Supermassive Primordial Black Holes for Nano-Hertz Gravitational Waves and High-redshift JWST Galaxies

Recently,observational hints for supermassive black holes have been accumulating,prompting the question:Can primordial black holes(PBHs)be supermassive,particularly with masses M■10^(9)M_(⊙)?A supercritical bubble,containing an inflating baby universe,that nucleated during inflation can evolve into a PBH in our observable universe.We find that when the inflaton slowly transitions past a neighboring vacuum,the nucleation rate of supercritical bubbles inevitably peaks,leading to a mass distribution of multiverse PBHs with a peak mass up to M■10^(11)M_(⊙).Thus,our mechanism naturally provides a primordial origin for supermassive black holes.

Triple points and phase transitions of D-dimensional dyonic Ad S black holes with quasitopological electromagnetism in Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet gravity

By considering the negative cosmological constant Λ as a thermodynamic pressure, we study the thermodynamics and phase transitions of the D-dimensional dyonic Ad S black holes(BHs) with quasitopological electromagnetism in Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet(EGB) gravity. The results indicate that the small/large BH phase transition that is similar to the van der Waals(vdW) liquid/gas phase transition always exists for any spacetime dimensions. Interestingly, we then find that this BH system exhibits a more complex phase structure in 6-dimensional case that is missed in other dimensions.Specifically, it shows for D = 6 that we observed the small/intermediate/large BH phase transitions in a specific parameter region with the triple point naturally appeared. Moreover, when the magnetic charge turned off, we still observed the small/intermediate/large BH phase transitions and triple point only in 6-dimensional spacetime, which is consistent with the previous results. However, for the dyonic Ad S BHs with quasitopological electromagnetism in Einstein–Born–Infeld(EBI) gravity, the novel phase structure composed of two separate coexistence curves observed by Li et al. [Phys. Rev. D105 104048(2022)] disappeared in EGB gravity. This implies that this novel phase structure is closely related to gravity theories, and seems to have nothing to do with the effect of quasitopological electromagnetism. In addition, it is also true that the critical exponents calculated near the critical points possess identical values as mean field theory. Finally, we conclude that these findings shall provide some deep insights into the intriguing thermodynamic properties of the dyonic Ad S BHs with quasitopological electromagnetism in EGB gravity.

Generalized Newton’s Theory of Universal Gravitation and Black Holes

The Newton’s theory of universal gravitation is generalized. Significantly strong at short distances central interaction of bodies and particles is established in comparison with Newtonian. A connection is found with Black Holes, with the horizon of events. Possibility of systematization of all Black Holes is shown. An illustration is given on the example of Black Hole SgrA*.

Quantum Unruh Effect on Radiation of Black Holes

The quantum Unruh effect on radiation of a gravitational object including a black hole is analyzed and calculated. It is surprisingly found that the well-known Hawking radiation of a black hole is not physical. Applying the Stephan-Boltzmann law with the use of the Unruh radiation temperature at the surface of a black hole to calculate the power of radiation of the black hole is conceptually unphysical. This is because the Unruh radiation temperature results from the gravitational field of the object rather than from the thermal motion of matter of the object, so that the Stephan-Boltzmann law is not applicable. This paper shows that the emission power of Unruh radiation from a gravitational object should be calculated in terms of the rate of increase of the total Unruh radiation energy outside the object. The result obtained from this study indicates that a gravitational object can emit Unruh radiation when the variation of its mass and radius satisfies an inequality of dM/M > 1.25dR/R. For a black hole, the emission of Unruh radiation does not occur unless it can loose its mass (dM < 0). The emission power of Unruh radiation is only an extremely tiny part of the rate of mass-energy loss if the black hole is not extremely micro-sized. This study turns down our traditional understanding of the Hawking radiation and thermodynamics of black holes.

On Thermodynamical Relation Between Rotating Charged BTZ Black Holes and Effective String Theory

In this paper we study the first law of thermodynamics for the （2＋1）-dimensional rotating charged BTZ black hole considering a pair of thermodynamical systems constructed with the two horizons of this solution. We show that these two systems are similar to the right and left movers of string theory and that the temperature associated with the black hole is the harmonic mean of the temperatures associated with these two systems.

Quantum Gravity, Constant Negative Curvatures, and Black Holes

For purposes of quantization, classical gravity is normally expressed by canonical variables, namely the metric and the momentum . Canonical quantization requires a proper promotion of these classical variables to quantum operators, which, according to Dirac, the favored operators should be those arising from classical variables that formed Cartesian coordinates;sadly, in this case, that is not possible. However, an affine quantization features promoting the metric and the momentric to operators. Instead of these classical variables belonging to a constant zero curvature space (i.e., instead of a flat space), they belong to a space of constant negative curvatures. This feature may even have its appearance in black holes, which could strongly point toward an affine quantization approach to quantize gravity.

The Origin of Cosmic Structures Part 3 — Supermassive Black Holes and Galaxy Cluster Evolution

In Part 1 of this work, we showed that our new model of cosmology can account for the origin of all cosmic structures ranging in size from stars up to superclusters. In this model, at the time of nucleosynthesis, an imprint embedded in the vacuum regulated the creation of the protons (and electrons) that later made up the structures. Immediately after nucleosynthesis and for a considerable period afterward, the evolution was completely determined by the expansion of the universe. Gradually, however, gravitational influences became more important until finally, the expansion of the structures-to-be ceased at their zero velocity points. Stars, galaxies, and galaxy clusters all reached their zero velocity points more or less simultaneously at the usually accepted time of the beginning of galaxy formation. From that point onward, the evolution gravitation came to dominate the evolution although the expansion still exerted its influence. In this paper, we examine the subsequent cluster evolution in some detail. We establish the conditions required to prevent a free-fall collapse of the clusters and then show that galaxies with quasar-like active nuclei located within the cluster were the sources of the necessary radiation. We also show that the required galactic supermassive black holes were a consequence of the initial free-fall collapse of all galaxies.

Penrose Suggestion as to Pre Planck Era-Black Holes Showing Up in Present Universe Data Sets Discussed, with a Possible Candidate as to GW Radiation Which May Provide Initial CMBR Data

What we are doing is three-fold. First, we examine the gist of the Penrose suggestion as to signals from a prior universe showing up in the CMBR. i.e. , this shows up as data in the CMBR. Second, we give a suggestion as to how super massive black holes could be broken up s of a prior Universe cycle by pre big bang conditions, with say millions of pre-Planck black holes coming up out of a breakup of prior universe black holes. Three, we utilize a discussion as to Bose Einstein Condensates set as Gravitons as to composing the early universe black holes. The BEC formulation gives a number N of gravitons, linked to entropy, per black hole, which could lead to contributions to the alleged CMBR perturbations, which were identified by Penrose et al.

Abbott-Deser-Tekin Charge of Dilaton Black Holes with Squashed Horizons

We consider the conserved charge of static black holes with squashed horizons in the Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton theory via both the Abbott-Deser-Tekin （ADT） method and its off-shell generalization. We first make use of the original ADT method to compute the mass of the dilaton squashed black holes in terms of three different reference spacetimes, which are the asymptotic geometry, the flat background and the spacetime of the Kaluza- Klein monopole with boundary matched to the original metric, respectively. Each mass satisfies the first law of black hole thermodynamics, although the mass computed on the basis of the boundary matching the Kaluza- Klein monopole is different from that of the other two reference spacetimes. Then the mass of the black holes is evaluated through the off-shell generalized ADT method.

Variations of broad emission lines from periodicity QSOs under the interpretation of supermassive binary black holes with misaligned circumbinary broad line regions

Quasars with periodic light curves are considered as candidates of supermassive binary black hole(BBH)systems.One way for further confirmations may be searching for other characteristic signatures,such as those in their broad emission lines(BELs),if any,which require a thorough understanding on the response of BELs to the BBH systems.In Ji et al.(2021),we have investigated the response of circumbinary broad line region(BLR)to the central active secondary black hole under the relativistic Doppler boosting(BBH-DB)and intrinsic variation(BBH-IntDB)dominant mechanisms for continuum variation by assuming the middle plane of the BLR aligned with the BBH orbital plane.In this paper,we explore how the BEL profiles vary when the BLR is misaligned from the BBH orbital plane with different offset angles under both the BBH-DB and BBH-IntDB scenarios.Given a fixed inclination angle of the BBH orbital plane viewed in edge-on and similar continuum light curves produced by the two scenarios,increasing offset angles make the initial opening angle of the circumbinary BLR enlarged due to orbital precession caused by the BBH system,especially for clouds in the inner region,which result in Lorentzlike BEL profiles for the BBH-DB model but still Gaussion-like profiles for the BBH-IntDB model at the vertical BLR case.The amplitude of profile variations decreases with increasing offset angles for the BBHDB scenario,while keeps nearly constant for the BBH-IntDB scenario,since the Doppler boosting effect is motion direction preferred but the intrinsic variation is radiated isotropically.If the circumbinary BLR is composed of a coplanar and a vertical components with their number of clouds following the mass ratio of the BBHs,then the bi-BLR features are more significant for the BBH-IntDB model that requires larger mass ratio to generate similar continuum variation than the BBH-DB model.

Eliminating Black Holes Singularity in Brane World Cosmology

In recent works, a construction was proposed resulting in emergent universes inside black holes. This result can be obtained from a 4D black hole embedded in a 5D spacetime with the fifth dimension compactified on a circle [0, 2] (0 and 2 are identified) such that the two branes are at 0 and 1. In the present work, we study this setup by deriving particles’ equations of motion in the new universes, based on redefining energy and angular momentum. This leads to disappearance of the singularity in centers of black holes in classical General Relativity.

Transonic Accretion and Winds Around Pseudo-Kerr Black Holes And Comparison with General Relativistic Solutions

Spectral and timing properties of accretion flows on a black hole depend on their density and temperature distributions,which in turn come from the underlying dynamics.Thus,an accurate description of the flow which includes hydrodynamics and radiative transfer is a must to interpret the observational results.In the case of nonrotating black holes,a pseudo-Newtonian description of surrounding spacetime enables one to make significant progress in predicting spectral and timing properties.This formalism is lacking for spinning black holes.In this paper,we show that there exists an exact form of a"natural"potential derivable from the general relativistic(GR)radial momentum equation.Use of this potential in an otherwise Newtonian set of equations allows to describe transonic flows very accurately as is evidenced by comparing with solutions obtained from the full GR framework.We study the properties of the critical points and the centrifugal pressure supported shocks in the parameter space spanned by the specific energy and angular momentum,and compare with the results of GR hydrodynamics.We show that this potential can safely be used for the entire range of Kerr parameter-1<a<1 for modeling of observational results around spinning black holes.We assume the flow to be inviscid.Thus,it is non-dissipative with constant energy and angular momentum.These assumptions are valid very close to the black hole as the infall timescale is much shorter as compared to the viscous timescale.

Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity Identify Standard Model Particles as Black Holes

The Standard Model of particle physics does not account for charged fermion mass values and neutrino mass, or explain why only three particles are in each charge state 0, -e/3, 2e/3, and -e. These issues are addressed by treating Standard Model particles with mass m as spheres with diameter equal to their Compton wavelength l =&#295;/mc, where &#295;is Planck’s constant and c the speed of light, and any charge in diametrically opposed pairs ±ne/6 with n = 1, 2, or 3 at the axis of rotation on the sphere surface. Particles are ground state solutions of quantized Friedmann equations from general relativity, with differing internal gravitational constants. Energy distribution within particles identifies Standard Model particles with spheres containing central black holes with mass m, and particle spin resulting from black hole angular momentum. In each charge state, energy distribution within particles satisfies a cubic equation in l, allowing only three particles in the charge state and requiring neutrino mass. Cosmic vacuum energy density is a lower limit on energy density of systems in the universe, and setting electron neutrino average energy density equal to cosmic vacuum energy density predicts neutrino masses consistent with experiment. Relations between charged fermion wavelength solutions to cubic equations in different charge states determine charged fermion masses relative to electron mass as a consequence of charge neutrality of the universe. An appendix shows assigning charge ±e/6 to bits of information on the event horizon available for holographic description of physics in the observable universe accounts for dominance of matter over anti-matter. The analysis explains why only three Standard Models are in each charge state and predicts neutrino masses based on cosmic vacuum energy density as a lower bound on neutrino energy density.

Estimating up-limits of eccentricities for the binary black holes in the LIGO-Virgo catalog GWTC-1

In the first Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalogue of LIGO and Virgo,all events are announced having zero eccentricity.In the present paper,we investigate the performance of SEOBNRE,which is a spin-aligned eccentric waveform model in time-domain.By comparing with all the eccentric waveforms in SXS library,we find that the SEOBNRE coincides perfectly with numerical relativity data.Employing the SEOBNRE,we re-estimate the eccentricities of all black hole merger events.We find that most of these events allow a possibility for existence of initial eccentricities at 10 Hz band,but are totally circularized at the observed frequency(≥20 Hz).The upcoming update of LIGO and the next generation detector like Einstein Telescope will observe the gravitational waves starting at 10 Hz or even lower.If the eccentricity exists at the lower frequency,then it may significantly support the dynamical formation mechanism taking place in globular clusters.

Subleading terms of thermodynamic quantities around static spherical black holes

The thermodynamic quantities for the gases of massless particles with spin s = 1/2, 1, 3/2, 2 around static spherical black holes are investigated by using the brick-wall method. The appearance of the spin-dependent subleading terms is demonstrated and the terms are shown to contain not only the linear and quadratic terms of the spins but also a zero-power terra of the spins.

Signature of Different Phases of Ricci Flat Black Holes and AdS Solitons in Gauss-Bonnet Gravity

From the perturbation around the background spacetimes in the Gauss Bonnet gravity, we find the physical evidence that Ricci fiat AdS black holes and AdS solitons are different physical configurations and stay in different phases, this serves as a strong support to the previous mathematical and thermodynamieal arguments.

Discussion on event horizon and quantum ergosphere of dynamic rotating black holes in a tunneling framework

According to the Parikh-Wilczek tunneling framework, the locations of the local horizons of dynamic rotating black holes can be worked out. The calculations show that the quantum ergosphere of the black hole is identical with the tunneling potential barrier set by particle＇s tunneling across the relevant horizon. Then, some discussions on the origin of the Hawking radiation will be shown.

Brane world black holes in teleparallel theory equivalent to general relativity and their Killing vectors,energy,momentum and angular momentum

The energy--momentum tensor, which is coordinate-independent, is used to calculate energy, momentum and angular momentum of two different tetrad fields. Although, the two tetrad fields reproduce the same space--time their energies are different. Therefore, a regularized expression of the gravitational energy--momentum tensor of the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity （TEGR）, is used to make the energies of the two tetrad fields equal. The definition of the gravitational energy--momentum is used to investigate the energy within the external event horizon. The components of angular momentum associated with these space--times are calculated. In spite of using a static space--time, we get a non-zero component of angular momentum! Therefore, we derive the Killing vectors associated with these space--times using the definition of the Lie derivative of a second rank tensor in the framework of the TEGR to make the picture more clear.

Fermion tunneling from squashed black holes in the Gdel universe and charged Kaluza Klein space time

This paper is devoted to the investigation the fermion tunneling radiation of squashed black holes in the G6del universe and charged Kaluza-Klein space-time. For black holes with different dimensions, establishing a set of appropriate matrices γμ for the general covariant Dirac equation plays an important role in the semi-classical tunneling method. By constructing two sets of γμ matrices, we have successfully derived the tunneling probability and Hawking temperature of the black holes.

Holographic heat engine efficiency of hyperbolic charged black holes

We consider a four-dimensional charged hyperbolic black hole as working matter to establish a black hole holographic heat engine,and use the rectangular cycle to obtain the heat engine efficiency.We find that when the increasing of entropy is zero,the heat engine efficiency of the hyperbolic black hole becomes the well-known Carnot efficiency.We also find that less charge corresponds to higher efficiency in the case of˜q>0.Furthermore,we study the efficiency of the flat case and spherical case and compare the efficiency with that of the hyperbolic charged black holes.Finally,we use numerical simulation to study the efficiency in benchmark scheme.