using manure as a fertilizer source for crop production.

IN VITRO ANTI-HEPATOMA EFFECTS OF MONOCYTES AND KUPFFER CELLS ISOLATED FROM HEPATOMA PATIENTS AFTER TREATMENT WITH BIOLOGICAL IMMUNE STIMULANTS

Monocytes (MC), lymphocytes (LC) and Kupffer cells (KC) were isolated respectively from blood and surgical liver samples of patients suffering from he-patocellular carcinoma (HCC). 13 patients were given BCG, mixed bacterium vaccine (MBV) and human white blood cell interferon (IFN), the other 3 patients were not treated with any biological immune stimulants (BIS) and served as controls. The cytosta-tic and cytotoxic effects of MC and KC on human hepatoma SMMC-7721 (TC) were assayed in vitro and the numbers of T total (Tt), T helper (Th) and T suppressor (Ts) cells were counted using CD monoclonal antibody immunofluorescence. The results were as follows: (1) On the 7th day after the first administration of BIS, the cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of MC on TC showed obvious increase over pre-administration. The activity of BIS was 1 ?5 times as high as that in the controls. (2) After 3 administrations, the cytostatic effect of MC on TC increased to the normal level (84%), while the controls remained as before (45%). (3) On the 7th day after first administration, cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of KC on TC were 0.5 and 1 times higher respectively than those of the controls. (4) The numbers of Tt and Th of patients given BIS increased continuously; on the contrary Ts decreased in number. These results indicate that combined use of BCG, MBV and IFN can actively enhance the immune anti-hepatoma function of patients suffering from HCC.

Phosphorus limitation in biofiltration for drinking water treatment

Bacterial growth potential(BGP) method and two parallel pilot scale biofilters were used to investigate phosphorus limitation and its effect on the removal of organic matters in biofiltration for drinking water treatment. Addition of phosphorus can substantially increase the BGPs of the samples. Its effect was equivalent to that of addition of a mixture of various inorganic nutrients including phosphorus. The biofilter with phosphate added into its influent performed a higher biological stability of the effluent and a higher COD Mn removal than the control filter. These results suggested that phosphorus was the limiting nutrient in the biofiltration and the removal efficiency of organic matters could be improved by adding phosphate into the influent.

Effects of Micronutrient Niacin on Treatment Efficiency of Textile Wastewater

Textile wastewater is well known as one of the wastewaters to be most difficultly treated. The effects of niacin on textile wastewater treatment efficiency were studied by continuous addition of 1.0 mg·L^-1 niacin, the physical and chemical indexes of the water samples, such as COD, ammonia and dehydrogenase activities, were analyzed every day with standard methods, and obvious improvement in wastewater treatment performance was achieved. The exact results showed that：① Niacin could improve the COD removal efficiency signifcantly with removal rates being 1.31 times as to those of the control system; ② under this experimental condition, addition of niacin had almost no effect on the removal of ammonia;③ Addition of niacin could improve the activity of dehydrogenase by 130 %. It proved that the biological treatment performance of textile wastewater treatment system probably could be optimized through micronutrient niacin supplement.

Treatment of the wastewater from the sintering flue gas desulfurization process

The limestone-gypsum flue gas desulfurization （FGD） process has become the most widespread process in the world for sulfur removal. The swirl-jet-absorbing wet limestone-gypsum sintering FGD technology was developed for sintering flue gas desulfurization,and this process produces volumes of wastewater with various contaminants that requires treatment before disposal or reuse. In this study, the wastewater quality from three different sintering FGD systems at Baosteel Group was investigated and compared with wastewater from power plant FGD. A treatment process was proposed which is suitable for sintering FGD wastewater. After treatment with a neutralization, coagulation and sedimentation process, heavy metals in the sintering FGD wastewater were reduced to a level meeting the relevant emission standards ,but the pH and ammonia concentration were too high, and a further treatment process was needed. Due to certain similarities and complementarities between sintering FGD wastewater and coking wastewater, it is entirely feasible to mix the pretreated sintering FGD wastewater into a biological coking wastewater treatment system. This study indicates that it is entirely feasible to mix pretreated sintering FGD wastewater into the biological treatment systems used for coking wastewater from the iron and steel industries.

Some Characteristics of Treatment of Wastewater from Paper Production and Recycling Containing Lignin in Vietnam

Lignin is a difficult-to-treat pollutant in wastewater from paper production and paper recycling.But lignin and lignin derivatives are useful materials in many different fields.This paper summarizes some characteristics of the lignin recovery process,lignin application and lignin treatment.And the paper also presents some characteristics in paper wastewater treatment,paper recycling wastewater in Vietnam.

Evaluation of the Inverse Fluidized Bed Biological Reactor for Treating High-Strength Industrial Wastewaters

The aim of this work was to investigate the aerobic degradation of high-strength industrial (refinery) wastewaters in the inverse fluidized bed biological reactor, in which polypropylene particles of density 910 kg/m3 were fluidized by an upward flow of gas through a bed. Measurements of chemical oxygen demand (COD) versus residence time t were performed for various ratios of settled bed volume to reactor volume (Vb/VR) and air velocities u. The largest COD reduction, namely, from 54,840 to 2,190 mg/l, i.e. a 96% COD decrease, was achieved when the reactor was operated at the ratio (Vb/VR) = 0.55, air velocity u = 0.046 m/s and t = 65 h. Thus, these values of (Vb/VR), u and t can be considered as the optimal operating parameters for a reactor when used in treatment of high-strength refinery wastewaters. In the treatment operation conducted in a reactor optimally controlled at (Vb/VR) = 0.55, u = 0.046 m/s and t = 65 h, the conversions obtained for all phenolic constituents of the wastewater were larger than 95%. The conversions of about 90% were attained for other hydrocarbons.

Purification and reclamation of wastewater by an integrated biological pond system

The feasibility of an inexpensive wastewater treatment system is evaluated in this study.The experiment was conducted in 3 phases with different treatment combinations for testing theirpurification efficiencies. The pond system was divided into 3 functional regions: influentpurification, efficient upgrading and multi-utilization. Various kinds of aquatic organisms, wereeffectively cooperated in this system. The system attained high reduction of BOD_5, COD, TSS, TN,TP and other pollutants. The mutagenic effect and number of bacteria and virus significantly de-clined during the process of purifieation. After the wastewater flowed through the upgrading zone,the concentrations of pollutants and algae evidently decreased. Plant harvesting did not yield drama-tic effects on reductions of the main pollutants, through it did affect remarkably the biomassproductivity of the macrophytes. The wastewater was reclaimed for various purposes.

Application of Clinical Nursing Pathway Combined with Cluster Nursing Mode in Biologic Treatment of Rheumatoid Immune Disease Patients

Objective: To investigate the effect of clinical nursing pathway (CNP) combined with cluster nursing mode in intravenous biologic treatment of rheumatoid immune disease patients. Methods: Convenience sampling method was used to select inpatients receiving biologics treatment in Rheumatology and Immunology Department of a grade A hospital in Jingzhou city from May 2020 to April 2022. 75 patients from May 2020 to April 2021 were selected as the control group, and 75 patients from May 2021 to April 2022 were selected as the observation group. The control group was given routine care. The observation group was treated with CNP combined with cluster nursing mode on the basis of the control group, and the incidences of adverse infusion reactions, total treatment time, patient satisfaction and nurse satisfaction were compared between the two groups. Results: There were statistically significant differences between the two groups after intervention (P Conclusion: Using CNP combined with cluster nursing mode is beneficial to reduce the incidence of adverse infusion reactions in patients, shorten the total treatment time, and improve the satisfaction of patients and nurses.

Optimal Aerations in the Inverse Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactor When Used in Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters of Various Strength

The aim of this work was the determination of the optimal aerations, and more specifically the corresponding optimal air velocities uopt, at which the largest COD removals were achieved in treatment of industrial wastewaters of various strength conducted in the inverse fluidized bed biofilm reactor. The largest COD removals were achieved at the following air velocities uopt and retention times ts, and (Vb/VR) = 0.55: i) for CODo = 72,780 mg/l at uopt = 0.052 m/s and ts = 80 h;ii) for CODo = 62,070 mg/l at uopt = 0.042 m/s and ts = 65 h;iii) for CODo = 49,130 mg/l at uopt = 0.033 m/s and ts= 55 h;iv) for CODo = 41,170 mg/l at uopt = 0.028 m/s and ts = 45 h;v) for CODo = 35,460 mg/l at uopt = 0.025 m/s and ts = 27.5 h;and vi) for CODo = 26,470 mg/l at uopt= 0.014 m/s and ts = 22.5 h. In the treatment operation conducted in a reactor optimally controlled at the above values of uopt, ts and (Vb/VR), the following decreases in COD were obtained: i) from 72,780 to 5410 mg/l;ii) from 62,070 to 3730 mg/l;iii) from 49,130 to 2820 mg/l;iv) from 41,170 to 1820 mg/l;v) from 35,460 to 1600 mg/l;and vi) from 26,470 to 1180 mg/l, that is, approximately a 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 95% and 96% COD reduction was attained, respectively.

Physical-biological Collaborative Prevention and Control of Facility Strawberry Continuous Cropping Diseases

The aim was to develop green strawberry varieties,control soil-borne diseases from facility strawberry continuous cropping,improve the safety and quality of strawberries and promote the healthy and stable development of the strawberry industry. Based on the production practices in recent years,we summarized the physical-biological collaborative prevention and control technology for the disease of facility strawberry continuous cropping facilities,established the technical goals,the main types of soil-borne diseases,and the physical-biological collaborative control prevention and control technologies,mainly including the specific methods and technical points of solar high temperature disinfection technology and biological bacterial fertilizer（ agent） treatment technology.

Hotspots and trends of biological water treatment based on bibliometric review and patents analysis

In order to reveal the hotspots and trends of biological water treatment from the perspectives of scientific and technological innovation, both of the bibliometric review and patents analysis were performed in this study. The Web of Science Core Collection database and Derwent Innovation Index database recorded 30023 SCI papers and 50326 patents, respectively were analyzed via information visualization technology. The results showed that China ranked the first in both papers and patents, while the United States and Japan had advantages in papers and patents, respectively. It was concluded through literature metrology analysis that microbial population characteristics, biodegradation mechanism,toxicity analysis, nitrogen and phosphorus removal and biological treatment of micropolluted wastewater were the research hotspots of SCI papers. Activated sludge process and anaerobic-aerobic combined process were the two mainstream technologies on the basis of patent technology classification analysis. Technology evolution path of biological water treatment was also elucidated in three stages based on the citation network analysis. Furthermore, the future directions including research on the law of interaction and regulation of biological phases and pollutants and the technology innovations towards the targeted biotransformation or selective biodegradation of pollutants and resource reuse of wastewater were prospected.

Coking wastewater treatment for industrial reuse purpose: Combining biological processes with ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis

A full-scale plant using anaerobic, anoxic and oxic processes （A1/A2/O）, along with a pilot-scale membrane bioreactor （MBR）, nanofiltration （NF） and reverse osmosis （RO） integrated system developed by Shanghai Baosteel Chemical Co. Ltd., was investigated to treat coking wastewater for industrial reuse over a period of one year. The removals reached 82.5% （COD）, 89.6% （BOD）, 99.8% （ammonium nitrogen）, 99.9% （phenol）, 44.6% （total cyanide （T-CN））, 99.7% （thiocyanide （SCN-）） and 8.9% （fluoride）, during the A1/A2/O biological treatment stage, and all parameters were further reduced by over 96.0%, except for fluoride （86.4%）, in the final discharge effluent from the currently operating plant. The pilot-scale MBR process reduced the turbidity to less than 0.65 NTU, and most of the toxic organic compounds were degraded or intercepted by the A1/A2/O followed MBR processes. In addition, parameters including COD, T-CN, total nitrogen, fluoride, chloride ion, hardness and conductivity were significantly reduced by the NF-RO system to a level suitable for industrial reuse, with a total water production ratio of 70.7%. However, the concentrates from the NF and RO units were highly polluted and should be disposed of properly or further treated before being discharged.

Membrane bioreactor process of organic wastewater from brassylic acid manufacturing plant

The wastewater treatment from brassylic acid manufacturing plant using membrane bioreactor (MBR) was studied. The membrane bioreactor consisted of batch-operation biological aeration tank and ultrafiltration evaluation tank. The content of test included the affection of variation operation conditions on ultrafiltration separation, the general characteristics of MBR process, and the difference comparing with the conventional biological treatment. The results are as follows: (1) among the test membrane material, polyether sulphone (PES) membrane is more suitable for the wastewater treatment; (2) when the cutoff molecular weight is among 10000-50000, the higher the cutoff molecular weight, the bigger the water flux is in the test; (3) under the operation pressure, water flux increases accompanying with the increasing of operation pressure; (4) the paper filtered COD concentration has more affection on the water flux than the suspended solid concentration; ( 5) as they volume loading of MBR increases, the accumulation of high molecule organic substance and colloid increases, the membrane,permeate COD concentration and paper filtered COD concentration increase too, meanwhile the water flux reduces; (6) when the sludge retention time of activated sludge of MBR increases, the accumulation of high molecule organic substance and colloid reduces, the membrane permeate (:OD concentration and paper filtered COD concentration reduce too, and the water flux increases; (7) comparing with the conventional biological process, the microbial activity is higher, but the microbial species is less.

Quorum sensing regulation methods and their effects on biofilm in biological waste treatment systems: A review

Quorum sensing (QS) plays an important role in microbial aggregation control. Recently, the optimization of biological waste treatment systems by QS regulation gained an increasing attention. The effects of QS regulation on treatment performances and biofilm were frequently investigated. To understand the state of art of QS regulation, this review summarizes the methods of QS enhancement and QS inhibition in biological waste treatment systems. Typical QS enhancement methods include adding exogenous QS molecules, adding QS accelerants and cultivating QS bacteria, while typical QS inhibition methods include additions of quorum quenching (QQ) bacteria, QS-degrading enzymes, QS-degrading oxidants, and QS inhibitors. The specific improvements after applying these QS regulation methods in different treatment systems are concluded. In addition, the effects of QS regulation methods on biofilm in biological waste treatment systems are reviewed in terms of biofilm formation, extracellular polymeric substances production, microbial viability, and microbial community. In the end, the knowledge gaps in current researches are analyzed, and the requirements for future study are suggested.