The Dynamic Study on Transpiration Consumption of Black Locust Forest

To know the annual water consumption of forest, it is necessary to acquire the annual transpiration value of stands. This paper is based on the data measured in the typical weather of the growth season, from 1998 to 2000, with the LI 1600 Steady Porometer and the general weather information. The daily variation of transpiration in black locust forest ( Robinia pesudoacacia L.) is modeled by Penman Monteith equation. As a result of the model, a continuous daily transpiration in the growth season was calculated. The net radiation, intercepted by black locust forest canopy, was acquired from a semi empirical equation of measuring net radiation R n with the extinction coefficient k and leaf area index LAI . The canopy integral stomatic resistance is a mimesis with an empirical equation of measuring data. Compared with measuring data, the relative error of the modeled ones is less than 12% averagely. At last, the total transpiration of black locust forest during the period of 1998 and 2000 in the growth season of May to October, as an average transpiration of the different density stands, were 192 46, 187 07 and 195 59?mm respectively.

Age-related Changes of Carbon Accumulation and Allocation in Plants and Soil of Black Locust Forest on Loess Plateau in Ansai County, Shaanxi Province of China

The effects of reforestation on carbon （C） sequestration in China＇s Loess Plateau ecosystem have attracted much research attention in recent years. Black locust trees （Robinia pseudoacacia L.） are valued for their important use in reforestation and water and soil conservation efforts. This forest type is widespread across the Loess Plateau, and must he an essential component of any planning for C sequestration efforts in this fragile ecological region. The long-term effects of stand age on C accumulation and allocation after reforestation remains uncertain. We examined an age-sequence of black locust forest （5, 9, 20, 30, 38, and 56 yr since planting） on the Loess Plateau to evaluate C accumulation and allocation in plants （trees, shrubs, herbages, and leaf litter） and soil （0-100 cm）. Allometric equations were developed for estimating the biomass of tree components （leaf, branch, stem without bark, bark and root） with a de- structive sampling method. Our results demonstrated that black locust forest ecosystem accumulated C constantly, from 31.42 Mg C/ha （1 Mg = 106 g） at 5 yr to 79.44 Mg C/haat 38 yr. At the ＇old forest＇ stage （38 to 56 yr）, the amount of C in plant biomass significantly decreased （from 45.32 to 34.52 Mg C/ha） due to the high mortality of trees. However, old forest was able to accumulate C continuously in soil （from 33.66 to 41.00 Mg C/ha）. The C in shrub biomass increased with stand age, while the C stock in the herbage layer and leaf litter was age-independent. Reforestation resulted in C re-allocation in the forest soil. The topsoil （0-20 cm） C stock increased constantly with stand age. However, C storage in sub-top soil, in the 20-30, 30-50, 50-100, and 20-100 cm layers, was age-independent. These results suggest that succession, as a temporal factor, plays a key role in C accumulation and re-allocation in black locust forests and also in regional C dynamics in vegetation.

Long-term impact of municipal sewage irrigation on treated soil and black locust trees in a semi-arid suburban area of Iran

The effects of municipal sewage irrigation on the soil and black locust （Robinia pseudoacacia L.） tree were studied. For this purpose, two artificial black locust stands under irrigation of municipal sewage and well water were selected in south of Tehran, Iran. Data were collected using technique of systematic random sampling with 4 replicates in each stand. It was found that the growth of black locust tree, as indicated by diameter at breast height, total height, crown length, average crown diameter, basal area and volume, in sewage irrigation stand was much higher than that of well water irrigation stand （P 〈 0.01）. Plant analysis indicated that concentrations of leaf nutrients （N, E K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn） were greater in sewage-irrigated trees, without toxicity to the minerals of tree leaf, than those of well waterirrigated trees, and positively correlated with their respective value in soil. Ni, Cr and Pb were not detected in leaf samples. Application of sewage resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in the concentrations of soil nutrients, Ni, Cr and Pb. Among these minerals only Pb and Ni in some soil samples exceeded the toxicity limit. The increase in pH, electrical conductivity （EC） and organic carbon of soil was also observed in sewage irrigation. Results confirm that besides the use as irrigation water, municipal sewages are also a potential source of plant nutrients. However, significant accumulation of heavy metals such as Pb and Ni in soil needs to be monitored.

Ways to Improve Low-Benefit Black Locust Forests in Loess Plateau

This paper presents a general standard for the low-benefit black locust （Robinia pseudoacacia L.） torests m Loess Plateau based on defining the concept of “tri-low forest”, and emphasizes the major factors which result in low-benefit black locust, such as, lack of soil moisture of forest and nutrient, breaching the principle of matching tree species to sites, and high density of forests. Based on different characteristics of low-benefit forests, following the principle of “adjusting measures to local conditions, giving priority to ecological benefits, assisting with economic benefits”, the authors put forward some technical ways to reform low-benefit black locust forests, for example, taking measurements of collecting runoff and storing water, lowering the forest density, introducing mixed forests and transforming species, directive breeding and so on.

Temporal changes in nitrogen acquisition of Japanese black pine(Pinus thunbergii) associated with black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia)

The alien woody legume, black locust （Robinia pseudoaca-cia）, has invaded Japanese black pine （Pinus thunbergii） forests located in Japan’s coastal plain and hill regions where gaps are formed in pine forests after nematode infestation. Nitrogen fixation by legumes acceler-ates N cycling in forest ecosystems. We studied temporal change in the annual tree-ring resolution N stable isotope composition （δ15N, a per mil deviation of δ15N/14N ratio, relative to atmospheric N2δ15N=0‰） at two natural locations of Japanese black pine forest with black locust that differed in the time since black locust establishment （Shohnai in north-east and Kita-Kyushu in southwest Japan）. Analyzed tree-rings covered the period from 1990/1992 to 2009. N acquisition by Japanese black pine from black locust N input to the soil was evidenced by temporal shifting of N stable isotope composition on the annual pine tree rings. With pro-gressive development of the forest stand,δ15N values of earlier tree-ringsδ15N of -5‰） from black pine associated with black locust shifted to-wards values similar to those of black locustδ15N values nearly to-1‰）, which suggests acquisition of N by N2 fixation （Shohnai site）. In con-trast, in a forest where black locust had settled for two or three genera-tions, in a black pine stand （Kita-Kyushu site）, longer periods of N en-richment in the soil were reflected in the elevated tree-ringδ15N values of newly established black pine trees. Based on tree-ringδ15N data from the Shohnai site, we determined that about 10 years after black locust establishment, soil N had already been enriched by black locust N, this, in turn, contributed to N fertilization of surrounding trees in mixed stands.

Energy partitioning and evapotranspiration in a black locust plantation on the Yellow River Delta,China

Plantations of woody tree species play a crucial role in ecological security along coastal zones.Understanding energy partitioning and evapotranspiration can reveal land–atmosphere interaction processes.We investigated energy fluxes,evapotranspiration,and their related biophysical factors using eddy covariance techniques in a black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)plantation in 2016,2018,and 2019 on the Yellow River Delta.Downward longwave radiation offsets 84–85%of upward longwave radiation;upward shortwave radiation accounted for 12–13%of downward shortwave radiation.The ratio of net radiation to downward radiation was 18–19%over the three years.During the growing season,latent heat flux was the largest component of net radiation;during the dormant season,the sensible heat flux was the dominant component of net radiation.The seasonal variation in daily evapotranspiration was mainly controlled by net radiation,air temperature,vapor pressure deficit,and leaf area index.Black locust phenology influenced daily evapotranspiration variations,and evapotranspiration was greater under sea winds than under land winds because soil water content at 10-cm depth was greater under sea winds during the day.Seasonal patterns of daily evaporative fraction,Bowen ratio,crop coefficient,Priestley–Taylor coefficient,surface conductance,and decoupling coefficient were mainly controlled by leaf area index.The threshold value of daily surface conductance was approximately 8 mm sover the plantation.

Regulation of the growth of sprouting roots of black locust seedlings using root barrier panels

How can we regulate an invasive alien species of high commercial value?Black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)has a unique capacity for seed dispersal and high germination.Field surveys indicate that black locust increases its growing area with sprouting roots and the elongation of horizontal roots at a soil depth of 10 cm.Therefore,a method to regulate the development of horizontal roots could be eff ective in slowing the invasiveness of black locust.In this study,root barrier panels were tested to inhibit the growth of horizontal roots.Since it is labor intensive to observe the growth of roots in the fi eld,it was investigated in a nursery setting.The decrease in secondary fl ush,an increase in yellowed leafl ets,and the height in the seedlings were measured.Installing root barrier panels to a depth of 30 cm eff ectively inhibit the growth of horizontal roots of young black locust.

Ecology,growth and management of black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia L.),a non-native species integrated into European forests

Black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia L.),a species native to the eastern North America,was introduced to Europe probably in 1601 and currently extends over2.3×10~6 ha.It has become naturalized in all sub-Mediterranean and temperate regions rivaling Populus spp.as the second most planted broadleaved tree species worldwide after Eucalyptus spp.This wide-spreading planting is because black locust is an important multipurpose species,producing wood,fodder,and a source of honey as well as bio-oil and biomass.It is also important for carbon sequestration,soil stabilization and re-vegetation of landfills,mining areas and wastelands,in biotherapy and landscaping.In Europe,black locust is drought tolerant so grows in areas with annual precipitation as low as 500-550 mm.It tolerates dry,nutrient poor soils but grows best on deep,nutrient-rich,well-drained soils.It is a fast-growing tree and the height,diameter and volume growth peak before the age of 20.It mostly regenerates vegetatively by root suckers under a simple coppice system,which is considered the most cost-effective management system.It also regenerates,but less frequently,by stool sprouts.Its early silviculture in production forests includes release cutting to promote root suckers rather than stool shoots,and cleaning-respacing to remove low-quality stems,reduce the number of shoots per stool,and adjust spacing between root suckers.In addition,early,moderate and frequent thinning as well as limited pruning are carried out focusing on crop trees.The species is regarded as invasive in several European countries and its range here is expected to expand under predicted climate changes.

Black locust coppice stands homogenize soil diazotrophic communities by reducing soil net nitrogen mineralization

Background:Black locust(BL,Robinia pseudoacacia)is considered a promising tree species for reforestation due to its great ability to fix nitrogen.However,after two or three coppice-harvesting rotations,the productivity of BL declines.Whether soil microbial communities are affected and how these groups correlate with the nitrogen mineralization process across multi-generation stands remains unclear.Methods:We investigated the composition and structure of free-living nitrogen-fixing microorganisms(diazotrophs)by sequencing the marker gene nifH and compared these results to levels of soil nitrogen mineralization in the bulk soil and rhizosphere in black locust plantations on Mount Tai,China.Results:The results showed multi-generation BL coppice plantations decreased the total soil nitrogen(N),soil phosphorus(P),soil microbial biomass N(MBN),soil microbial biomass C(MBC),soil nitrification rate(Rn),soil ammonification rate(Ra),and net soil N mineralization rate(Rm),but significantly increased the concentration of soil NH_(4þ)-N to maintain sufficient NO_(3)^(-)N.The dominant species in bulk soil and rhizosphere changed from Rhodopseudomonas(22.62%and 15.76%),unclassified_c_Alphaproteobacteria(22.37%and 29.28%),unclassified_o_Rhizobiales(15.40%and 13.31%),Bradyrhizobium(12.00%and 11.74%)in seedling plantations to Bradyrhizobium(45.95%and 47.86%)and Rhodopseudomonas(43.56%and 41.84%)in coppice plantations,respectively.Mantel test and Redundancy analysis(RDA)revealed that Rn,Ra,and Rm were the most important factors shaping the diazotrophic communities.Conclusions:Our results suggest that the multi-generation BL coppice plantation can homogenize soil diazotrophic communities,which is mainly regulated by the available N loss caused by nitrogen mineralization.Strengthening the management technology of coppice plantations will provide more beneficial external consumption.

Propagation methods for black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) improvement in Hungary

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is one of the most important stand-forming tree species in Hungary and its importance is increasing in many countries. Black locust plants are commonly produced by two methods, by seed and by root cuttings. Tissue culture propagation can be considered as a relatively new method. Growing trees from seed is a relatively sim-ple method for reliably producing seedlings on a large scale under a variety of circumstances. Mechanization of the method is easy and the production cost is relatively low. Propagation from root cuttings and tissue culture are valuable for reproduction of superior individuals or varieties. By applying these methods, superior traits of the selected trees can be preserved in the clones. Recent experiments demonstrated that micropropagated trees could be successfully transplanted into soil, hardened and grown in the field.

Establishment of a transgenic system in fast-growing black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)

The AhDREB1 gene, cloned from Atriplex hortensis L., was transferred into black locust （Robiniapseudoacacia L.） by an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The results suggest that stems of black locust sub-cultured in vitro for 20 d are suitable for genetic transformation. The optimum concentrations of kanamycin and cefotaxime were 30 and 150 mg.L-1, respectively. Important factors affecting the transformation efficiency were studied by means of a L9（3^4） orthogonal design. An effective system for genetic transformation in black locust was developed as follows： the stems were pre-cultured for 2 d, immersed in the Agrobacterium solution （OD600 = 0.7） with 10 mg·L^-1 acetosyringone for 21 min and then co-cultured for 2 d. The selection pressures, changing from low to high, could improve transformation efficiency. The transgenic plants were identified by a PCR method. The PCR results indicated that the AhDREB1 gene had been integrated into the genome of black locust and two lines of the transgenic plants were obtained.

Ruminal in situ disappearance kinetics of six nutritive ingredients in leaves and stems of young tetraploid black locust in growing steers

Tetraploid black locust （Robinia pseudoacacia） is a woody plant with larger leaves and richer nutritional content than normal diploid black locust, with greater biomass and wider adaptability than herbaceous plant forage. However, currently no stock- breeders have adopted it as a major forage in China and other countries for a lack of information on the evaluation of nutritional ingredients of leaves and stems of young tetraploid black locust （YTBL） by in situ digesting tests. The objectives of this study were： 1） to assess the nutritive value of YTBL that bourgeoned from root stumps in the spring by determining the ruminal in situ disappearance kinetics of dry matter （DM）, organic matter （OM）, crude protein （CP）, ether extract （EE）, neutral detergent fiber （NDF） and acid detergent fiber （ADF） from leaves, stems and a mixture of both leaves and stems （MLS） of YTBL; 2） to compare these kinetic estimates with those of Leymus chinensis, a widely used ruminant forage in China. All samples were evaluated in situ by using five ruminally cannulated crossbred steers （550±22.7 kg BW）. The results of 48 hours, the representative incubation period, indicate that in situ disappearance rates of DM and OM in YTBL leaves, stems and MLS are on average about 40% and can attain the level of digestibility of L. chinensis. In situ disappearance rates of leaves, stems and MLS of YTBL for CP and EE were 41% and 58% respectively, rates higher than those of L. chinensis. But the disappearance rates of NDF and ADF were, on average, respectively 30.62% and 24.89% and lower than those ofL. chinensis. By analyzing synthetically all of our results it could be inferred that MLS of YTBL offers effective ruminal degradability of DM, NDF, ADF, CP, EE and OM, similar to the nutrients of L. chinensis. This supports our contention that the YTBL leaves, stems and MLS are suitable feed for those ruminants requiring high levels of nutrients, such as dairy cows and Boer goats, instead of plant forage, which is decidedly lacking in some parts of the world.

Management of black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) stands in Hungary

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) was the first forest tree species to be imported from North America to Europe at the beginning of the 17th century. It is the most important fast-growing stand-forming tree species in Hungary. Black locust planta-tions can be successfully established in response to a range of economic and ecological opportunities. Plantation survival and productivity are maximized by matching the species' growth characteristics with silvicultural options and land management needs. In the paper the sequence of forest tending operations in black locust stands is proposed, based on results of long-term stand structure and forest yield trials. Implementing good silvicultural plans and models will lead to profitable black locust stands and greater ac-ceptance of the species by land managers. Black locust would also be a very useful species for energy productions as the related research results have been shown in the paper.

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacada L.) clonal seed orchards in Hungary

Black locust （Robinia pseudoacacia L.） is one of the most important stand-forming tree species in Hungary and its impor- tance is increasing in many countries. The main aim of the discussed new selection programme is to identify black locust clones with good performance and good form for setting up clonal seed orchards. As a result of selection programme 16 new black locust clones have been improved. In spring 2002 a black locust seed orchard was established with the newly selected clones. About 40% of the plants can be considered to belong to the height growth rate class 1 and 2. Hungary was the first country where micropropagated black locust planting material was used for seed orchard establishment.

黄土高原健康和衰退刺槐林径向生长对气候的响应

全球气候变化导致的区域森林生长衰退和死亡普遍发生,并对森林生态系统结构和组成以及主要生态系统服务功能产生重要影响,然而相关研究在国内还显偏少。根据黄土高原延安羊圈沟小流域人工刺槐林健康和衰退个体分别构建了刺槐健康和衰退树轮年表,并对人工刺槐林健康和衰退年表特征及对气候响应敏感性进行了对比分析。结果表明刺槐衰退年表质量较低,其年表统计参量,包括平均敏感度、样芯间相关系数、信噪比和样本群体代表系数均要低于刺槐健康年表。刺槐衰退年表在生活史早期(1985—2007年)与生长健康年表的波动趋势相类似,而在生活史晚期(2008—2016年)与健康年表指数出现生长分离现象,生长速率明显偏低。年表与气候要素响应分析表明刺槐生长衰退年表对气候要素响应敏感性要低于刺槐生长健康年表,但是两者均含有干旱胁迫气候信号,主要体现在与温度呈负相关关系,与降雨和干旱指数的正相关关系。年表与极端气候年份的时序叠加分析表明,生长健康和衰退年表对极端干旱年份响应敏感性均较高,表明极端干旱胁迫条件对刺槐生长健康和衰退个体均有抑制性影响;生长健康年表对极端湿润年份响应敏感性明显高于衰退年表,表明刺槐健康个体比衰退个体更能有效利用湿润年份有利条件,而具有较高的生长速率。研究揭示出黄土高原健康和衰退刺槐个体生长趋势变化及对气候响应敏感性均存在明显差异性,将为气候变化背景下人工刺槐林生长衰退和死亡预测模型建立提供科学依据,因而对黄土高原人工刺槐林生态恢复和保护及可持续经营具有科学价值。

杨树刺槐混交林沙地土壤的水分-物理性质

研究了刺槐与杨树混交林后沙地土壤水分 物理性质变化的状况 .结果表明 ,刺槐与杨树混交后 ,土壤水分 物理性质得到了改善 ,表现在土壤最大持水量增加 ,毛管持水量、田间持水量得以提高 ,土壤有效持水量也有了较大幅度的提高 .刺槐与杨树混交后土壤总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度得到提高 ,并由此而改善了混交林土壤的渗透性能 .表 4参

黄土高原刺槐人工林地表凋落物对土壤呼吸的贡献

于黄土高原沟壑区王东沟小流域26年刺槐人工林(Robinia pseudoacacia)中,设置对照(CK)、去除凋落物(no litter,NL)和倍增凋落物(double litter,DL)3个处理,利用Li-8100系统测定各处理的土壤呼吸速率。结果表明,添加或去除凋落物显著影响土壤呼吸(P=0.091-0.099),与对照(CK)的土壤呼吸速率(3.23μmol m-2s-1)相比,添加凋落物(DL)使土壤呼吸速率增加26%,去除凋落物(NL)使土壤呼吸速率减少22%。NL、CK和DL的累积土壤呼吸分别为631、787和973 g C m-2a-1。各处理土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈显著的指数关系(R2=0.81-0.90,P<0.0001),但与土壤水分的关系不明显。NL、CK和DL的Q10依次为1.92、2.29和2.31。地表凋落物对土壤呼吸年平均贡献量为20%。相关性分析表明,各测定日地表凋落物贡献与土壤温度(r=0.54,P<0.05)或土壤水分关系显著(r=0.68,P<0.05)。刺槐人工林地表凋落物的输入量为213 g C m-2a-1,大于凋落物引起的呼吸量156 g C m-2a-1。在黄土区通过植被恢复治理水土流失过程中,随着地表凋落物的积累,林地生态系统的碳汇功能将逐步得到加强。

杨树刺槐混交林及纯林土壤酶活性的季节性动态研究

测定了 2 2年生杨树、刺槐混交林及纯林根际和非根际土壤中与氮、磷养分转化相关的酶活性的季节性动态变化 .结果表明 ,混交后非根际土壤的脲酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶活性比纯林提高 5 0 %～ 10 0 % ;但对于根际土壤 ,混交后杨树有所提高 ,而刺槐则有所下降 .说明混交后更有利于氮、磷养分的转化 。

黄土丘陵区两种主要退耕还林树种生态系统碳储量和固碳潜力

黄土丘陵区是中华文明的起源地,而原有植被却遭受严重破坏。因此,自20世纪70年代末开始的三北防护林工程、退耕还林工程和天然林保护工程等大型生态恢复工程,在本区均有大面积分布。这些工程已经对生态恢复起到重要作用,并将对全球碳素循环起到积极作用。以黄土丘陵区的主要造林树种——油松(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.)和刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)为研究对象,共设置样方28个,测定森林乔木、灌木、草本生物量及凋落物碳储量;钻取并分析土样516份,获得土壤有机碳储量。结合文献数据和农田碳储量数据,建立0—86年生油松林和0—56年生刺槐纯林生态系统碳储量-林龄序列;在此基础上分析造林对生态系统碳储量和固碳潜力的影响。结果表明,造林后的油松林和刺槐林生态系统的植被、凋落物及土壤碳储量逐渐增加;在没有人为干扰的情况下,19、27、36、86年生油松林生态系统碳储量分别为70.76、143.43、167.30、271.23—332.26Mg/hm2;8、17、39年生刺槐林生态系统碳储量分别为80.37、94.08、140.77 Mg/hm2。受间伐干扰、45、52年生油松林生态系统碳储量分别为136.42、168.56 Mg/hm2,相对于没有人为干扰的油松林,其植被碳储量明显下降,而土壤碳储量保持稳定甚至升高。受乱砍滥伐干扰的71年生油松林和56年生刺槐林的生态系统碳储量分别为118.87、76.99 Mg/hm2,相对于没有人为干扰的森林,其植被碳储量和土壤碳储量均呈明显下降趋势。种植油松林之后的86a时间内,其生态系统固碳潜力为211.61—272.64 Mg/hm2;而种植刺槐林、在39a时间内的生态系统固碳潜力为81.15 Mg/hm2。

煤矸石山刺槐林分生产力及生态效应的研究

通过野外实地观测 ,对煤矸石山 9年生刺槐林分 (株行距 1 .5 m× 2 .0 m)的生长规律、生产力水平和生态效应及其制约因素进行了研究。结果表明 :林分树高、胸径和材积具有不同的生长节律 ,树高的速生期出现最早 ,生长高峰出现在 1年生 (年生长量 1 .6 5 m) ,以后逐渐下降 ;胸径速生期出现在 2～ 4年生 (年生长量 0 .6～ 1 .0 cm) ,4年生以后便明显下降 ;材积速生期出现在 3～ 6年生 (单株材积年生长量 0 .0 0 1 m3以上 ) ,7年生以后明显下降。林分胸高直径分布的顶峰极度偏左 (偏度 SK达 0 .5 889) ,细小林木个体数量偏多 ,林分密度偏大 ,应进行间伐调整。刺槐林分具有明显减小煤矸石山渗透速率、提高持水、供水能力的作用 ,林地植树带初始入渗率为 7.4 1 mm· min- 1,稳渗率为 1 .75 mm· min- 1;而对照坡面初始入渗率高达 1 3.0 3mm· min- 1,稳渗率为 2 .1 8mm· min- 1。林分能防止矸石山酸化、增加矸石山全 N量并促进 N素的有效化 ,刺槐林地的 p H值为 7.6 8,比裸露矸石山 ( p H5 .4 7)高出 34 .7% ;林地有机质含量为 2 6 .1 2 % ,比裸露矸石山( 1 9.2 0 % )高出 36 % ;全 N量和速效 N量分别为 0 .33%和 5 2 .95 mg·kg- 1,分别比裸露矸石山高出 4 3.5 %和 2 0 .8%。