Classification of Gastric Lesions Using Gabor Block Local Binary Patterns

The identification of cancer tissues in Gastroenterology imaging poses novel challenges to the computer vision community in designing generic decision support systems.This generic nature demands the image descriptors to be invariant to illumination gradients,scaling,homogeneous illumination,and rotation.In this article,we devise a novel feature extraction methodology,which explores the effectiveness of Gabor filters coupled with Block Local Binary Patterns in designing such descriptors.We effectively exploit the illumination invariance properties of Block Local Binary Patterns and the inherent capability of convolutional neural networks to construct novel rotation,scale and illumination invariant features.The invariance characteristics of the proposed Gabor Block Local Binary Patterns(GBLBP)are demonstrated using a publicly available texture dataset.We use the proposed feature extraction methodology to extract texture features from Chromoendoscopy(CH)images for the classification of cancer lesions.The proposed feature set is later used in conjuncture with convolutional neural networks to classify the CH images.The proposed convolutional neural network is a shallow network comprising of fewer parameters in contrast to other state-of-the-art networks exhibiting millions of parameters required for effective training.The obtained results reveal that the proposed GBLBP performs favorably to several other state-of-the-art methods including both hand crafted and convolutional neural networks-based features.

Simulation of Landscape Pattern of Old Growth Forests of Korean Pine By Block Kriging

The study area was located in Liangshui Natural Reserve. Xaoxing'an Mountains. Northeastern China. Korean pine forests are the typical forest ecosystems and landscapcs in this region. It is a high degrees of spatial and temporal hetcrogeneity at different scales, which effected on landscape pattern and processes. In this paper we used the data of 144 plots and semivariogram to analyze spatial heterogeneity of old growth forests of Korean pine in landscape level. Model for forest variations by isotropic semivariogram is linear with sill. The spatial heterogeneity is dependent on scales and dircctions in Korean pine forests. Patterns of forest types in space were resulted from complex interactions between physical and biological forces. We uscd 20 metres for interpolation interval to cstimate the values of unsampled area. Comparing the results with field data, block kriging and mapping are an cffective techniques to simulate landscape pattern.

On the Blocking Flow Patterns in the Euro–Atlantic Sector:A Simple Model Study

The flow patterns of Euro-Atlantic blocking events in winter are investigated by dividing the sector into three sub- regions： 60°-30°W （Greenland region）; 20°W-30°E [eastern Atlantic-Europe （EAE） region]; and 50°-90°E （Ural region）. It is shown that blocking events in winter are extremely frequent in the three sub-regions. Composite 500-mb geopotential height fields for intense and long-lived blocking events demonstrate that the blocking fields over Greenland and Ural regions exhibit southwest-northeast （SW-NE） and southeast-northwest （SE-NW） oriented dipole-type patterns, respectively, while the composite field over the EAE region exhibits an Ω-type pattern. The type of composite blocking pattern seems to be related to the position of the blocking region relative to the positive center of the climatological stationary wave （CSW） anomaly existing near 10°W. The physical cause of why there are different composite blocking types in the three sub-regions is identified using a nonlinear multiscale interaction model. It is found that when the blocking event is in almost the same position as the positive CSW anomaly, the planetary-scale field can exhibit an Ω-type pattern due to the enhanced positive CSW anomaly. Neverthe- less, a SW-NE （SE-NW） oriented dipole-type block can occur due to the reduced positive CSW anomaly as it is farther in the west （east） of the positive CSW anomaly. The total fields of blocking in the three regions may exhibit a meandering flow comprised of several isolated anticyclonic and cyclonic vortices, which resembles the Berggren-Bolin-Rossby meandering jet type.

Does the Luangwa Hippo Population Size and Density Distribution Vary between Upper and Lower Study Blocks? What Are the Management Implications of Such Distribution Pattern?

The pattern of population distribution of the common hippopotamus was examined along the 165 km stretch of the Luangwa River in eastern Zambia. The study area was divided between the upper (A-D) and lower (E-H) study blocks. Population data are collected between 1976-2008 and this study 2009-2012 showed a significant difference in the pattern of density distribution between upper and lower study blocks. Upper blocks had higher density of 41/km than lower blocks 29/km. Length of study blocks was discounted as density was used to determine distribution pattern. Results obtained suggest that primary production in each study block as influenced by river geomorphologic features such as river bends and confluences characterized higher hippopotamus density in the upper blocks. Further research is required to investigate other factors that may have interplayed with food (above ground grass biomass) and river meander features to separate upper and lower blocks.

Simple Metrics for Representing East Asian Winter Monsoon Variability:Urals Blocking and Western Pacific Teleconnection Patterns

Instead of conventional East Asian winter monsoon indices （EAWMIs）, we simply use two large-scale teleconnection patterns to represent long-term variations in the EAWM. First, the Urals blocking pattern index （UBI） is closely related to cold air advection from the high latitudes towards western Siberia, such that it shows an implicit linkage with the Siberian high intensity and the surface air temperature （SAT） variations north of 40°N in the EAWM region. Second, the well-known western Pacific teleconnection index （WPI） is connected with the meridional displacement of the East Asian jet stream and the East Asian trough. This is strongly related to the SAT variations in the coastal area south of 40°N in the EAWM region. The temperature variation in the EAWM region is also represented by the two dominant temperature modes, which are called the northern temperature mode （NTM） and the southern temperature mode （STM）. Compared to 19 existing EAWMIs and other well-known teleconnection patterns, the UBI shows the strongest correlation with the NTM, while the WPI shows an equally strong correlation with the STM as four EAWMIs. The UBI-NTM and WPI-STM relationships are robust when the correlation analysis is repeated by （1） the 31-year running correlation and （2） the 8-year high-pass and low-pass filter. Hence, these results are useful for analyzing the large-scale teleconnections of the EAWM and for evaluating this issue in climate models. Int particular, more studies should focus on the teleconnection patterns over extratropical Eurasia.

场所精神理论下传统街区文化空间呈现与感知

随着城市的快速发展,传统街区面临着文化空间的传承问题。地方文脉的传承,与地区空间格局的演变、空间特性的延续、人们对区域氛围的感知变化等问题密切相关。选择场所精神理论作为切入点,以北京天桥地区为例,使用质性研究中扎根理论三级编码和地理空间展示与分析方法,从空间格局演变、场所精神分析、文化空间的呈现与场所精神的传承三个方面,对城市传统街区文化空间呈现与感知问题进行研究。结果显示:人们对天桥地区的整体认知体现在“古今具有高知名度的艺术表演区域”这一内涵上。人们通过观看展览演出等活动,体验区域的整体空间氛围,进而感受地方文化。这样的游览模式,适合此类新旧文化空间同时呈现的传统街区。

Beam Pattern Scanning (BPS) versus Space-Time Block Coding (STBC) and Space-Time Trellis Coding (STTC)

In this paper, Beam Pattern Scanning (BPS), a transmit diversity technique, is compared with two well known transmit diversity techniques, space-time block coding (STBC) and space-time trellis coding (STTC). In BPS (also called beam pattern oscillation), controlled time varying weight vectors are applied to the antenna array elements mounted at the base station (BS). This creates a small movement in the antenna array pattern directed toward the desired user. In rich scattering environments, this small beam pattern movement creates an artificial fast fading channel. The receiver is designed to exploit time diversity benefits of the fast fading channel. Via the application of simple combining techniques, BPS improves the probability-of-error performance and network capacity with minimal cost and complexity. In this work, to highlight the potential of the BPS, we compare BPS and Space-Time Coding (i.e., STBC and STTC) schemes. The comparisons are in terms of their complexity, system physical dimension, network capacity, probability-of-error performance, and spectrum efficiency. It is shown that BPS leads to higher network capacity and performance with a smaller antenna dimension and complexity with minimal loss in spectrum efficiency. This identifies BPS as a promising scheme for future wireless communications with smart antennas.

城市街区单元绿地空间格局与植物群落碳汇效益优化研究

【目的】目前城市绿地已经进入存量发展阶段,如何在城市有限绿地空间条件下实现“碳中和”目标,合理布局低碳绿地空间格局,科学配置植物群落以增加生物多样性,成为目前城市绿地碳汇效益研究的重点和难点。【方法】以西安市碑林区和沣西新城的城市绿地空间格局为研究对象,对研究区域内街区单元的绿地空间格局进行分析并分类,探索街区单元绿地空间格局与碳汇量化关系,并从平面布局和垂直结构两方面提出城市街区单元绿地碳汇效益的优化方法,并选取碳储量最低的单核心辐射型街区单元的3个绿地样方进行碳汇效益优化设计。【结果】总结出4种西安市典型城市街区单元绿地空间格局模式,明晰了碳储量分布特征以及绿地空间格局对碳储量的影响机制,提出了城市街区单元绿地空间格局碳汇效益优化方法,发现碳储量与斑块类型面积(CA)、景观形状指数(LSI)呈极显著正相关关系,与聚集度(AI)呈极显著负相关关系。各类绿地空间格局碳储量大小为多核心辐射型>散点分布型或廊道穿越型>单核心辐射型,建议在单核心辐射型街区单元优化中增加植物群落层次结构,并增加高固碳植物种类及数量,提升样方内年固碳量。【结论】从中观尺度讨论街区单元绿地空间格局与植物群落碳汇效益之间的关系,使城市中小尺度绿地发挥应有的生态系统服务功能,探索街区单元绿地空间格局的构成要素与设计方法,为低碳绿地设计提供参考,提升城市街区单元内社区生活圈的人居环境质量。

EPS-棉秆纤维灌孔轻质复合砌块砌体的基本力学性能研究

为推广利用基于地方煤基固废资源和棉杆纤维资源的三低型复合砌块墙体结构在新疆地区村镇低层建筑中的工程应用,以砂浆强度和芯柱材料强度为变量,对57件(27件受压、30件受剪)复合砌体试件进行抗压和抗剪力学性能试验,并对试件的破坏过程、破坏形态特征、抗压及抗剪强度进行了分析。结果表明:当砂浆与砌块的强度比低于1.6时,砂浆强度的提升对三低型复合砌体的抗压强度影响较大;芯材部分对复合砌体抗压和抗剪强度贡献最大,且随着芯柱材料强度的提升,贡献持续增大。基于砌体实际强度测定方法,建立并拟合得出了适用于三低型砌块砌体的抗压强度、抗剪强度的平均值计算公式。这对了解EPS-棉秆纤维灌孔复合混凝土砌块砌体基本力学性能具有一定的参考价值,为其在实际工程中的应用提供科学的理论依据。

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘深部煤层气开发先导试验效果与启示

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘大宁-吉县区块深部煤层气勘探开发取得突破对煤层气产业带来重大影响,引起业内广泛关注和跟进。前期一些学者对深部煤层气勘探开发理论技术难点与对策开展了研究,但缺乏对典型气田开发先导试验系统总结。通过深入剖析深部煤层气地质特征与效益开发难点,总结大宁-吉县区块开发先导试验项目取得的进展和成效,明确开发规律并提出效益开发对策。结果表明:(1)深部煤层具有广覆式发育、含气性好、游离气含量高、保存条件好、煤体结构好、脆性指数高、顶底板封盖性强等地质特征,但微构造发育、渗透性极差、矿化度高等因素制约了深部煤层气效益开发;(2)不同地质条件下气井生产特征差异较大,通过先导试验落实气井产能和适应性开发技术对策,采用滚动开发模式可有效降低煤层强非均质性带来的开发风险;(3)开展地质-工程一体化井网优化设计,构建井网与缝网高度弥合的人造气藏,可实现资源动用和采收率最大化;(4)“长水平段+多段多簇+大砂量”的大规模、大排量极限体积压裂技术可增大有效改造体积和井控储量,大幅提高单井产量;(5)深部煤层气井具有“见气时间短、上产速度快、初期产量高、递减快”的生产特征,可实现短期快速规模上产,但气田长期稳产需持续新井投入;(6)前期开发成本偏高,实现效益开发需不断提高工程作业效率、降低开发成本。综合认为,深部煤层气资源品质好,可动用性强,具备快速推广复制条件,大宁-吉县区块深部煤层气开发实践可为国内其他区块深部煤层气规模动用提供技术借鉴,对加快深部煤层气规模勘探开发具有重要意义。

深部煤层孔隙结构与流体差异赋存特征研究

【目的】鄂尔多斯盆地东缘已打破深部煤层气勘探禁区,多个区块呈现“单点突破、区域差异开发”特征,深部煤储层孔裂隙结构作为流体赋存与产出的物质空间,对于深部煤层气区块差异开发至关重要。【方法】系统采集鄂尔多斯盆地东缘神府区块深部煤样品,基于常规孔渗物性测试、CO_(2)吸附、低温N2吸附、压汞和核磁共振等测试,以神府区块8+9号煤为例,系统总结深煤层孔隙结构及流体赋存模式。【结果和结论】结果表明:(1)深部煤孔隙结构差异较大,神府煤介孔−宏孔均发育,多为墨水瓶型和开放型孔。综合认为中阶煤孔隙结构的跨尺度效应稍有减弱,相对有利扩散、渗流。(2)中阶煤吸附能力降低,等温吸附曲线高压段曲线平缓,初期解吸效率低;含水饱和度增高,其介孔−宏孔的束缚水含量较高导致可动水孔隙率减小,降低了游离气的储集空间。(3)研究区存在“宏孔−微裂缝主控的游离气−自由水赋存”型、“微孔−介孔−宏孔主控的吸附气−束缚水赋存”型两类气水赋存模式,导致煤层气排采差异明显,其中“宏孔−微裂缝主控的游离气−自由水赋存”型是深部煤层气快速高产模式,该模式具有“见气时间短、中高产气、低产水”的生产特征,且由于应力对中大孔−微裂缝的伤害较强,建议该模式下的气井排采需适当控制排采速度以减小储层伤害,防止产量陡降;“微孔−介孔−宏孔主控的吸附气束缚水赋存”型模式具有“短期排水、缓慢见气”生产特征,排采仍需遵循“缓慢、连续”原则保证气井稳产;此外,由于孔隙以微孔、介孔为主,束缚水含量高,气井短期难获高产,需进一步探索加大压裂改造规模提高该类气藏产量。

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘韩城区块煤层气高产井地质主控因素

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘韩城区块煤层气资源丰富,受构造地质条件影响,不同构造分区的煤层气单井产能差异较大。为明确该区块煤层气高产井地质主控因素,基于构造、煤储层特征及煤层气富集控制因素,结合气田生产数据,对煤层气高产井的地质主控因素进行了剖析。研究结果表明:(1)煤层气井产能受“构造条件、水动力条件、煤体结构”三大因素控制,其中构造条件控制煤层气富集成藏,水动力条件影响煤层气保存,煤体结构影响煤储层渗透率;(2)区块内的煤层气高产井主要分布于次级构造发育区,地层水矿化度介于(2~11)×10^(3)mg/L,原生—碎裂煤平均厚度为4.4m,单井日产气量大于1000m^(3);(3)小断层或者微构造改善了煤储层的渗透性,尤其是次级构造高部位产生的裂隙,有利于煤层气解吸渗流,有利于煤层气高产;(4)在构造活动较剧烈的条件下,大断层附近易于形成煤层气逸散通道,不利于煤层气的保存。结论认为,鄂尔多斯盆地东缘韩城区块构造运动不但造就了各种构造形态,而且使煤体结构发生了变化,不同构造形态下的水动力条件也不同,因此构造运动对韩城区块煤层气井高产起到了极为重要的控制作用;该研究成果对韩城区块的煤层气开发调整具有一定的指导意义,对地质条件类似的煤层气区块具有借鉴意义。

WY区块深层页岩气井压后返排规律及制度研究

合理的深层页岩气井压后返排制度有利于改善单井产量、延长稳产周期。基于WY区块页岩气91口井的现场数据,采用重点井筛选、示踪剂分析、井例论证等方法,明确了返排规律,建立了WY区块页岩气压后返排制度。结果表明,压-焖-关(压裂+焖井+返排期间关井)和压-焖时间主要在500~1500 h之间,大部分井能在48 h内见气,见气返排率在1%以内;测试产量和稳产后半年单位压降产量随压-焖-关时间的增加先增加后减少,见稳产时间和见气时间随压-焖时间的增加而降低;产层为龙马溪组2小层的井,推荐压-焖-关时间为1000~1200 h;存在最优测试返排率,油嘴调整应该以“最优测试返排率、控砂、控压”为原则。研究结果为深层页岩气井压后排采制度的建立提供了新思路。

东昌府木版年画图案在现代服饰设计中应用探析

东昌府木版年画与人们日常服饰相结合进行设计创新,既能有效传承东昌府木版年画纹样特色,也能丰富现代服饰的设计语言。基于此,使用文献研究、图像考证与设计实践等研究方法,在对东昌府木版年画题材、特征等进行详细了解的前提下,以东昌府木版年画中的《童子捧花篮》图案为例,根据现代化设计原则应用现代illustrate设计工具,使用分解、提取、重构等方法对东昌府木版年画进行了连续式和独立式的创新图案设计,丰富了东昌府木版年画的表现形式;在分析几种传统和现代工艺的特点之后,将不同类型的东昌府木版年画创新图案与传统刺绣工艺、现代数码印花和热转印烫画工艺结合,应用到服饰上,在工艺手法上实现了传统与现代的碰撞。

江苏油田复杂小断块高含水油藏注采井网优化技术

江苏油田复杂小断块油藏经过长期的注水开发后,目前处于中高含水开发期。现阶段储层非均质性对注采井网的影响更加突出,局部存在低效无效注水循环问题,亟需优化调整注采井网。根据非均质油藏剩余油富集类型和影响因素,在原井网基础上,利用油藏数值模拟方法,开展相控条件下的注采井网优化技术政策研究。根据模拟结果,确立了抽稀井网和转注高含水油井两种注采井网优化技术的政策界限,指导陈2断块、韦2断块注采井网优化调整,取得了良好的应用效果,为改善高含水油藏水驱开发效果提供了技术支撑。

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘临兴−神府区块深部煤层气富集规律与勘探对策

【目的】鄂尔多斯盆地东缘以大宁−吉县区块为代表的高煤阶深部煤层气富集成藏规律已取得一定认识,但位于东缘北段的临兴−神府区块中煤阶深部煤层气勘探才刚起步,富集成藏规律认识还不够准确清晰,需要总结其富集成藏规律有效指导深部煤层气勘探开发。【方法】以临兴−神府区块太原组8+9号煤为研究对象,依据煤的烃源岩−储集层双重属性,开展了源储、生烃、富集和保存控制因素及其耦合关系研究。【结果和结论】结果表明:(1)研究区具有东西分带性,分为东部断阶带和西部平缓带,主体埋深超过1500 m。太原组8+9号煤层厚度大,微孔和宏孔发育,热演化程度中等、含气量整体较高,深部煤层气成藏条件优越,具备较大的资源勘探潜力。(2)研究区泥坪与分流间湾沉积微相煤层厚度大、镜质组含量高、煤层结构简单,随着热演化程度的增高,煤层含气量变大、气体中甲烷含量的占比显著增加,8+9号煤层温−压条件耦合控制的临界吸附带在1750 m左右,泥岩良好的封盖性、稳定的构造环境和封闭的水动力条件是煤层气富集的重要保障。(3)针对研究区地质条件的差异性,平缓带的煤层气富集区应加快勘探节奏,围绕探明储量区扩大勘探,同时加强该区深部煤层可压性研究,推动规模建产;断阶带的煤层气富集区应开展试采评价,加强离石走滑断裂带的压扭、张扭过渡区研究,以期获得储量发现。研究成果系统总结了临兴−神府区块中煤阶深部煤层气富集成藏规律,指导了富集区的优选,对推动该区效益勘探与规模开发具有积极意义。

柳沟区块层系调整及井网优化技术应用

为提高多层系油藏叠合发育区块开发效果,以柳沟区块为研究区,考虑投入产出比、井筒寿命及水淹规律,分析叠合区层系调整时机,利用数值模拟进行井网优化选择。结果表明,当油井成本大于收益、套损井平均生产年限为12年及快速水淹时宜进行研究区层系调整;选择反七点井网调整时研究区采收率最高;通过井网调整,注采对应率明显提高(21%),水驱动用程度明显提高(42.22%),自然递减率明显下降(11.77%下降为6.58%),最终采收率明显增加(6.02%),技术可采储量明显增加(85.75×10^(4)t)。该研究可对柳沟区块及同类区块的有效开发提供理论指导。

Improvement of the Fit of Bra Prototypes Developed Based on the Existing Bodice Blocks for Adult Women

An in-depth study of bra pattern designs based on the existing bodice blocks was conducted to improve bra fit.The two popular bra prototypes,D's and Y's prototypes developed based on the existing bodice blocks for adult women,were first analyzed to understand their structural differences.Four bra samples were created and modified with respect to the standard shape and size of 75 B female mannequin breasts to compare the fit of the two bra prototypes.The fitness of these four bra samples was then tested on the mannequin and also on a real model of the same size.The examples demonstrated in the paper illustrate the principles and procedures for designing good-fit bras,and the bodice blocks using to develop bra prototypes in this study can also be replaced and widespread applied in other kind of bodice blocks in the future.

GIS-based analysis of fault patterns in urban areas： A case study of Irkutsk city, Russia

The capabilities of GIS in modeling fault patterns are explored for Irkutsk city in East Siberia with implications for ground stability. The neotectonic structure of the area is visualized in three dimension （3D） taking into account fault dips, using the ArcGIS, GlobalMapper and Paradigm Geophysical packages. The study area is divided into blocks of different size classes according to the length-based ranks of the bounding faults, which are of five classes distinguished with the equal interval method. The blocks show different deformation patterns, with different densities and strikes of crossing and bounding faults. The data are statistically processed using GIS to estimate the deformation degrees of blocks in arbitrary units per square kilometer using the attributes of rank and crossing/bounding position of faults and the size of blocks. The deformation degrees are then compared with available estimates of ground stability measured as a score of points corresponding to destabilizing factors. Although the comparison generally confirms some linkage between the deformation degree of blocks and their ground stability, the correlation is intricate and ambiguous. In order to enhance the advantages of GIS in building and analyzing 3D models of fault patterns for estimating ground stability and mitigating geological hazards, it is expected in the future to proceed from the reported initial step of visualization to more advanced analysis.

柳10断块沙三^(5)油藏开发技术政策研究

柳10断块沙三^(5)为复杂断块油藏,油砂体范围小,水驱控制程度低且以单向水驱为主,目前断块注采井网极不完善,采出程度仅14.2%,综合含水达到92.7%。急需调整开发技术政策,提高水驱开发效果。在三维地质建模的基础上,结合油藏数值模拟分析砂层的剩余油储量分布情况,剩余可采储量大于1×10^(4)t的小层有21个,柳10断块沙三^(5)油藏有一定的开采潜力。调整方案采用三角形七点法井网,生产井距控制在150~200m,生产压差控制在12-14MPa,单井注入量150m^(3)/d。利用14口老井,补充13口新井,层系纵向上划分为三段,以“加密井网,分段开采;先分后合,接替稳产”的方式进行开采。调整方案实施后,预计总体水驱控制程度可达61.4%,新建产能1.89×10^(4)t,预计增加可采储量20×10^(4)t,经济论证与评价指标达到了行业标准,有一定的盈利能力。