EFFICIENT BIT ERROR PROBABILITY EXPRESSION AND VERY TIGHT BOUND FOR MAXIMAL RATIO COMBINING DIVERSITY SYSTEMS OVER RAYLEIGH FADING CHANNEL

Bit Error Probability (BEP) provides a fundamental performance measure for wireless diversity systems. This paper presents two new exact BEP expressions for Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) diversity systems. One BEP expression takes a closed form, while the other is derived by treating the squared-sum of Rayleigh random variables as an Erlang variable. Due to the fact that the extant bounds are loose and could not properly characterize the error performance of MRC diversity systems, this paper presents a very tight bound. The numerical analysis shows that the new derived BEP expressions coincide with the extant expressions, and that the new approximation tightly bounds the accurate BEP.

Quantum Bit Error Avoidance

Qubit errors might be avoided by using the quantum Zeno effect to inhibit evolution.

Bit error probability of distributed Turbo coded relay systems over quasi-static Rayleigh fading channels

As is known, distributed Turbo coding （DTC） performs close to the theoretic outage probability bound of a relay channel when correct decoding is assumed at the relay. However, decoding error is inevitable in practical fading channels due to the error-prone feature of radio channels, and the decoding error propagation in DTC scheme will severely degrade the error performance of the relay system. As a result, it is necessary to evaluate the error performance of the DTC scheme in multi-hop relaying wireless systems in practical fading channels. Moreover, the theoretical method of analysis provides an effective tool for obtaining the error performance besides lengthy simulations. In this article, the concept of equivalent signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） of the two-hop relay channel and the method of computing equivalent SNR are developed, and then the upper bound on the bit error probability （BEP） of DTC relay systems is analyzed by use of Turbo code＇s distance spectrum, the concept of uniform interleaver, the limit-before-averaging technique, and the union bound method. Both theoretical analysis and numerical simulation are implemented for relay systems with DTC scheme over quasi-static Rayleigh fading channels. The results show that the upper bound approaches the simulation results in the medium to high SNR region.

CRC Look-up Table Optimization for Single-Bit Error Correction

Many communication systems use the cyclic redundancy code （CRC） technique for protecting key data fields from transmission errors by enabling both single-bit error correction and multi-bit error detection. The look-up table design is very important for the error-correction implementation. This paper presents a CRC look-up table optimization method for single-bit error correction. The optimization method minimizes the address length of the pre-designed look-up table while satisfying certain restrictions. The circuit implementation is also presented to show the feasibility of the method in the application specific integrated circuit design. An application of the optimization method in the generic framing procedure protocol is implemented using field programmable gatearrays. The result shows that the memory address length has been minimized, while keeping a very simple circuit implementation.

Error Probability Analysis for Ultra-Massive MIMO System and Near-Optimal Signal Detection

In this paper,average bit error probability(ABEP)bound of optimal maximum likelihood(ML)detector is first derived for ultra massive(UM)multiple-input-multiple-output(MIMO)system with generalized amplitude phase modulation(APM),which is confirmed by simulation results.Furthermore,a minimum residual criterion(MRC)based lowcomplexity near-optimal ML detector is proposed for UM-MIMO system.Specifically,we first obtain an initial estimated signal by a conventional detector,i.e.,matched filter(MF),or minimum mean square error(MMSE)and so on.Furthermore,MRC based error correction mechanism(ECM)is proposed to correct the erroneous symbol encountered in the initial result.Simulation results are shown that the performance of the proposed MRC-ECM based detector is capable of approaching theoretical ABEP of ML,despite only imposing a slightly higher complexity than that of the initial detector.

An independent but not identically distributed bit error model for heavy-tailed wireless channels

The error patterns of a wireless channel can be represented by a binary sequence of ones(burst) and zeros(run),which is referred to as a trace.Recent surveys have shown that the run length distribution of a wireless channel is an intrinsically heavy-tailed distribution.Analytical models to characterize such features have to deal with the trade-off between complexity and accuracy.In this paper,we use an independent but not identically distributed(inid) stochastic process to characterize such channel behavior and show how to parameterize the inid bit error model on the basis of a trace.The proposed model has merely two parameters both having intuitive meanings and can be easily figured out from a trace.Compared with chaotic maps,the inid bit error model is simple for practical use but can still be deprived from heavy-tailed distribution in theory.Simulation results demonstrate that the inid model can match the trace,but with fewer parameters.We then propose an improvement on the inid model to capture the 'bursty' nature of channel errors,described by burst length distribution.Our theoretical analysis is supported by an experimental evaluation.

ADS-B Reception Error Correction Based on the LSTM Neural-Network Model

Standard automatic dependent surveillance broadcast (ADS-B) reception algorithms offer considerable performance at high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). However, the performance of ADS-B algorithms in applications can be problematic at low SNRs and in high interference situations, as detecting and decoding techniques may not perform correctly in such circumstances. In addition, conventional error correction algorithms have limitations in their ability to correct errors in ADS-B messages, as the bit and confidence values may be declared inaccurately in the event of low SNRs and high interference. The principal goal of this paper is to deploy a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network model for error correction in conjunction with a conventional algorithm. The data of various flights are collected and cleaned in an initial stage. The clean data is divided randomly into training and test sets. Next, the LSTM model is trained based on the training dataset, and then the model is evaluated based on the test dataset. The proposed model not only improves the ADS-B In packet error correction rate (PECR), but it also enhances the ADS-B In terms of sensitivity. The performance evaluation results reveal that the proposed scheme is achievable and efficient for the avionics industry. It is worth noting that the proposed algorithm is not dependent on conventional algorithms’ prerequisites.

CNN-AE在超奈奎斯特无线光通信端到端系统中的性能

符号间干扰的存在使超奈奎斯特(faster-than-Nyquist, FTN)速率无线光通信系统的性能受到严重影响,针对此问题,提出了一种基于卷积神经网络自编码器的端到端通信系统来消除符号间干扰的影响并完成信号的恢复。针对超奈奎斯特信号非正交的特性,采用交替训练算法分别训练发射机和接收机权重,解决监督训练中模型输入输出数据尺寸不匹配的问题。在此基础上,分析了该系统在Gamma-Gamma大气信道中的误码率(bit error rate, BER)性能。仿真结果证明,与采用最大似然估计的传统系统相比,该系统的误码率性能在各种条件因素影响下都有不同程度的提高。当加速因子在Mazo限内时,该系统可以消除FTN成型和湍流信道带来的复杂混合码间干扰,其误码性能几乎与正交传输系统相等。

Error Detecting Dual Basis Bit Parallel Systolic Multiplication Architecture over GF（2^m）

An error tolerant hardware efficient verylarge scale integration （VLSI） architecture for bitparallel systolic multiplication over dual base, which canbe pipelined, is presented. Since this architecture has thefeatures of regularity, modularity and unidirectionaldata flow, this structure is well suited to VLSIimplementations. The length of the largest delay pathand area of this architecture are less compared to the bitparallel systolic multiplication architectures reportedearlier. The architecture is implemented using Austria Micro System＇s 0.35 μm CMOS （complementary metaloxide semiconductor） technology. This architecture canalso operate over both the dual-base and polynomialbase.

Lower bound on BER performance for maximal ratio combining with weighting errors

The theoretical lower bounds on mean squared channel estimation errors for typical fading channels are presented by the infinite-length and non-causal Wiener filter and the exact closed-form expressions of the lower bounds for different channel Doppler spectra are derived. Based on the obtained lower bounds on mean squared channel estimation errors, the limits on bit error rate （BER） for maximal ratio combining （MRC） with Gaussian distributed weighting errors on independent and identically distributed （i. i. d） fading channels are presented. Numerical results show that the BER performances of ideal MRC are the lower bounds on the BER performances of non-ideal MRC and deteriorate as the maximum Doppler frequency increases or the SNR of channel estimate decreases.

时间反转直扩通信系统及性能分析

时间反转传输技术的空时聚焦特性能够有效地提升通信系统的性能.本文设计了一种将时间反转技术应用于直扩通信系统的方案,并对多径衰落信道下单用户和多用户系统的接收信干噪比、系统容量、误比特率等性能进行了理论分析与仿真验证.理论与仿真结果表明,通过时间反转预处理,直扩通信系统的性能得到了改善,且优于复杂度较高的多通道Rake接收的系统,且多径数目越多,优势越明显.

基于有源智能反射面反射单元分组的反射调制系统

为克服智能反射面(IRS)辅助通信系统的“双重路径损耗”,进一步提升系统的可靠性和频谱效率,该文提出一种基于有源IRS反射单元分组的反射调制(RM)系统方案,利用有源反射单元分组的数量来传输额外信息。然后基于矩母函数推导了最大似然检测算法下基站发射符号与有源反射单元分组数量的平均成对错误概率,获取到系统的理论比特错误概率(BEP)上界以及可达速率。仿真结果验证了理论推导的准确性,同时表明所提方案具有更优的误码性能和频谱效率。

联合RIS子块与接收天线的索引调制方案性能分析

利用大量无源反射器件设计的可重构智能表面(RIS),具有拓展无线通信覆盖范围、降低系统成本/功耗和提升未来通信系统性能的优势;而索引调制(IM),通过激活通信资源的子集可实现信息的隐性传输,有望为无线通信带来更高的频谱效率和能量效率,因此,为进一步提升未来无线通信系统的性能,该论文融合RIS与IM技术,提出一种联合RIS子块与接收天线的IM方案。在该方案中,按照相邻原则,将RIS反射元件分割为若干子块,进而利用RIS子块索引与接收天线索引同时实现附加信息传递,即对待传输比特序列,将其分割为三部分,其中第一部比特被调制为星座符号,第二部分用于指示RIS子块划分,第三部分用于指示接收天线索引;在此基础上,根据最大似然(ML)检测的成对错误概率(PEP)解析形式,分四种情况,从理论上推导出对应的矩母函数(MGF),得到无条件PEP的解析表达式,最后得到该方案ML检测的平均误码率(ABER)性能上界。仿真结果表明,与现有RIS辅助的IM方案相比,无须增加额外频谱资源,所提方案的系统可达速率和系统差错性能方面均具有一定优势;同时,验证了ML检测的ABER上界具备严格一致性。

Security-Enhanced Directional Modulation Based on Two-Dimensional M-WFRFT

Directional modulation(DM)is one of the most promising secure communication techniques.However,when the eavesdropper is co-located with the legitimate receiver,the conventional DM has the disadvantages of weak anti-scanning capability,anti-deciphering capability,and low secrecy rate.In response to these problems,we propose a twodimensional multi-term weighted fractional Fourier transform aided DM scheme,in which the legitimate receiver and the transmitter use different transform terms and transform orders to encrypt and decrypt the confidential information.In order to further lower the probability of being deciphered by an eavesdropper,we use the subblock partition method to convert the one-dimensional modulated signal vector into a twodimensional signal matrix,increasing the confusion of the useful information.Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed DM scheme not only provides stronger anti-deciphering and anti-scanning capabilities but also improves the secrecy rate performance of the system.

Deep Learning Based Signal Detection for Quadrature Spatial Modulation System

With the development of communication systems, modulation methods are becoming more and more diverse. Among them, quadrature spatial modulation(QSM) is considered as one method with less capacity and high efficiency. In QSM, the traditional signal detection methods sometimes are unable to meet the actual requirement of low complexity of the system. Therefore, this paper proposes a signal detection scheme for QSM systems using deep learning to solve the complexity problem. Results from the simulations show that the bit error rate performance of the proposed deep learning-based detector is better than that of the zero-forcing(ZF) and minimum mean square error(MMSE) detectors, and similar to the maximum likelihood(ML) detector. Moreover, the proposed method requires less processing time than ZF, MMSE,and ML.

外界干扰下车对车2×2 MIMO-VLC系统研究

为了研究干扰车辆和穿越道路行人对车对车可见光通信系统的影响,本文提出了带有外界干扰的车对车2×2 MIMO可见光通信模型.该模型以基于市场加权灯束模型的汽车前照灯作为2个发射器,以光电探测器作为2个接收器,考虑了间隔车道车辆和过道行人对系统性能的影响.研究结果表明:当误码率小于为10^(−4)时,同道、邻道和间隔车道车辆的纵向通信距离分别为:28 m、5~18 m、0 m;间隔车道的两车不能直接通信,但其前照灯发射光线会进入信号接收车辆从而对正常通信两车产生影响;行人穿越道路会使正常通信两车的误码率产生较大波动且存在积极影响,正常通信两车横向距离越大积极影响占比越高;本文提出的模型考虑了行人和车辆的干扰,为改善可见光通信在复杂交通网的应用效果提供了理论依据.

基于全概率公式的M-APSK误码率分析模型

为有效评估加性白高斯噪声信道中M-APSK的性能,提出了一种基于全概率公式的理论误码率分析模型。首先根据星座点分布及其编码特点对星座平面进行区域划分,然后由接收符号落在相应区域的概率推导出各比特的判决错误概率表达式,最后得到理论误码率的精确闭式解。以16APSK和32APSK为例,推导出了其各类星座图的理论误码率计算公式,与Monte Carlo仿真结果非常吻合。模型具有通用性,PSK、QAM、PAM、APSK等调制方式均可利用该模型得到理论误码率的精确闭式解。相较于依赖大量数值计算的复杂二维概率积分方法,所提模型能够更方便地给出M-APSK的误码率性能。

自由空间光通信中的带符号光正交空间调制

【目的】针对光正交空间调制(OQSM)中频谱效率较低和系统吞吐量受限的问题,文章在自由空间光通信(FSOC)中提出了一种带符号的光正交空间调制(SOQSM)方案;另外,针对OQSM性能分析时所用信道不适合所有湍流的情况,文章采取适合所有湍流强度的Málaga信道对系统的误码性能进行分析。【方法】首先,该方案在发送端将输入的二进制比特流划分为5个部分,第1个部分用于星座符号映射,后4个部分用于激光器映射;然后,星座符号映射用于传输星座符号及其逆符号的实部和虚部;激光器映射分为同相相位与正交相位两部分,用于激活激光器的序列映射;最后,通过信道进行传输,在接收端进行信号的接收和处理。【结果】相比OQSM,SOQSM在一个传输周期内空间域额外携带了2log2 Nt比特的信息,并在符号域和空间域分别计算出平均误码率上界,最终得到SOQSM方案的平均误码率上界,其中计算平均误码率上界的方法具有较好的收敛性。该方案较大程度地提高了系统的频谱效率和传输速率,拥有较好的误码性能。【结论】蒙特卡洛仿真结果表明:在频谱效率相同时,相比光空间调制(OSM)和OQSM,SOQSM方案的误码性能更好,能在信噪比为16 dB时就达到10-6;当调制阶数相同时,SOQSM的误码性能更优,特别是在高信噪比时,仿真与理论契合度较高。在Málaga信道中弱湍流的误码性能更好;另外,不同湍流强度对SOQSM方案误码性能趋势的影响较小,但随着信噪比提高,影响会逐渐增大。因此,SOQSM相比OQSM和OSM具有更好的误码性能。

基于可逆元胞自动机加密的扩展码索引调制方案

针对直接序列扩频系统伪随机(Pseudo Noise,PN)码资源有限且码索引调制系统误码率性能下降的问题,提出了一种基于可逆的初等元胞自动机加密的扩展码索引调制方案。首先,针对PN码资源有限的问题,提出使用混沌规则的初等元胞自动机对PN码进行迭代的方案,从而实现扩展PN码的目的;其次,针对码索引调制误码率性能下降的问题,提出了一种可逆元胞自动机加密的码索引调制方案,在发射端,把信息比特切割成调制比特和映射比特,并分别映射为调制符号和扩频码索引,使用对应索引的扩频码对同相分量进行扩频,同时使用可逆元胞自动机对映射比特进行加密,加密后的映射比特为调制符号的正交分量选取对应索引的扩频码进行扩频。仿真与分析结果表明,在相同频谱效率条件下,在加性高斯白噪声信道中,当误码率为10-5时,扩展码索引调制方案的误码率性能优于码索引调制和广义码索引调制方案约2~4 dB,优于非正交码移键控码索引调制方案约0.5 dB。