Treatment trends of muscle invasive bladder cancer: Evidence from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, 1988 to 2013

Objective:Guidelines for muscle-invasive bladder cancer(MIBC)recommend that patients receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy with radical cystectomy as treatment over radical cystectomy alone.Though trends and practice patterns of MIBC have been defined using the National Cancer Database,data using the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results(SEER)program have been poorly described.Methods:Using the SEER database,we collected data of MIBC according to the American Joint Commission on Cancer.We considered differences in patient demographics and tumor charac-teristics based on three treatment groups:chemotherapy(both adjuvant and neoadjuvant)with radical cystectomy,radical cystectomy,and chemoradiotherapy.Multinomial logistic regression was performed to compare likelihood ratios.Temporal trends were included for each treatment group.Kaplan-Meier curves were performed to compare cause-specific sur-vival.A Cox proportional-hazards model was utilized to describe predictors of survival.Results:Of 16728 patients,10468 patients received radical cystectomy alone,3236 received chemotherapy with radical cystectomy,and 3024 received chemoradiotherapy.Patients who received chemoradiotherapy over radical cystectomy were older and more likely to be African American;stage III patients tended to be divorced.Patients who received chemotherapy with radical cystectomy tended to be males;stage II patients were less likely to be Asian than Caucasian.Stage III patients were less likely to receive chemoradiotherapy as a treatment op-tion than stage II.Chemotherapy with radical cystectomy and chemoradiotherapy are both un-derutilized treatment options,though increasingly utilized.Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed significant differences between stage II and III tumors at each interval.A Cox proportional-hazards model showed differences in gender,tumor stage,treatment modality,age,andmarital status.Conclusion:Radical cystectomy alone is still the most commonly used treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer based on temporal trends.Significant disparities exist in those who receive radical cystectomy over chemoradiotherapy for treatment.

Strategies for intravesical drug delivery:From bladder physiological barriers and potential transport mechanisms

Intravesical drug delivery(IDD),as a noninvasive,local pathway of administration,has great clinical significance for bladder diseases,especially bladder cancer.Despite the many advantages of IDD such as enhanced focal drug exposure and avoidance of systemic adverse drug reactions,the effectiveness of drug delivery is greatly challenged by the physiological barriers of the bladder.In this review,the routes and barriers encountered in IDD are first discussed,and attention is paid to the potential internal/mucosal retention and absorption-transport mechanisms of drugs.On this basis,the avoidance,overcoming and utilization of the"three barriers"is further emphasized,and current design and fabrication strategies for intravesical drug delivery systems(IDDSs)are described mainly from the perspectives of constructing drug reservoirs,enhancing permeability and targeting,with the hope of providing systematic understanding and inspirations for the research of novel IDDSs and their treatment of bladder diseases.