Late course three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma

Objective： The aim of our study was to evaluate the clinical results and acute side effects of late course three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy （3DCRT） for esophageal carcinoma. Methods： From January 2004 to October 2006, 70 patients with esophageal carcinoma received late course 3DCRT. Their clinical data were analyzed retrospectively. The short-term clinical results, acute side effects, local control rates and survival rates were evaluated. Results： The complete response rate was 62.9%, partial response rate was 35.7%, and the overall response rate was 98.6%. The 1-, 2-and 3-year local control rates were 77.1%, 51.4% and 45.7%, respectively. The 1-, 2-and 3-year overall survival rates were 75.7%, 54.3% and 38.6%, respectively. The median survival time was 26 months. Conclusion： The technique of late course 3DCRT is an effective treatment for esophageal carcinoma and tend to improve the overall survival rate.

Dosimetric study of five-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy compared with conventional three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for rectal cancer

Objective： The aim of the study was to compare the difference of dose distribution in clinical target volume and organ at risk （OAR） between five-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT） and conventional three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy （3DCRT） in the radiotherapy of rectal cancer. Methods： Fifteen patients with rectal cancer treated with radio- therapy （RT） were retrospectively analyzed. Among the patients, seven received RT preoperatively and 8 postoperatively. The target volume and the OARs such as the small bowel, bladder and femoral heads were contoured for each patient. 3DCRT-plan and IMRT-plan were performed for each patient respectively, with the prescribed dose covering at least 95% of the planning target volume （PTV）. The conformity index （CI） and homogeneity index （HI） were used for evaluation of the dose distribution in the target volume, and the Dx% （the lowest dose to the x% volume of the OARs that received the highest dose of irradiation） and the mean dose were used for evaluation of the dose to OARs. Paired-T test was used for companson of the difference between the two plans. Results： In the IMRT-plan and 3DCRT-plan, the CI were 0.94 and 0.87 （P = 0.000） and the HI were 1.13 and 1.17, respectively （P = 0.001）. For small bowel, the D30%, D50% and the mean dose were 19.67 Gy, 15.13 Gy and 18.81 Gy in the IMRT-plan and 25.20 Gy, 22.20 Gy and 22.89 Gy in the 3DCRT-plan, respectively （P 〈 0.001 for all pairs of parameters）. For bladder, the D30%, D50%, and the mean dose were 24.80 Gy, 34.20 Gy and 28.70 Gy in the IMRT- plan, and 35.07 Gy, 44.67 Gy and 35.68 Gy in the 3DCRT-plan, respectively （P 〈 0.001 for all pairs of parameters）. For femoral heads, the D5% in the IMRT-plan and 3DCRT-plan were 40.6 Gy and 40.47 Gy, respectively （P = 0.936）, and the mean dose were 30.14 Gy and 25.57 Gy, respectively （P = 0.001）. Conclusion： Five-field IMRT-plan is better than 3DCRT-plan in the conformity and the dose homogeneity within target volume and also better in sparing the small bowel and bladder.

Evaluation of whole-course three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy combined with late-course accelerated hyperfractionated radiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma patients

Objective： The aim of the study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect and safety of whole-course three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy （3DCRT） combined with late-course accelerated hyperfractionated radiotherapy （LCAFR） on patients with esophageal carcinoma. Methods： one hundred and one patients with esophageal carcinoma were divided into two groups. Observing group （49 cases） were treated by whole-course 3DCRT. Patients in control group （52 cases） were treated by conventional radiotherapy. Clinical efficiencies and radiation toxicities were compared between two groups. Results： The side effects including radiation esophagitis （63.2%） and tracheitis （49.0%） decreased in observing group, but there was no significant difference between two groups （69.2% and 55.7% in controls）. The 1-, 2-and 3-year tumor local control rates and overall survival rates in the observing group were significantly improved compared with the control group, being respectively 87.8%, 75.5%, 63.3% vs 71.2%, 55.8%, 42.3% and 85.7%, 71.4%, 46.7% vs 69.2%, 51.9%, 26.9% （all P 0.05）. Conclusion： The therapeutic effect of whole-course 3DCRT combined with LCAFR for esophageal carcinomas is superior to conventional radiotherapy.

Initial outcome of induction chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy and concurrent weekly paclitaxel for stage Ⅲ non-small cell lung cancer

Objective： The aim of our study was to evaluate the toxicity and efficacy of induction chemotherapy （ICT） followed by three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy （3D CRT） and concurrent weekly paclitaxel on unresectable non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC）. Methods： Stage III NSCLC patients with favorable conditions were treated with 2 to 4 cycles of carboplatin （AUC = 5-6, dl） combined with paclitaxel （175 mg/m〈 dl）, then followed by weekly paclitaxel （40 mg/m2） and concurrent 3D CRT within 3-4 weeks. The prescription dose was given as high as possible under the condition that V20 〈 31% and spinal cord dose 〈 50 Gy. Results： Thirty-one patients were enrolled. ICT was well tolerated. During the concurrent chemoradiotherapy, the treatment of 3 patients was ended ahead of the schedule because of severe pulmonary and heart toxicities; the treatment of 2 patients was delayed for 7 and 12 days because of fatigue. Myelosuppression was mild （16/31）： all were grade 1-2 except 1 was grade 3. Lymphocytopenia was more obvious （29/31, grade 3 in 21）. Three patients developed grade 3 radiation-induced esophagitis, and 2 developed grades 3-4 radiation-induced pneumonitis. Two developed grade 3 esophageal stricture. No grades 3-4 pulmonary fibrosis was observed. The overall response rate was 74.1%. The 1-, 2-, 3-year overall survival rates were 74.2%, 41.9%, and 34.6%, respectively, with the median survival time of 18.5 months. The 1-, 2-, 3-year local progression-freely survival rates were 64.5%, 32.3%, and 20.5%, respectively, with the median local progression-freely survival time of 14.3 months. Conclusion： The program of ICT followed by weekly paclitaxel and 3D CRT is accomplished in most of the favorable stage III NSCLC patients. The toxicity is tolerable, and the response rate is inspiriting.

术后复发性膀胱癌PET/CT定位三维适形放疗的疗效分析

目的:对比研究术后复发性膀胱癌经18FDG PET/CT定位适形放疗的疗效、不良反应及失败原因。方法:对46例术后局部复发性膀胱癌患者随机分为18FDG PET/CT定位适形放疗组(PET/CT组)和普通CT定位适形放疗组(普通CT组)。PET/CT组用PET/CT扫描定位,将扫描数据输入三维治疗计划系统,将PET图像和CT图像融合后进行靶区(GTV与PTV)和重要脏器勾画、三维重建,制定计划后常规分割适形放疗40Gy左右,然后缩野放疗至总剂量60-66Gy;普通CT组用普通CT定位设野,三维适形放疗至相同剂量。结果:PET/CT组的平均PTV体积、膀胱V40、直肠V40分别比普通CT组小13.2cm3、5.8cm3、7.6cm3(P<0.01);放疗后6个月,两组CEA平均值分别下降为10.8ng/ml、11.7ng/ml(P<0.01);PET/CT组的中位复发时间11.2个月,普通CT组的中位复发时间9.1个月(P<0.01);PET/CT组的胃肠道与膀胱放射性不良反应低于普通CT组(P<0.05);疗前GTV≤50cm3者预后好。结论:PET/CT定位三维适形放疗术后复发性膀胱癌可以优化放疗计划,联合化疗可以延长中位复发时间,分期早者预后好。

宫颈癌术后三维适形放射治疗膀胱受照射剂量的分析研究

目的分别比较研究宫颈癌术后患者三维适形放射治疗(3D-CRT)膀胱与膀胱壁受照剂量的差异,探讨3D-CRT放疗计划中评估膀胱受照剂量的合理方法。方法选择FIG0分期Ia-Ⅱb期20例宫颈癌术后患者入组,在计划系统内勾画临床靶体积(CTV),将CTV在三维方向上均匀外放1cm获得计划靶区(PTV),同时勾画危及器官,单独勾画膀胱和膀胱壁,在ADAC Pinnacle3 Version 7.4f三维计划系统中设计3D-CRT治疗计划,并把膀胱和膀胱壁分别作为独立危及器官进行剂量评估。处方剂量为45Gy、50Gy,2Gy/次,要求95%PTV达到处方剂量。应用剂量体积直方图获得膀胱与膀胱壁的最大受量、最小受量、平均受量以及90%、70%、50%、40%、30%、10%、5%体积的受量(分别以D90、D70、D50、D40、D30、D10、D5表示),采用配对样本t检验进行比较,剂量参数用χ±s表示。结果 3D-CRT计划中,处方剂量45 Gy时膀胱与膀胱壁受照剂量的最大值、最小值、平均值、D5差别无统计学意义(P>0.05),膀胱与膀胱壁受照剂量的D90、D70、D50、D40、D30、D10差别有统计学意义(P<0.05),前者比后者分别低10.39%、10.51%、14.49%、14.60%、6.03%、3.46%;处方剂量为50Gy时,膀胱与膀胱壁受照剂量的最大值、最小值、D5差别无统计学意(P>0.05),膀胱与膀胱壁受照剂量的平均值、D90、D70、D50、D40、D30、D10差别有统计学意义(P<0.05),前者比后者分别低4.04%、7.75%、11.63%、12.62%、7.80%、4.41%、1.63%。结论从剂量学角度分析,三维适形放射治疗计划中以膀胱壁作为独立危及器官进行剂量评估较合理。

直肠癌术后放疗体位对小肠和膀胱照射剂量及体积影响观察

目的:探讨腹腔镜直肠癌根治术后应用仰卧臀高腹低与俯卧垫有孔泡沫板2种放疗体位对小肠及膀胱照射体积及剂量的影响。方法:选取2010-06-01-2012-12-31我科收治腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术患者37例,分别在2种不同体位下进行CT模拟定位,勾画治疗靶区和正常器官,进行3野适形计划的设计,比较2种体位下小肠及膀胱的平均剂量,以及在20、30、40和45Gy等剂量水平小肠和膀胱受照体积V20、V30、V40及V45。结果:采用仰卧臀高腹低位和俯卧位垫有孔泡沫板位时,小肠在20Gy剂量水平受照体积分别为76.22和156.27cm3,t=-3.352;30Gy处分别为31.26和56.35cm3,t=-3.412;40Gy处分别为21.22和45.35cm3,t=-4.072;45Gy处分别为21.22和45.35cm3,t=-3.768;均仰卧高于俯卧位,P值均<0.05。膀胱在40Gy剂量水平受照体积分别为132.46和202.57cm3,显著低于俯卧位垫有孔泡沫板位的57.52和100.35cm3,t值分别为-4.072和-3.768,P值均<0.05。但在20和30Gy剂量水平两组患者间差异无统计学意义,t值分别为-1.739和0.218,P值均>0.05。结论:直肠癌术后放疗,应用仰卧臀高腹低体位能减少小肠的受照体积及剂量,也能减少高剂量区膀胱的受照体积。

宫颈癌三维适形近距离治疗膀胱体积变化对正常组织受量影响

目的 比较宫颈癌患者三维适形近距离治疗中膀胱体积改变对正常组织受量影响.方法 2012-2013年本院行宫颈癌根治性外照射＋三维适形近距离治疗患者56例.行三维适形近距离治疗中分别将膀胱排空和充盈50、100、150 ml,比较不同膀胱充盈状态下直肠、小肠、乙状结肠及膀胱D0.1cm3、D1.0cm3、D2.0cm3并行配对t检验.结果 直肠D0.1cm3在膀胱充盈50、100 ml后较排空状态明显减少（P =0.000、0.000）;小肠D0.1cm3和D1.0cm3及D2.cm3在膀胱充盈50、100、150 ml较排空状态明显减少（P=0.008、0.000、0.000和0.000、0.000、0.000及0.000、0.000、0.000）;膀胱D0.1cm3和D1.0cm3及D2.0cm3充盈100、150 ml后较排空状态明显增加（P=0.000、0.000和0.000、0.000及0.000、0.000）.结论 膀胱充盈状态改变了膀胱、小肠受量,对直肠、乙状结肠剂量影响较小;膀胱体积增加有利于降低小肠受量.在不改变膀胱受量前提下膀胱充盈50 nd较充盈100、150 ml更利于降低小肠受量.

动脉介入化疗、适形放疗联合绿激光治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的初步体会

目的 评价动脉介入化疗、适形放疗联合绿激光治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的疗效及安全性. 方法 2009年11月至2012年11月对16例无法耐受或不接受膀胱全切手术的肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者采用动脉介入化疗、适形放疗联合绿激光治疗.男13例,女3例.年龄63 ～ 86岁,平均74岁.病程10 d～3个月.临床分期为T2期9例、T3期7例,肿瘤分级G13例、G210例、G33例.肿瘤直径3～6 cm,平均3.5 cm.合并较严重心脑血管疾病11例,重度肺通气功能障碍3例,要求保留膀胱2例.化疗药物包括顺铂80 mg、吡柔比星40 mg;放疗采用三维适形定位,总剂量30～ 40 Gy;首次介入化疗后2个月采用绿激光行肿瘤汽化手术. 结果 放化疗后所有患者肿瘤明显坏死、缩小,5例肿瘤消失.激光治疗后随访3～43个月,2例复发,行再次绿激光汽化.2例死于脑血管意外.结论 动脉介入化疗、适形放疗联合绿激光治疗浸润性膀胱癌安全,疗效确实,对于老年、合并症多的患者或不愿接受膀胱全切的患者,是一个很好的选择.

109例膀胱癌三维适形放疗临床分析

目的回顾分析109例膀胱癌三维适形放疗疗效、副作用及预后因素。方法近12年内接受三维适形放疗的原发膀胱癌患者109例，年龄41—94岁（中位值68岁）。4例未行手术治疗，105例行保留膀胱手术。根据2003年UICC分期标准分期，T1、T2a、T2b、T3b、T4期分别为29、27、33、15、2、3例。N0期92例，N1期7例，N分期不详10例。所有患者均接受了常规分割三维适形放疗，总剂量39．3～62．2Gy（中位549．6Gy），其中57例采用全膀胱加局部瘤区野中野照射，局部瘤区单次剂量为1．9～2．2Gy（中位值2．0Gy）。结果随访2～144个月（中位值36个月），总随访率为98％，其中1、3、5年随访率分别为95％、53％、32％。1、3、5年局部控制率分别为63％、47％、42％，总生存率分别为80％、48％、37％。多因素分析结果表明总生存率的独立预后因素为T分期、病理类型、N分期和不同放疗方式。膀胱局部控制率的独立预后因素为KPS评分、不同手术方式以及放疗与手术间隔时间。全组中肿瘤相关死亡33例。放疗后膀胱内复发42例，盆腔或腹腔淋巴结转移22例。根据RTOG分级标准，急性泌尿系统反应1级22％，2级59％，3级12％，4级1％；晚期泌尿系统反应1级29％，2级28％，3级2％，4级1％。结论三维适形放疗在膀胱癌治疗中特别是全膀胱加局部瘤区野中野照射方式可取得较好临床效果，副作用在可接受范围，可作为保留膀胱功能手术患者的一种治疗方法。