Research Progress on Application Effect of Biomass Charcoal and Its Restoration of Soil Phenolic Acid Pollution

Biomass charcoal has positive effects on reducing soil nutrient loss, increasing fertilizer utilization, reducing organic pollution and pesti-cide residues, inhibiting pollutant enrichment, and reducing bioavailability of pollutants. In this paper, the concept and effect of biomass charcoal were reviewed; the research situation of phenolic pollutants in soil was described; and the research progress on restoration of soil phenolic acid pol-lution by biomass charcoal application was summarized.

Increase in thermal stability of proteins adsorbed on biomass charcoal powder prepared from plant biomass wastes

Thermal stability of lysozyme adsorbed on biomass charcoal powder (BCP), which was prepared from plant biomass wastes such as dumped adzuki bean, bamboo, and wood by pyrolysis without combustion under nitrogen atmosphere and comminution with a jet mill, was examined. Adsorbing lysozyme on BCP could sufficiently prevent proteins from denaturing and aggregating in an aqueous solution at high temperatures, and enhanced the refolding of thermally denatured proteins by cooling treatment. The remaining activities of lysozyme adsorbed on BCP of adzuki bean exhibited 51% by cooling treatment after the heat treatment at 90?C for 30 min, although that of native lysozyme was almost lost under the same experimental conditions. The thermostabilization effect of BCP on the remaining activity of adsorbed lysozyme was markedly dependent upon the kind of plant biomass wastes.

Immobilization of Lysozyme on Biomass Charcoal Powder Derived from Plant Biomass Wastes

Biomass charcoal powder (BCP) was used as a carrier matrix for immobilization of chicken egg white lysozyme. BCP was derived from plant biomass wastes such as dumped adzuki beans by pyrolysis without combustion under nitrogen atmosphere and grinding with a jet mill. The amount of lysozyme immobilized on BCP of adzuki beans by adsorption was 11 μmol/g (0.16 g/g) at pH 7.0. The optimum pH values for free and immobilized lysozyme activities were 6.8 and 7.2, respectively. The optimum temperature for both free and immobilized lysozyme activities was 25℃. The half-life of immobilized lysozyme exhibited 1.8-fold compared to that of free lysozyme at 5℃. Moreover, the half life of immobilized lysozyme was 7 times greater than that of lysozyme at 90℃.

Adsorption of α-Chymotrypsin on Plant Biomass Charcoal

The adsorption of α-chymotrypsin onto plant biomass charcoal (PBC), which was prepared from plant biomass wastes such as bagasse and dumped adzuki beans by pyrolysis, has been examined. The PBC was characterized by SEM, specific surface area, and pore size distribution. The adsorption isotherms were successfully correlated by the Freundlich equation. The amount of α-chymotrypsin adsorbed on PBC was dramatically dependent upon the solution pH and temperature. Maximum adsorptions of α-chymotrypsin on adzuki bean charcoal and bagasse charcoal were observed at weak acidic and near neutral pH, respectively. The amount of α-chymotrypsin adsorbed on PBC decreased with an increase in the concentration of salts. Plots of the amount of α-chymotrypsin adsorbed on PBC versus temperature exhibited an optimum temperature.

Heat-Resistant Properties of <i>&#945</i>-Chymotrypsin Adsorbed onto Biomass Charcoal Powder

Biomass charcoal powder (BCP) was used as a carrier for immobilization of α-chymotrypsin through adsorption. BCP was derived from plant biomass wastes such as dumped bamboos by oxygen-free pyrolysis at low temperatures and grinding with a jet mill. The activity of adsorbed α-chymotrypsin was strongly dependent upon the kind of BCP. The thermal denaturation curve of adsorbed α-chymotrypsin was shifted to high temperature, compared to that of free one. When α-chymotrypsin adsorbed onto BCP of bamboos was incubated at 45°C, the half-life of adsorbed α-chymotrypsin was 2.6 times greater than that of free one. After incubation at 45°C, the remaining activity of adsorbed α-chymotrypsin markedly depended on the kind of BCP.

Adsorption Properties of Phosphate by CaCl2-loaded Straw Microwave Charcoal

Phosphate is the main limiting factor of water eutrophication. In order to effectively control phosphorus pollution in water, straw microwave charcoal(CaCl2SBC) was prepared with straw after CaCl2activation and microwave biomass carbonization, and the adsorption effect of phosphate by CaCl2SBC was analyzed. The results showed that the prepared straw microwave charcoal contained hydroxyl and carbon-carbon double bonds, and CaCl2SBC had a very obvious adsorption effect on phosphate in eutrophic water. The optimum conditions for the adsorption of phosphate by CaCl2SBC are as follows: initial concentration of phosphate was 50 mg/L;adsorption time was 120 min;pH was 9;adsorption temperature was 25 ℃;CaCl2SBC dosage was 300 mg/L. Under the optimum conditions, the maximum removal rate can reach 99%. The prepared straw microwave charcoal can be used for phosphorus removal from eutrophic water.

有机肥配施生物质炭对根际/非根际土壤氮赋存形态的影响

阐明化肥和有机肥配施生物质炭对根际/非根际土壤养分和氮赋存形态的影响,有助于农田氮的高效利用及科学管理。采用盆栽试验方法,设置不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、施有机肥(M)、化肥配施生物质炭(CFB)、有机肥配施生物质炭(MB)、新鲜有机肥配施生物质炭(FMB)6个处理,通过测定根际及非根际土壤养分含量和土壤氮赋存形态,阐明不同施肥处理对氮形态转化的影响。结果表明:与CK处理相比,MB处理提高非根际及根际土壤pH 0.32和0.28个单位,FMB处理提高根际土壤pH 0.63个单位;MB和FMB处理分别提高根际土壤有机质含量25.4%和84.9%,同时显著提高根际土壤全氮含量25.4%和50.9%,表现出明显的根际效应。施肥能显著提高土壤离子交换态氮(IEF-N)含量,以CF和CFB处理的效果最好。施用有机肥和生物质炭能显著提高土壤碳酸盐结合态氮(CF-N)含量,以M和MB处理效果最好,且CF-N存在根际富集效应。配施生物质炭(CFB、MB和FMB)处理能促进土壤非可转化态氮(NTF-N)向铁锰氧化物结合态氮(IMOF-N)和有机硫化物结合态氮(OSF-N)这两种活性更高的氮形态转化,其中IMOF-N和OSF-N分别占可转化态氮的35.9%~61.7%和26.7%~46.6%,是根际及非根际土壤可转化态氮(TF-N)的主要成分。因此,有机肥配施生物质炭是改善根际及非根际土壤养分和调控氮转化有效的方式。

Energy Efficiency of Briquettes Derived from Three Agricultural Waste’s Charcoal Using Two Organic Binders

Waste management could contribute significantly to reducing environmental degradation. Studies showed that briquetting provides with or without binder helps to manage wastes as energy fuels. However, the properties of many binders are not investigated extensively. This work investigated the effect of two organic binders’ low rate on energy efficiency of Briquettes produced from charcoals of Tender Coconut Husks (TCH), Palm Kernel Shells (PKS) and Corn Cobs (CC). Bombax Costatum calyx (B) and Cissus Repens barks (C) were used separately as binders to elaborate briquettes. The briquettes were compared based on their energy efficiency parameters with wood charcoal as control. Energy efficiency parameters such as water boiling time (WBT), mass of biomass used (MB), burning rate (BR), temperature rise rate (TR) and maximum temperature in the furnace (Tmax) were measured from each biomass charcoal briquette and wood charcoal combustion. Water boiling test was applied to determine briquettes thermal properties. The results of WBT, BR, TR and Tmax were respectively within the ranges 3.4 - 12.3 min, 2.90 - 7.71 g/min, 4.63°C/s - 16.10°C/s and 623°C - 900°C. Corn Cobs charcoal briquettes with Bombax binder took the shortest time to boil water and also presented a high temperature rise rate and the highest maximum temperature. The lowest burning rates were obtained for Tender coconut husks charcoal briquettes with Cissus binder. They showed good material conservation for bombax bound briquettes. The results of our investigations showed that binders content increasing enhanced the thermomechanical stability and affected negatively the energy efficiency parameters of the studied briquettes.

Progress in the technology of energy conversion from woody biomass in Indonesia

Sustainable and renewable natural resources as biomass that contains carbon and hydrogen elements can be a potential raw materials for energy conversion. In Indonesia, they comprise variable-sized wood from forests （i.e. natural forests, plantations and community forests that commonly produce small-diameter logs used as firewood by local people）, woody residues from logging and wood industries, oil-palm shell waste from crude palm oil factories, coconut shell wastes from coconut plantations, traditional markets as well as skimmed coconut oil and straws from rice cultivation. Four kinds of energy-conversion technologies have been empirically tested in Indonesia. First, gasification of rubber wood from unproductive rubber trees to generate heat energy for the drying of fermented chocolate seeds. Secondly, energy conversion from organic vegetable waste by implementing thermophylic fermentation methods that produce biogas as a fuel and for generating electricity and also concurrently generate organic by-products called hygen compost. Thirdly, gasification of charcoal and wood sawdust for electricity generation. Finally, environment-friendly energy conversion by carbonizing small-diameter logs, sawdust, wood slabs and coconut shells into charcoal. This yielded charcoal integrated with wood vinegar production through condensation of smoke/vapors emitted during carbonization, thereby mitigating the impact of air pollution. Among the four experimental technologies that of integrated charcoal and wood vinegar production had been spectacularly developed and favored by rural communities. This technology brought added value to the process and product due to the wood vinegar, useful as bio-pesticide, plant-growth hormone and organic fertilizer. Such integrated and environment-friendly production, therefore, should be sustained, because Indonesia occupies a significant and worldwide position as charcoal-producing and marketing country. The technology of integrated wood vinegar-charcoal production hence deserves its dissemination throughout Indonesia, particularly to the charcoal industry that still produces charcoal without condensing the generated vapor/smoke, hence polluting the air.

Application of Statistical Design of Experiments to Performance Analysis of Charcoal Cooks Stoves

The Design of Experiments (DOE) and the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) are used to determine the effect of fuel type, fuel initial load, secondary air inlet and ventilation on thermal efficiency and CO emission of two biomass fire cookstoves during boiling or simmering. Analysis of variance with Fischer’s statistical test (F-test) and Newman-Keuls test were applied to establish the influence of the independent parameters on the studied responses. The results of this study are useful to application of charcoal cooks stoves.

磁改性生物质炭渣对酸性矿山废水中Cu^(2+)、Pb^(2+)的吸附研究

针对酸性矿山废水(Acid Mine Drainage, AMD)中Cu^(2+)和Pb^(2+)含量过高,生物质炭渣吸附能力有限等问题,以工业固体废弃物生物质炭渣为原材料,采用高锰酸钾和硫酸亚铁对生物质炭渣进行磁改性,制备生物质炭渣负载MnFe_(2)O_(4)的复合磁性材料(BC-MF),并将BC-MF作为去除酸性矿山废水环境中Cu^(2+)和Pb^(2+)的吸附剂。基于单因素试验方法,探究pH值、温度、初始质量浓度、吸附时间、共存金属离子等因素对BC-MF吸附Cu^(2+)和Pb^(2+)性能的影响,并将吸附动力学、吸附热力学、吸附等温线与扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM)、X射线衍射(X-ray Diffraction, XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, FT-IR)、磁滞回线测试(Vibrating Sample Magnetometer, VSM)、Zeta电位(Zeta potential)等表征方法结合,研究MnFe_(2)O_(4)磁改性生物质炭渣吸附Cu^(2+)、Pb^(2+)的机理。结果显示,改性后的BC-MF对Cu^(2+)和Pb^(2+)的去除率均提升20百分点以上,且吸附饱和质量比分别为18.04 mg/g和24.98 mg/g。表征结果显示:MnFe_(2)O_(4)磁性颗粒成功负载到BC-MF上,并使之具有磁性;BC-MF对Cu^(2+)和Pb^(2+)吸附过程均符合Langmuir等温吸附方程和准二级动力学模型,吸附过程是为化学吸附为主的单层均相吸附;热力学结果表明该吸附过程属于自发进行的熵增过程。

非金属掺杂生物质多孔碳基材料的合成及对MgH_(2)储氢性能的研究

氢化镁(MgH_(2))作为一种固态储氢材料,因其安全性高、储氢量大及镁资源丰富等优点,吸引了大量的学者对其进行研究。然而其稳定的热力学性能、较差的动力学性能及欠佳的循环稳定性导致其商业化道路受阻。采用一步溶剂热法和高温碳化法制备了以廉价生物质原料为基体的非金属磷掺杂碳基材料(P/BC),并通过进一步的高能球磨将其引入MgH_(2)储氢体系中,得到MgH_(2)@P/BC复合储氢体系。结果表明:P/BC降低了MgH_(2)晶粒的尺寸大小,且极大地提升了该复合储氢体系的储氢性能,使其在400℃下,10min内可释放约6%的氢气,同时该体系的放氢活化能相比纯MgH_(2)体系降低了16.77kJ/mol。P/BC材料较大的比表面积和优异的孔隙结构,增加了氢气的吸附速率并提供更多的活性位点,如表面缺陷和多相界面等。此外,P元素的掺杂可以调控碳基体的表面电子结构,与多孔碳共同形成了催化-限域效应,进而对复合储氢材料的吸放氢性能起到了积极的促进作用。

竹基生物质硬碳的制备与储钠性能研究

通过调整竹基生物质硬碳粒径提高电解液的渗透,高温煅烧增加其封闭微孔数量,改善竹基生物质硬碳低电压平台储钠容量和钠离子迁移动力学。结果表明,平均粒径为19μm的竹基生物质硬碳在30 mA/g电流密度下的可逆储钠比容量为374.37 mAh/g,首次库伦效率为76.88%,100次循环后可逆储钠比容量为326.9 mAh/g,在300 mA/g电流密度下容量保持率为91.5%。该研究为精确调节生物质衍生硬碳的微观结构以获得优异的钠离子存储性能提供了一种新的策略。

生物质活性炭再生技术的研究进展

生物质活性炭作为一种广泛应用于环境治理和资源回收的材料,其再生技术无疑具有重要的实际应用价值。目前,常用的生物质活性炭再生技术包括热再生、化学再生、微波再生、电化学再生、生物再生、湿式氧化再生、超临界流体再生以及臭氧再生。其中,热再生技术应用最为广泛,化学再生技术设备简单且成本较低,微波再生技术能够精准控制再生参数并快速处理废活性炭,电化学再生技术可低温操作且具有良好的再生稳定性,生物再生技术可减少化学试剂的使用且较为环保,湿式氧化再生技术处理活性炭时质量损失较少且能耗较低,超临界流体再生技术通过使用可回收且无污染的溶剂实现再生,臭氧技术可在常温常压下实现再生且有利于工艺的经济性。综述了以上几种活性炭再生技术,并简要分析了各类方法的再生机理、技术特点以及研究现状。

生物质衍生炭的制备及其污染物吸附去除研究进展

综述了生物质衍生炭材料合成方法,并着重探讨了其在抗生素、重金属离子、有色染料以及新兴污染物吸附去除过程中的应用,为未来相关研究提供参考和启示。

生物质炭煤粉高炉混合喷吹性能分析

探究生物质炭煤粉高炉混合喷吹技术的可行性和优势,重点对该混合喷吹性能进行分析,并提出针对性的改进方案。基于实验测试和数值模拟,分析了生物质炭煤粉混合喷吹的燃烧特性、热力学性能及其对高炉煤气温度、煤耗和污染物排放的影响。实验结果表明,生物质碳作为煤粉的替代燃料,在高炉混合喷吹中能够稳定燃烧,为增加高炉炉料提供了新的思路;数值模拟结果显示,生物质炭煤粉的混合喷吹可以显著提高高炉的燃烧效率,降低煤耗和二氧化碳排放量。此外,对生物质炭煤粉混合喷吹技术的经济性和环境效益进行了初步评估,结果表明,该技术在高炉冶金行业具有广泛的应用前景。

核桃壳炭与煤粉混合燃烧特性及协同作用研究

在“双碳”目标积极推进背景下,节能减排已经成为当前钢铁工业绿色低碳发展的首要目标。生物质作为可再生碳源,应用于高炉冶炼可有效降低高炉冶炼过程的CO_(2)排放。本文选取农业生物质核桃壳为原料,深入研究高温条件下煤粉和核桃壳炭的热化学行为,研究不同比例混合燃料的燃烧特性,探讨煤粉与核桃壳炭共燃的协同作用,确定最优混合比例范围。结果表明,核桃壳炭的加入可以改善高炉喷吹煤粉的燃烧性能,核桃壳炭与煤粉的最佳掺混比例为25%,此时混合燃料的综合燃烧性能指数为6.253×10^(-10)(min^(-1)·℃^(-3));可燃性指数为3.715×10^(-6)(min^(-1)·℃^(-2))。核桃壳炭的掺入,有利于高炉生产实现节能减排,推动废弃物资源化处理和钢铁行业绿色低碳发展。

生物质炭对溶液中镉的吸附研究

为探究废弃生物质材料利用的新途径,本文选择由水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆和稻壳经350~500℃热裂解制成的生物质炭作为吸附剂,研究了其对溶液中Cd^(2+)的吸附特性,考察了pH值、时间、溶液初始浓度及生物质炭投加量对吸附效果的影响。

外源生物质炭对土壤中铵态氮素滞留效应的影响

以生物质炭和黄棕壤为研究材料,通过阳离子交换量测定、铵态氮等温吸附实验以及模拟土柱淋溶,研究生物质炭对土壤铵态氮素滞留效应的影响。发现生物质炭以1%、3%和5%添加后,土壤CEC值分别增加9.4%、14.7%和19.7%,铵态氮素淋失量分别减少22%、39%和47%,氮素滞留量分别增加15%、5%和14%;同时影响氮素在土层中的分布,其中加生物质炭土壤的氮素集中在土柱上部5～7cm处,而不加生物质炭土壤集中在中部偏下9～11cm处。结果表明,生物质炭能够提高土壤对铵态氮素的吸附能力,显著降低土壤铵态氮素养分的淋失。

生物炭对土壤环境及作物生长影响的研究进展

综述了生物炭(biomass charcoal)特性及其对土壤环境和作物生长的影响。生物炭可提高土壤碳库容量,提高土壤pH值,同时炭具有很大的表面积,持水性、吸附性均较强。在一定量下,施炭可增加土壤阴、阳离子交换量,减少养分损失,改变土壤微生物丰度及群落,降解土壤污染物等。此外,综述了生物炭对作物的肥效及肥效机理等,在一定范围内,能增加作物生物量和产量,因此生物质炭还田是提高土壤肥力、增加碳封存时间的有效途径。