Evaluation of the Three Glucometer Devices Performance in Comparison with the Cobas Integra 400 Plus Autoanalyzer in Measuring Blood Glucose Levels: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the performance of the three glucometers compared to standard the laboratory method (Cobas Integra 400 Plus) in measuring blood glucose levels. Patients and Methods: A total of 100 Yemeni diabetic patients were randomly recruited into a comparative cross-sectional study. Venous and finger-pricked blood samples were obtained from all participants and used for blood glucose levels measurement following the standard procedures. Results: The mean blood glucose levels for one-hundred diabetic patients using the Gluco Contour TS and Gluco SD Codefree were not significantly different compared with the Cobas Integra 400 Plus (12.14 ± 6.89 mmol/L vs. 12.85 ± 8.83 mmol/L, P = 0.159;12.50 ± 7.18 mmol/L vs. 12.85 ± 8.83 mmol/L, P = 0.490), respectively. However, there is a significant difference using the Gluco Alert device from that of the Cobas Integra 400 Plus (11.83 ± 6.94 mmol/L vs. 12.85 ± 8.83 mmol/L, P = 0.046). Furthermore, using the ROC curve at a 95% confidence interval, the Cobas Integra 400 Plus showed a significant agreement with the Gluco Contour TS (51.4%), Gluco SD Codefree (50.4%), and Gluco Alert (39.3%), respectively. For determining accuracy, the sensitivity of the glucometer devices was the following: Gluco SD Codefree (87.3%), Contour TS (85.9%), and Gluco Alert (78.9%). In this regard, the highest specificity was related to Gluco Contour TS (65.5%). Conclusion: The correlation between both methods was good, with high sensitivity and specificity in measuring blood glucose levels as indicated by the ROC curve. Thus, we suggest using these glucometers at homes and hospitals as a point of care for diabetic patients.

Parsimonious Model for Blood Glucose Level Monitoring in Type 2 Diabetes patients

To establish the parsimonious model for blood glucose monitoring in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving oral hypoglycemic agent treatment. One hundred and fifty-nine adult Chinese type 2 diabetes patients were randomized to receive rapid-acting or sustained-release gliclazide therapy for 12 weeks.

Effect of Konjac Food on Blood Glucose Level in Patients with Diabetes

Seventy-two type II diabetic subjects were given Konjac food for 65 days. The data analyzed by multiple F test indicate that the fasting blood glucose (FBG) and the 2-h postprandial blood glucose (PBG) on the 30th and the 65th days after the food was ingested were significantly reduced (P = 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively), as was the glycosylated hemoglobin level at the end of the trial (P < 0.05). The final FBG and PBG of the subjects with initial FBG-O >200 mg% decreased on the average by 51.8 and 84.6 mg%. respectively; those with FBG-0 150-200 mg% decreased by 24.1 and 68.7 mg%; and those with FBG-O < 150 mg% decreased by 4.8 and 21.4 mg%. No significant changes in blood lipid indexes were observed, except that the triglycer-ide values of subjects with hypertriglyceridemia (>200 mg%) significantly decreased by 118.7 mg%. It was concluded that Konjac food is very useful in the prevention and treatment of hyperglycemia. (C)1990 Academic Press. Inc.

An inherent acceleratory effect of insulin on small intestinal transit and its pharmacological characterization in normal mice

AIM： To study an inherent effect of insulin on small intestinal transit and to explore involvement of various systems/mechanisms in normal mice. METHODS： Insulin at the doses of 2 μU/kg, 2 mU/kg, 2 U/kg or vehicle was subcutaneously administered to four groups of overnight fasted normal male mice. Blood glucose （BG） levels were measured 2 min before insulin administration and 2 min before sacrificing the animals for the measurement of small intestinal transit （SIT）. Charcoal meal was administered （0.3 mL） intragastrically 20 min after insulin administration and animals were sacrificed after 20 min and SIT was determined. For exploration of the various mechanisms involved in insulin-induced effect on SIT, the dose of insulin which can produce a significant acceleration of SIT without altering BG levels was determined. The following drugs, atropine （1 mg/kg）, clonidine （0.1 mg/kg）, ondansetron （1 mg/kg）, naloxone （5 mg/kg）, verapamil （8 mg/kg） and glibenclamide （10 mg/kg）, were administered intravenously 10 min prior to the administration of insulin （2 μU/kg）. RESULTS： The lower doses of insulin （2 μU/kg and 2 mU/kg） produced a significant acceleration of SIT from 52.0% to 70.7% and 73.5% without lowering blood glucose levels （P〈0.01）, while the highest dose of insulin （2 U/kg） produced a fall in blood glucose levels which was also associated with significant acceleration of SIT （P〈0.01）. After pretreatment of insulin （2 μU/kg） group with atropine, insulin could reverse 50% of the inhibition produced by atropine. In clonidine-pretreated group, insulin administration could reverse only 37% of the inhibition produced by clonidine and inhibition of SIT was significant compared with vehicle ＋ insulintreated group, i.e. from 74.7% to 27.7% （P〈0.01）. In ondansetron-pretreated group, insulin administration could produce only mild acceleration of SIT （23.5%）. In naloxone-pretreated group, insulin administration could significantly reverse the inhibition of SIT produced by naloxone when compared with naloxoneperse group, i.e. from 32.3% to 53.9% （P〈0.01）. In verapamil-pretreated group, insulin administration could only partially reverse the inhibition （65%）. In glibenclamide-pretreated group, insulin administration produced further acceleration of SIT （12.2%）. CONCLUSION： Insulin inherently possesses an acceleratory effect on SIT in normal mice. Adrenergic and cholinergic systems can play a significant role. Calcium channels and opioidergic system can play a supportive role; in addition, enhancement of endogenous insulin release can augment the effect of exogenously administered insulin on SIT.

Improved performance of naringenin herbosomes over naringenin in streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats: In vitro and in vivo evaluation

Objective:To prepare naringenin herbosome and evaluate its antidiabetic activity.Methods:Herbosomes were prepared by the solvent evaporation method.In vitro parameters like particle size,polydispersity index,zeta potential,and entrapment efficiency were estimated and in vitro diffusion study was performed.The in vivo studies were also performed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Sprague Dawley rats to evaluate blood glucose,total cholesterol,triglyceride,blood urea nitrogen,total protein,albumin level,aspartate aminotransferase,and alanine aminotransferase levels.Results:The optimized herbosome batch showed a particle size of 564.4 nm,a polydispersity index of 0.412,and zeta potential of−39.3 mV.The percentage entrapment of this formulation was 84.04%,with complete drug release within 8 h.Treatment of diabetic rats with naringenin herbosomes for 28 d significantly reduced the elevated level of plasma glucose as compared to plain naringenin.In biochemical parameters,the treatment showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol,triglyceride,and blood urea nitrogen;while elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were returned to normal.Pure naringenin and herbosome formulation at high dose increased the total protein whereas albumin level significantly increased in naringenin herbosomes at the highest dose but not in the pure naringenin treatment group.Conclusions:Naringenin herbosomes could improve the metabolic profile of diabetic rats,indicating enhanced antidiabetic activity of herbosome formulation.

Cesarean Section Rate in Singleton Primiparae and Related Factors in Beijing, China

Background： The cesarean section rate （CSR） bas been a main concern worldwide. The present study aimed to investigate the CSR in Beijing, China, and to analyze the related lactors of CS delivery. Methods： An observational study was conducted in 15 medical centers in Beijing using a systemic cluster sampling naethod. In total, 15, 194 pregnancies were enrolled in the study between ,lune 20, 2013 and November 30, 2013. Independent t-tests and Pearson＇s Chi-square test were nsed to examine differences between two groups, and related factors of the CSR were examined by multivariable logistic regression. Results： The CSR was 41.9% （4471/10,671） in singleton primiparae. Women who were more than 35 years old had a 7.4-fold increased risk of CS delivery compared with women 〈25 years old （odd ratio [OR] 7.388, 95% confidence interval [Cl] = 5.561-9.816, P 〈 0.001 ）. Prepregnancy obese women had a 2-1bid increased risk of CS delivery compared with prepregnancy normal weight women （OR = 2.058. 95% CI = 1.640-2.584, P〈 0.001 ）. The excessive weight gain group had a 1.4-fold increased risk of CS delivery compared with the adequate weight gain group （OR 1.422, 95% CI = 1.289 1.568, P〈 0.001 ）. Gestational diabetes mellitus （GDM） women and DM women had an increased risk of CS delivery （ 1.2- and 1.7-fold, respectively） compared with normal blood glucose women. Women who were born in rural areas had a lower risk of CS delivery than did those who were born in urban areas （OR 0.696, 95% CI = 0.625-0.775, P 〈 0.001 ）. The risk of CS delivery gradually increased with a decreasing education level. Neonates weighing 3000-3499 g had the lowest CSR （36.2%）. Neonates weighing 〈2500 g had a 2-fold increased risk of CS delivery compared with neonates weighing 3000 3499 g （OR - 2.020, 95% CI=1.537 2.656, P 〈 0.001 ）. Neonates weighing ≥4500 g had an 8.3-fold increased risk of CS delivery compared with neonates weighing 3000-3499 g （OR = 8.313.95% CI= 4.436-15.579, P 〈 0.001）. Conclusions： Maternal age, prepregnancy body mass index, geslational weight gain, blood glncose levels, residence, education level, and singleton fetal birth weight arc all factors that might significantly affect the CSR.