The Spatial Patterns of Road Traffic Crash Black Spots and Emergency Facilities in Federal Capital City

This study aimed at determining the spatial patterns of Road Traffic Crash (RTC) black spots, Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) zebra points and emergency health care facilities in Federal Capital City (FCC). The aim was to provide stakeholders with information that will aid their understanding of accident prone locations and accessible rescue possibilities for accident victims on the roads in FCT. GPS Map 76S Mark (GARMIN) was used to locate and pick coordinates of data in the study area. A total of 16 possible emergency health care facilities, seventy (70) RTC black spots and Five Zebra point locations were obtained from FRSC. ArcGIS 10.0 was used to compute the data by plotting the coordinates to produce maps of the spatial relationship and to carry out Nearest Neighbour Analysis (NNA). The result was further used to determine the spatial patterns of RTC black spots as well as patterns of the emergency facilities. Generally, the result shows that the spatial trend is turning towards dispersion. However, there is less than 1% likelihood that the dispersed patterns could be the result of random chance. It was recommended that, the Federal Road Safety Commission should be staffed with trained professionals that can be responsible for accident data surveillance and analysis using geospatial techniques.

Identifying accident black spots based on the accident spacing distribution

The identification of accident black spots is of great significance for the prevention of traffic accidents.Commonly used accident black spot identification methods divide road sections for the analysis of accident data,the direct result of which is the splitting of accident black spots,which affects the results.This paper is based on three years of traffic accident data from the Beijing-Harbin Expressway,including the time and location of traffic accidents,form of the accident fatalities,severe injuries,slight injuries,and property damage only(PDO).To avoid road division effects,an identification method based on the accident spacing distribution is established by using quality control theory.The results show that the average number of accidents per kilometer by the method proposed in this paper is 42,which is much higher than 10,identified by other identification methods.The method proposed in this paper improves the accuracy of the identification results.This method avoids the problem of road segmentation found in other common methods and can more accurately reflect the spatial distribution of traffic accidents.Thus making the identification of accidents more scientific and accurate.

Genome-wide identification of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases in pear and their functional analysis in response to black spot

The mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)cascade is crucial to plant growth,development,and stress responses.MAPK kinases(MAPKK)play a vital role in linking upstream MAPKK kinases(MAPKKK)with the downstream MAPK.Black spot is one of the most serious fungal diseases of pear which is an important part of the fruit industry in China.The MAPKK genes have been identified in many plants,however,none has been reported in pear(Pyrus bretschneideri).In order to explore whether MAPK gene of pear is related to black spot disease,we designed this experiment.The present study investigated eight putative PbrMAPKK genes obtained from the Chinese white pear genome.The phylogenetic analysis revealed that PbrMAPKK genes were divided into A,B,C,and D groups.These PbrMAPKK genes are randomly distributed on 7 out of 17 chromosomes and mainly originated from the whole-genome duplication(WGD)event.The expression analysis of PbrMAPKK genes in seven pear tissues and the leaves of susceptible and resistant varieties after Alternaria alternata infection by quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)identified seven candidate genes associated with resistance.Furthermore,virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)indicated that PbrMAPKK6 gene enhanced resistance to pear black spot disease in pear.

Isolation and Identification of Black Spot Pathogen in Psidium guajava

[Objective]The aim was to isolate and identify the pathogen causing black spot disease in guava（Psidium guajava）,so as to determine its taxonomic status.[Method]The fungus was identified by determining its pathogenicity,observing its morphology characteristics and analyzing its ITS sequence.[Result]The pathogen causing black spot disease in guava was a strain of Guignardia mangiferae.[Conclusion]This study will provide theoretical basis for curing black spot disease of guava.

Disease Analysis and Pathogen Identification of Black Spot Disease of Chinese Cabbage [Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sace.] in Bijie City

[Objective] Disease analysis and pathogen identification of black spot disease of Chinese cabbage [Alternaria brassicae（Berk.） Sace.] in Bijie City of Guizhou Province was carried out,so as to raise the corresponding prevention measures.[Method] Pathogen was isolated from diseased leaves using tissue surface separation method for cultivation,microscopic examination,spore size determination and pathogen identification.[Result] Microscopic examination showed that the disease was caused by Alternaria sp.,the size of its spores was（15.0-38.5） μm×（7.5-13.5） μm.Combining with the characteristics of host and pathogen,the pathogen caused black spot disease of Chinese cabbage was identified to be Alternaria brassicicola.[Conclusion] A.brassicicola was the pathogenic fungi of black spot disease of Chinese cabbage in Bijie City of Guizhou Province,and damage caused by the disease could be reduced through agricultural measures and chemical control.

Cloning and Sequencing Characteristics of rDNA ITS Region of the Pathogen Causing Black Spot Disease on Tumorous Stem Mustard

Taking tumorous stem mustard infected by black spot disease as the research material, the ribosomal 5.8S rDNA and its flanking ITS region were cloned, sequenced and aligned in the study. The results showed that the base sequence of pathogens collected from five different sites was almost identical with that of Alternaria brassicae, and the similarity degree reached 99.68%, without base difference greater than 3 bp. It had obvious differences with the sequences of A. brassicicola and A. japonica, and the base difference was greater than 3 bp with a lot of fragment deletions. It was preliminarily determined that the pathogen cau- sing black spot disease on tumorous stem mustard was A. brassicae.

Analysis of causes and influence factors of small black spot defects in hot-dip galvanized pure Zn products

In this study,the factors affecting the formation of small black spot defects on the surface of a hot-dip galvanized pure zinc strip are analyzed. These defects are primarily formed w hen the iron-aluminum inhibition layer is incompletely formed or fails to form or when foreign matter adheres to the surface or embeds in the zinc layer.The defects can be reduced by controlling the cleanliness and activity of the strip base before coating,regulating the zinc pot process parameters,and ensuring the cleanliness of the passline and workshop.

Research Advances of Black Spot on Marigold

Marigold （ Tagetes erecta） originated in South America is the main raw material of lutein, which plays a vital role in treating maeula lutea retinae, im- proving immunity and delaying aging. Black spot is the main disease reducing marigold production. This paper concluded occurrence and damage of black spot, the species and symptoms of pathogens, pathogenic factors, selection of disease-resistant varieties and effective means against black spot, and made a briefly analysis of the existing problems and the corresponding solutions, in order to provide a theoretical basis for disease-resistant breeding of marigold.

Occurrence Factors and Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Chinese Rose Black Spot(Actinonema rosae)

In addition to conventional techniques,the prevention and control of Chinese rose black spot(Actinonema rosae)should be strengthened in the management of Chinese rose.The occurrence of Chinese rose black spot is closely related to plant residues,rainfall,cultivation conditions and varieties.On the basis of understanding the symptoms and occurrence regularity of Chinese rose black spot,combination measures of agricultural and chemical prevention and control should be taken.

Comparative transcriptome analysis of Ts(Resistant genotype)and Ma(Susceptible genotype)marigold(Tagetes erecta L.)leaves in response to Alternaria tagetica

Marigold black spot caused by Alternaria tagetica is a major disease that can decrease marigold production by 40%,resulting in serious economic losses.In this study,we identified many genes responsive to A.tagetica in the resistant and susceptible marigold genotypes.Analyses of differentially expressed genes,expression trends,and a weighted gene co-expression network revealed a series of hub genes with key roles in different A.tagetica infection stages.Additionally,1216 unigenes encoding transcription factors from eight families were differentially expressed between Ts and Ma.Moreover,R genes fromvarious families(e.g.,N,NL,RLP,and TNL)were differentially expressed in the twomarigold genotypes before and after the inoculation with A.tagetica.Pathway diagrams were used to visualize the leaf transcriptional changes in the two marigold genotypes infected by A.tagetica to clarify the effects of A.tagetica on the expression patterns of genes involved in phosphatidylinositol signaling,plant–pathogen interactions,and plant hormone signal transduction.We identified candidate genes related to disease resistance and generated valuable resources for analyzing the candidate gene functions related to black spot resistance in marigold.The study data may be useful for the molecular marker-assisted screening and breeding of marigold lines with increased disease resistance.

Studies on the Isolation, Identification and In Vitro Growth Rates of the Three Pathogenic Fungi from Panax notoginseng Cultivated in Wenshan Eparchy

Objective] The aim of this study was to simultaneously isolate and identify the main pathogenic fungi of the root rot, black spot and round spot from the Panax notoginseng plants cultivated in Wenshan Eparchy of Yunnan Province of China. [Method] The pathogenic fungi were isolated and purified by using potato dextrose agar （PDA） medium. The morphological identification was accomplished first according to the colony forms of the fungi when cultivated in vitro, then accord-ing to the symptom characteristics and colony forms of the re-isolated fungi in the reverse inoculation experiments. The molecular identification was performed accord-ing to the amplification and alignment of the internal transcribed space （ITS） se-quences of the fungi. The increases of the diameters and thickness of the colonies of the fungi cultivated in vitro were employed to indicate the growth rates of the fungi. [Results] The consistency of the colony forms and symptom characteristics and the 96%-99% similarities revealed in the ITS sequence alignments al proved that the main pathogenic fungi of the root rot, black spot and round spot of the P. notoginseng plants raised in Wenshan were Cylindrocarpon didymium, Alternaria panax and Mycocentrospora acerina, respectively. When cultivated in vitro in the same temperature, humidity and il umination, the increases of the colony diameters and thickness of C. didymium were the highest, fol owed by those of A. panax, then those of M. acerina. During different cultivation periods, the differences of the colony diameters and thickness of the three fungi al reached extremely significant level. However, at the same cultivation time, the differences of the diameters and thickness among the three fungi only reached significant level. [Conclusion] The main pathogenic fungi which result in the root rot, black spot and round spot of the P. notoginseng in Wenshan are C. didymium, A. panax and M. acerina, respec-tively. When these three diseases break out at the same time, the root rot wil spread fastest, fol owed orderly by the black spot and the round spot.

Identification and Biological Characteristics of Blank Spot Pathogen from Lilium lancifolium

With the increasing planting area of Lilium lancifolium, the leaf fungal dis-ease of L. lancifolium is becoming more and more serious. In June and July of 2014, the excessive rainfal leads to the serious outbreak of leaf disease of L. lanci-folium. In mid-June, the wilting rate of L. lancifolium in seriously-infected field was even up to 50%-70%. In some fields, the shoots of L. lancifolium even al wilted. The pathogen was isolated from the infected leaves of L. lancifolium. Its pathogenici-ty, spore morphology, 18S rDNA sequence and biological characteristics were stud-ied. The results showed the isolated pathogen was Alternaria alternate. The lethal temperature of mycelial growth was 55 ℃. The optimum pH was 6-7. Among the tested carbon sources and nitrogen sources, the optimum carbon source was mal-tose, and the optimum nitrogen source was yeast extract.

Identification of differentially expressed proteins in poplar leaves in-duced by Marssonina brunnea f. sp. Multigermtubi

Black spot disease in poplar is a disease of the leaf caused by fungus. The major pathogen is Marssonina brunnea f. sp. multigermtubi. To date, little is known about the molecular mechanism of poplar （M. brunnea） interaction. In order to identify the proteins related to disease resistance and understand its molecular basis, the clone ＂NL895＂ （P. euramericana CL＂NL895＂）, which is highly resistant to M. brunnea f. sp. multigermtubi, was used in this study. We used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis （2-DE） and mass spectrometry （MS） to identify the proteins in poplar leaves that were differentially expressed in response to black spot disease pathogen, M. brunnea f. sp. multigermtubi. Proteins extracted from poplar leaves at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after pathogen-inoculation were separated by 2-DE, About 500 reproducible protein spots were detected, of which 40 protein spots displayed differential expression in levels and were subjected to Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry （MALDI-TOF MS） followed by database searching. According to the function, the identified proteins were sorted into five categories, that is, protein synthesis, metabolism, defense response and unclassified proteins.

Citrus black spot detection using hyperspectral imaging

This paper describes the development of a hyperspectral imaging approach for identifying fruits infected with citrus black spot(CBS).Hyperspectral images were taken of healthy fruit and those with CBS symptoms or other potentially confounding peel conditions such as greasy spot,wind scar,or melanose.Spectral angle mapper(SAM)and spectral information divergence(SID)hyperspectral analysis approaches were used to classify fruit samples into two classes:CBS or non-CBS.The classification accuracy for CBS with SAM approach was 97.90%,and 97.14% with SID.The combination of hyperspectral images and two classification approaches(SID and SAM)have proven to be effective in recognizing CBS in the presence of other potentially confounding fruit peel conditions.The study result can be a reference for the non-destructive detection of fruits infected with citrus black spot.

Rayleigh-Bénard Convection with Magnetic Field Revisited and Corrected

We discuss the solution of the small perturbation equations for a horizontal fluid layer heated from below with an applied magnetic field either in vertical or in horizontal direction. The field inhibits, due to the Lorentz force, more or less the onset of convective cellular motion. The solution of the eigenvalue problem shows that the critical Rayleigh number increases with increasing Hartmann number while the corresponding wave length decreases. Interesting analogies to solar granulation and black spot phenomena are obvious. The general influence of a horizontal magnetic field is larger than that of a vertical field. It is easy to understand this by discussing the influence of the Lorentz force on the Rayleigh -Benard convection. This result corrects earlier calculations in the literature.

陕西省猕猴桃黑斑病病原菌鉴定

‘翠香猕猴桃’属美味猕猴桃品系,具有早熟优质、味道香甜等优点,是陕西省周至县、鄠邑区、眉县等猕猴桃主产区特有的主栽品种[1]。2013年起,陕西周至‘翠香猕猴桃’果园连年发生黑斑病,平均病园率达85.8%,病果率达48.5%以上[2]。该病在果实生长后期呈现黑色病斑症状并在低温贮藏期引起果实腐烂,严重制约了猕猴桃产业的发展。‘翠香猕猴桃’黑斑病病原菌种类、形成机理尚不明确。本研究针对该病发生情况进行田间调查和病原菌分离.

Phyllosticta species associated with citrus diseases in China

Phyllosticta species associated with diseases of four commercial Citrus species grown in China are reported.Totally,496 Phyllosticta strains were isolated from mandarins(Citrus reticulata),pomeloes(C.maxima),oranges(C.sinensis)and lemons(C.limon)in the main citrus producing regions across China,and 74 strains were selected for phylogenetic analysis.Analyses inferred from the sequences of internal transcribed spacer region(ITS1,5.8S nrDNA and ITS2),partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha(TEF1)and partial actin gene(ACT),showed these representative Phyllosticta isolates clustered in four distinct clades corresponding to three known,and one undescribed species.The newly resolved taxon,Phyllosticta citrichinaensis was isolated from leaves and fruits of all four Citrus species and is introduced in this paper.This taxon caused minor damage,showing irregular spots or freckles.Phyllosticta citriasiana,associated with tan spot of pomeloes,was isolated only from pomeloes,and never from lemons,mandarins and oranges.Phyllosticta citricarpa,the citrus black spot pathogen,which is presently subjected to phytosanitary legislation in the EU and United States,was isolated from lemons,mandarins and oranges,but never from pomeloes.The isolates of P.citricarpa clustered in two subclades,one from mandarins,the other from oranges and lemons.P.capitalensis was isolated from all four Citrus species as an endophyte,causing false melanose,or together with P.citricarpa or P.citriasiana.Morphological,cultural and biochemical characters were consistent with the results of phylogenetic analysis.In addition,a specific primer pair Pca8/ITS4 was designed and selected,and its corresponding PCR procedure was developed for the detection of P.citriasiana in this study.

Rapid and non-destructive decay detection of Yali pears using hyperspectral imaging coupled with 2D correlation spectroscopy

The black spot disease caused by Alternaria alternata on Yali pears is a great concern as it compromises their edible quality and commercial value.To realize rapid and non-destructive classification of this disease,hyperspectral imaging(HSI)technology was combined with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy(2DCOS)analysis.A total of 150 pear samples at different decay grades were prepared.After obtaining the HSI images,the whole sample was demarcated as the region of interest,and the spectral information was extracted.Seven preprocessing methods were applied and compared to build the classification models.Thereafter,using the inoculation day as an external perturbation,2DCOS was used to select the feature-related wavebands for black spot disease identification,and the result was compared to those obtained using competitive adaptive reweighting sampling and the successive projections algorithm.Results demonstrated that the simplified least squares support vector model based on 2DCOS-identified feature wavebands yielded the best performance with the identification accuracy,precision,sensitivity,and specificity of 97.30%,94.60%,96.16%,and 98.21%,respectively.Therefore,2DCOS can effectively interpret the feature-related wavebands,and its combination with HSI is an effective tool to predict black spot disease on Yali pears.