The Mechanism of Drag Reduction around Bodies of Revolution Using Bionic Non-Smooth Surfaces

Bionic non-smooth surfaces （BNSS） can reduce drag. Much attention has been paid to the mechanism of shear stress reduction by riblets. The mechanism of pressure force reduction by bionic non-smooth surfaces on bodies of revolution has not been well investigated. In this work CFD simulation has revealed the mechanism of drag reduction by BNSS, which may work in three ways. First, BNSS on bodies of revolution may lower the surface velocity of the medium, which prevents the sudden speed up of air on the cross section. So the bottom pressure of the model would not be disturbed sharply, resulting in less energy loss and drag reduction. Second, the magnitude of vorticity induced by the bionic model becomes smaller because, due to the sculpturing, the growth of tiny air bubbles is avoided. Thus the large moment of inertia induced by large air bubble is reduced. The reduction of the vorticity could reduce the dissipation of the eddy. So the pressure force could also be reduced. Third, the thickness of the momentum layer on the model becomes less which, according to the relationship between the drag coefficient and the momentum thickness, reduces drag.

Influence of Bionic Non-smooth Surface on Water Flow in Antiskid Tire Tread Pattern

Inspired by the idea that bionic non-smooth surfaces(BNSS)can reduce water flow resistance,the application of BNSS resistance reduction method in grooves surface of antiskid tire tread pattern has been investigated for increasing hydroplaning velocity of tire by using computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation.Three kinds of BNSS(riblet,convex dome,and dimple concave)are arranged in tire tread grooves to study the water flow resistance effects in grooves with non-smooth characteristics.A tire-water coupled model is established and CFD technique is applied to simulating hydroplaning.The simulation results show that BNSS grooves can reduce water flow resistance and increase mean flow rate by disturbing the eddy movement in boundary layers.The drag forces of riblet and dimple surface are lower and drainage capacity is higher than those of smooth surface under the same void space on tread pattern,but it is not in dome.BNSS is a good way to promote antiskid performance without increasing additional groove space;extra tire-road noise production is therefore avoided due to groove space enlargement.

Design Principles of the Non-smooth Surface of Bionic Plow Moldboard

The diverse non-smooth body surfaces to reduce soil adhesion are the evolutional results for the soil animals to fit the adhesive and wet environment and can be used as a biological basis for the design of bionic plow moldboard. The model surfaces for bionic simulation should be taken from soil animal digging organs, on which the soil motion is similar to what is on the surface of moldboard. By analyzing the distribution of non-smooth units on the body surface of the ground beetle jaw and the soil moving stresses, the design principles of the bionic moldboard for the local and the whole moldboard were presented respectively. As well, the effect of soil moving speed on reducing adhesion, the dimensions relationship between soil particles and non-smooth convexes, the relationship between the enveloping surface of non-smooth convexes and the initial smooth surface of the plow body, and the convex types of the sphere coronal and the pangolin scales,etc.were discussed.

Effects of bionic non-smooth surface on reducing soil resistance to disc ploughing

Past researches have shown that the non-smooth body surfaces of soil burrowing animals help to reduce soil resistance. In this research, this concept of bionic non-smooth surface was applied to disc ploughs and an experiment was conducted in an indoor soil bin to find out the effects of different bionic units on reducing soil resistance to disc ploughing. Horizontal force acting on the disc plough during soil deformation was measured using a 5 kN sensor. Convex and concave bionic units were used and the material used for making convex ones is ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) which is hydrophobic. From the experiment results, higher or deeper bionic units always resulted in less soil resistance. Convex bionic units gave the highest resistance reduction reaching a maximum of 19% reduction (from 1715.36 N to 1383.65 N) compared to concave bi-onic units. Also, samples with a bionic unit density of 30% gave the highest resistance reduction compared to the other two, which were either plain or had 10% density. In conclusion, the concept of bionic non-smooth units can be applied to disc ploughs in order to reduce soil resistance.

Computer simulation of rolling wear on bionic non-smooth convex surfaces

The study of bionics has found that the skins of many burrow animals which live in soil and stone conditions have an anti wear function, and which is related to their body surfaces’non-smooth morphology. In the present study, bionic non-smooth surfaces are used in roll surface design, and roll models with convex non-smooth surfaces are developed. The rolling wear of non-smooth roll in steel rolling is simulated by the FEM software-ANSYS. The equivalent stress, the node friction stress, and the node contact pressure between the roll and the rolling piece are calculated; and the anti-wear mechanism is analyzed.

Numerical simulation of effect of bionic V-riblet non-smooth surface on tire anti-hydroplaning

Inspired by the idea that bionic non-smooth surfaces(BNSS) can reduce fluid adhesion and resistance, and the effect of bionic V-riblet non-smooth structure arranged in tire tread pattern grooves surface on anti-hydroplaning performance was investigated by using computational fluid dynamics(CFD). The physical model of the object(model of V-riblet surface distribution, hydroplaning model) and SST k-ω turbulence model were established for numerical analysis of tire hydroplaning. With the help of a orthogonal table L16(45), the parameters of V-riblet structure design compared to the smooth structure were analyzed, and obtained the priority level of the experimental factors as well as the best combination within the scope of the experiment. The simulation results show that V-riblet structure can reduce water flow resistance by disturbing the eddy movement in boundary layers. Then, the preferred type of V-riblet non-smooth structure was arranged on the bottom of tire grooves for hydroplaning performance analysis. The results show that bionic V-riblet non-smooth structure can effectively increase hydroplaning velocity and improve tire anti-hydroplaning performance. Bionic design of tire tread pattern grooves is a good way to promote anti-hydroplaning performance without increasing additional groove space, so that tire grip performance and roll noise are avoided due to grooves space enlargement.

Carnivorous plants inspired shape-morphing slippery surfaces

Carnivorous plants,for instance,Dionaea muscipula and Nepenthes pitcher plant,inspired the innovation of advanced stimuli-responsive actuators and lubricant-infused slippery surfaces,respectively.However,hybrid bionic devices that combine the active and passive prey trapping capabilities of the two kinds of carnivorous plants remain a challenge.Herein,we report a moisture responsive shape-morphing slippery surface that enables both moisture responsive shapemorphing and oil-lubricated water repellency for simultaneous active-and passive-droplet manipulation.The moisture deformable slippery surface is prepared by creating biomimetic microstructures on graphene oxide(GO)membrane via femtosecond laser direct writing and subsequent lubricating with a thin layer of oil on the laser structured reduced GO(LRGO)surface.The integration of a lubricant-infused slippery surface with an LRGO/GO bilayer actuator endows the actuator with droplet sliding ability and promotes the moisture deformation performance due to oil-enhanced water repellency of the inert layer(LRGO).Based on the shape-morphing slippery surface,we prepared a series of proof-of-concept actuators,including a moisture-response Dionaea muscipula actuator,a smart frog tongue,and a smart flower,demonstrating their versatility for active/passive trapping,droplet manipulation,and sensing.

Non-Smooth Morphologies of Typical Plant Leaf Surfaces and Their Anti-Adhesion Effects

The micromorphologies of surfaces of several typical plant leaves were investigated by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. Different non-smooth surface characteristics were described and classified. The hydrophobicity and anti-adhesion of non-smooth leaf surfaces were quantitatively measured. Results show that the morphology of epidermal cells and the morphology and distribution density of epicuticular wax directly affect the hydrophobicity and anti-adhesion. The surface with uniformly distributed convex units shows the best anti-adhesion, and the surface with regularly arranged trellis units displays better anti-adhesion. In contrast, the surface with randomly distributed hair units performs relatively bad anti-adheslon. The hydrophobic models of papilla-ciliary and fold-setal non-smooth surfaces were set up to determine the impacts of geometric parameters on the hydrophobicity. This study may provide an insight into surface machine molding and apparent morphology design for biomimetics engineering.

Superhydrophobicity of Bionic Alumina Surfaces Fabricated by Hard Anodizing

Bionic alumina samples were fabricated on convex dome type aluminum alloy substrate using hard anodizing technique. The convex domes on the bionic sample were fabricated by compression molding under a compressive stress of 92.5 MPa. The water contact angles of the as-anodized bionic samples were measured using a contact angle meter （JC2000A） with the 3μL water drop at room temperature. The measurement of the wetting property showed that the water contact angle of the unmodi- fied as-anodized bionic alumina samples increases from 90° to 137° with the anodizing time. The increase in water contract angle with anodizing time arises from the gradual formation of hierarchical structure or composite structure. The structure is composed of the micro-scaled alumina columns and pores. The height of columns and the depth of pores depend on the ano- dizing time. The water contact angle increases significantly from 96° to 152° when the samples were modified with self-assembled monolayer of octadecanethiol （ODT）, showing a change in the wettability from hydrophobicity to su- per-hydrophobicity. This improvement in the wetting property chemical modification. is attributed to the decrease in the surface energy caused by the

Restudies on Body Surface of Dung Beetle and Application of Its Bionics Flexible Technique

A scanning electron microscope was used to observe the structures of the setae on the surface of a dung beetle Copris ochus, Motschulsky. There are lots of setae on the body surface, especially on the ventral part surface and lateral to the legs which are different in size, arrangement and shape. These setae have different lengths and many thorns on the whole seta. The top ends of these setae stand up without furcations which direct uprightly towards the surface of the touched soil. By the method of removing these setae, getting the insect weight before and after digging into the dung we affirm farther that the setae on the beetle body surface form the anti-stick and non-adherent gentle interface. The soil machines and components made by imitating the gentle body surface of beetles have favorable non-adherent results.

Effects of Methanol on Wettability of the Non-Smooth Surface on Butterfly Wing

The contact angles of distilled water and methanol solution on the wings of butterflies were determined by a visual contact angle measuring system. The scale structures of the wings were observed using scanning electron microscopy, The influence of the scale micro- and ultra-structure on the wettability was investigated. Results show that the contact angle of distilled water on the wing surfaces varies from 134.0° to 159.2°. High hydrophobicity is found in six species with contact angles greater than 150°. The wing surfaces of some species are not only hydrophobic but also resist the wetting by methanol solution with 55% concentration. Only two species in Parnassius can not resist the wetting because the micro-structure （spindle-like shape） and ultra-structure （pinnule-like shape） of the wing scales are remarkably different from that of other species. The concentration of methanol solution for the occurrence of spreading/wetting on the wing surfaces of different species varies from 70% to 95%. After wetting by methanol solution for 10 min, the distilled water contact angle on the wing surface increases by 0.8°-2.1°, showing the promotion of capacity against wetting by distilled water.

Friction and Wear Study on Friction Pairs with a Biomimetic Non-smooth Surface of 316L Relative to CF/PEEK under a Seawater Lubricated Condition

Current studies of a seawater axial piston pump mainly solve the problems of corrosion and wear in a slipper pair by selecting materials with corrosion resistance, self-lubrication, and wear resistance. In addition, an appropriate biomimetic non-smooth surface design for the slipper pair can further improve the tribological behavior. In this paper, 316 L stainless steel and CF/PEEK were selected to process the upper and bottom specimens, and the biomimetic non-smooth surface was introduced into the interface between the friction pair. The friction and wear tests were performed on a MMD-5 A tester at a rotation speed of 1000 r/min and load of 200 N under seawater lubricated condition. The results indicate that the main friction form of the smooth surface friction pair corresponds to abrasive wear and adhesive wear and that it exhibits a friction coe cient of 0.05–0.07, a specimen temperature of 56 ℃, a high wear rate, and surface roughness. Pits on the non-smooth surface friction pairs produced hydrodynamic lubrication and reduced abrasive wear, and thus the plowing e ect is their main friction form. The non-smooth surface friction pairs exhibit a friction coe cient of 0.03–0.04, a specimen temperature of 48 ℃, a low wear rate, and surface roughness. The study has important theoretical significance for enriching the lubrication, friction, and wear theory of a seawater axial piston pump, and economic significance and military significance for promoting the marine development and the national defense military.

Influence of Non-smooth Surface on Tribological Properties of Glass Fiber-epoxy Resin Composite Sliding against Stainless Steel under Natural Seawater Lubrication

With the development of bionics, the bionic non-smooth surfaces are introduced to the field of tribology. Although non-smooth surface has been studied widely, the studies of non-smooth surface under the natural seawater lubrication are still very fewer, especially experimental research. The influences of smooth and non-smooth surface on the frictional properties of the glass fiber-epoxy resin composite（GF/EPR） coupled with stainless steel 316 L are investigated under natural seawater lubrication in this paper. The tested non-smooth surfaces include the surfaces with semi-spherical pits, the conical pits, the cone-cylinder combined pits, the cylindrical pits and through holes. The friction and wear tests are performed using a ring-on-disc test rig under 60 N load and 1000 r/min rotational speed. The tests results show that GF/EPR with bionic non-smooth surface has quite lower friction coefficient and better wear resistance than GF/EPR with smooth surface without pits. The average friction coefficient of GF/EPR with semi-spherical pits is 0.088, which shows the largest reduction is approximately 63.18% of GF/EPR with smooth surface. In addition, the wear debris on the worn surfaces of GF/EPR are observed by a confocal scanning laser microscope. It is shown that the primary wear mechanism is the abrasive wear. The research results provide some design parameters for non-smooth surface, and the experiment results can serve as a beneficial supplement to non-smooth surface study.

Bionic Design Inspired by Surface Texture of Cybister's Elytra

Super depth digital microscope was employed to observe the macro-/micro-structure of Coleoptera's elytra.The non-smooth surface textures of elytra have shown superior performance of friction reduction and lubrication.Bionic models of regular hexagonal convex texture and circular concave texture inspired by the beetle were established and verified by numerical calculations and simulations.Further tribological experiments were performed and the results show that the circle texture has the lowest coefficient,which is consistent with the numerical calculations.The research may be further applied to new bionic surface texture designs and also work as a biological template for new bionic inventions.

Investigation of Micro-wear and Micro-friction Properties for Bionic Non-smooth Concave Components

Five kinds of 45# steel samples with concave features on the surface were manufactured using Laser Texturing Technology (LTT). Optimum design theory was used to design the experiment, and a two-level orthogonal table-L 16 (2 15 ) design was adopted . Micro-wear and micro-friction experienced by samples with concave surface features and samples with smooth surfaces were compared experimentally. The wear resistance of samples with concave surface features was increased most, and different surface morphologies had different effects on friction and wear properties.

Numerical Modeling and Analysis of Grooved Surface Applied to Film Cooling

In order to improve the efficiency of film cooling, numerical investigation was carried out to study the effects of different film-cooled plates on surface heat transfer. Both grooved and non-grooved surfaces were concerned. The modeling was per- formed using Fluent software with the adoption of Shear-Stress Transport （SST） k-ωmodel as the turbulence closure. The coolant was supplied by a single film cooling hole with an inclination angle of 30°. The Mach numbers for the coolant flow and the mainstream flow were fixed at 0 and 0.6, respectively. At three blowing ratios of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5, the aerodynamic behaviour of the mixing process as well as the heat transfer performance of the film cooling were presented. The numerical results were validated using experimental data extracted from a benchmark test. Good agreements between numerical results and the ex- perimental data were observed. For the film cooling efficiency, it shows that both local and laterally averaged cooling effectiveness can be improved by the non-smooth surface at different blowing ratios. Using the grooved surface, the turbulence intensity upon the plate can be reduced notably, and the mixing between the two flows is weakened due to the reduced turbu lence level. The results indicate that the cooling effectiveness of film cooling can be enhanced by applying the grooved surface.

Preparation of Material Surface Structure Similarto Hydrophobic Structure of Lotus Leaf

Nano/micro replication, a technique widely applied in the microelectronics field, was introduced to prepare the hydrophobic bionics microstructure on material surface. Poly（vinyl alcohol） （PVA） and polystyrene （PS） moulds of the mastoid microstructure on lotus leaf surface were prepared respectively by the nano/micro replication technology. And poly（dimethylsiloxane） （PDMS） replicas with the mastoid-like microstructure were prepared from these two kinds of polymer moulds. Scanning electronic microscope （SEM） was employed to investigate the morphology and microstructures on moulds and replicas. Both the static and dynamic contact angles between water droplet and PDMS replicas＇ surface were also measured. As a result, similar microstructure can be observed clearly on the surface of PDMS replicas and the static contact angle on PDMS replicas was enhanced dramatically by the existence of these microstructures.

Numerical Simulation on Flow Control for Drag Reduction of Revolution Body Using Dimpled Surface

Numerical simulation on the flow fields near the dimpled and the smooth revolution bodies are performed and compared by using SST k-ω turbulence model, to explain the reasons of friction and base drag reductions on the bionic dimpled surface and the control behaviors of dimpled surface to boundary layer near wall of the revolution body. The simulation results show that the dimpled surface reduces the skin friction drag through reducing the velocity gradient and turbulent intensity, and reduces the base drag through weakening the pumping action on the flow behind the revolution body caused by the external flow; the low speed rotating vortexes in the dimples segregate the external flow and the revolution body; and the low speed rotating vortexes forming in the bottom of dimples can produce negative skin friction.

Wear Resistance of 3Cr2W8V Rough Surfaces

Three types of rough surface were processed by laser irradiation on the 3Cr2W8V material hot-work die steel surface. The wear experiments with smooth surface and rough surface samples were repeated on the pin-tray wear machine. According to the wear results, we studied the regularity of wear resistance of different rough surface samples. The results indicated that bionic rough surface can improve the wear resistance of the material and the wear resistance can be increased 1-2 times, compared with the smooth surface. Also, the wear resistance of the rough surface was affected by laser current and duration of impulse. The bigger the laser current or the impulse duration, the better is the wear resistance. When the distance between the same kind of units which are distributed on the surfaces is changed, the wear resistance changes. The wear resistance of a bionic rough surface on which the grid units were distributed at spacing of 1 mm was the best. And we designed the wear models.

侧喷射流的仿生鱼表面减阻优化研究

为了研究射流孔结构参数对水下射流减阻的影响,以金枪鱼为仿生对象建立仿生鱼模型,通过模拟鲨鱼鳃在仿生鱼模型侧面添加射流孔建立了射流模型.采用数值模拟方法,分析主流场速度及射流孔的形状、高度、位置、高宽比等单因素对仿生鱼表面减阻的影响规律.通过Design-expert软件对射流孔的结构参数进行响应面多目标参数优化,进一步分析了不同射流孔的结构参数在相互作用时对仿生鱼表面减阻的影响,最终确定了在距离鱼首5 mm处添加形状为后三角形,高度为6 mm,高宽比为4的射流孔时能够达到比较理想的减阻效果,此时模型的总阻力为2.51021 N,相应的减阻率为6.49%.本文通过深入分析射流孔结构参数的影响,为水下射流减阻技术提供了重要的理论基础和实验指导,为仿生技术在水下流体力学领域的应用拓展了新的可能性.