Interpretation Criteria for Standardized Western Blot for the Predominant Species of Borrelia Burgdorferi Sensu Lato in China

Objective Western blotting （WB;immunoblotting） is a widely used tool for the serodiagnosis of Lyme borreliosis （LB）,but so far,no generally accepted criteria for its performance and interpretation have been established in China.The present study was designed to determine the criteria for standardized Western blot for the predominant species of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in China,in which WB was produced with strain PD91 as the representative strain attributed to predominant genospecies Borrelia garinii of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.Methods Approximately 13 bands between 14 and 100 kD were differentiated for strain PD91 by using Gel-Pro analysis software.In a study with 631 serum samples （taken from 127 patients with Lyme borreliosis and 504 controls）,all observed bands were documented.To establish criteria for a positive WB result for strain PD91,receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curves were used.Results The following interpretation criteria were recommended：for IgG,at least one band of P83/100,P58,P39,P30,OspC,P17,P66,and OspA;for IgM,at least one band of P83/100,P58,OspA,P30,OspC,P17 or P41.In addition,syphilis,leptospirosis and other related diseases should be excluded when the positive band is P41 in IgM.For IgG criteria,the sensitivity is 73.2%,the specificity is 99.4% and Youden index is 0.726;for IgM criteria,the sensitivity is 50.6%,the specificity is 93.1% and Youden index is 0.437.Conclusion Standardization of WB assays is necessary for comparison of results from different laboratories.Moreover,the criteria of other genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato should be determined in the future to complete the criteria of WB for the diagnosis of the Lyme disease in China.

用 Western Blot 法鉴定感染鸡外周血淋巴细胞中马立克氏病毒抗原

马立克氏病毒是鸡的一种高度致肿瘤性疱疹病毒，主要以淋巴瘤为特征，有关该病毒的致病机理还不清楚。本研究利用澳大利亚分离的ＭＤＶ致病毒株ＭＰＦ５７感染１日龄ＳＰＦ雏鸡，并在感染后４周对其外周血淋巴细胞中的ＭＤＶ特异性抗原进行了检测。结果表明，临床上呈急性感染并伴有明显症状的鸡的外周血淋巴细胞中的ＭＤＶ抗原分子量主要为２８、７３、６０和４９ｋＤａ；而无明显症状的鸡的外周血淋巴细胞中的ＭＤＶ抗原分子量主要为７３ｋＤａ。试验证明，Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ是一种较好的检测病毒抗原的方法，可以检测到荧光抗体方法检测不到的淋巴细胞中的ＭＤＶ特异抗原。

A Study of the Technique of Western Blot for Diagnosis of Lyme Disease caused by Borrelia afzelii in China

Objective To study the technique of Western blot for the diagnosis of Lyme disease caused by Borrelia afzelii in China and to establish the standard criteria by operational procedure. Methods FP1, which is the representative strain of B. afzelii in China, was analyzed by SDS-PAGE, electro transfer and irnmunoblotting assays. The molecular weights of the protein bands of FP1 were analyzed by Gel-Pro analysis software. In a study using 451 serum samples （159 patients with Lyme disease and 292 controls）, all observed bands were recorded. The accuracy of the WB as a diagnostic test was established by using the ROC curve and Youden index. Results Criteria for a positive diagnosis of Lyme disease were established as at least one band of P83/100, P58, P39, OspB, OspA, P30, P28, OspC, P17, and P14 in the IgG test and at least one band of P83/100, P58, P39, OspA, P30, P28, OspC, P17, and P41 in the IgM test. For IgG criteria, the sensitivity, specificity and Youden index were 69.8%, 98.3%, and 0.681, respectively; for IgM criteria, the sensitivity, specificity and Youden index were 47%, 94.2%, and 0.412, respectively.

Analysis of Protoscoleces-specific Antigens from Echinococcus Granulosus with Proteomics Combined with Western Blot

Objective To establish and optimize the proteomic analysis of protoscoleces-specific antigens from Echinococcus granulosus. To provide a foundation for identifying specific antigens in the soluble proteins of E. granulosus protoscoleces for further research. Methods Brood capsules were collected aseptically from fertile E. granulosus cysts from the livers of an infected patient. The fertile E. granulosus cysts were fractured, and protoscoleces were collected by centrifugation. The soluble proteins of protoscoleces were acquired using the 2D Quant kit according to the manufacturer＇s instructions. We employed two-dimensional electrophoresis （2-DE） combined with immunoblot assay （Western blot） to analyze the soluble components of E. granulosus protoscoleces antigens. The 2-DE and immunoblot maps obtained were analyzed with PDQuest 8.0 image analysis software. Results About 233 soluble protein spots were identified with Coomassie-stained gels. Most of the proteins had a molecular weight of 16 000 Da to 117 000 Da, and an isoelectric point value of 3.0 to 10.0. 2-DE immunoblot was conducted and 57 specific antigen spots were observed, among which 23 spots were identified. Conclusion 2-DE combined with Western blot is the key to successful proteomic analysis and presents a new possibility for searching the specific E. granulosus protoscoleces antigens.

Study of penetration mechanism of labrasol on rabbit cornea by Ussing chamber, RT-PCR assay, Western blot and immunohistochemistry

Labrasol, as a non-ionic surfactant, can enhance the permeation and absorption of drugs, and is extensively used in topical, transdermal, and oral pharmaceutical preparations as an emulsifier and absorption enhancer. Recent studies in our laboratory have indicated that labrasol has a strong absorption enhancing effect on different types of drugs in vitro and in vivo. This study was performed to further elucidate the action mechanism of labrasol on the corneal penetration. In this research, the fluorescein sodium, a marker of passive paracellular transport of tight junction, was selected as the model drug to assess the effect of labrasol on in vitro corneal permeability. To investigate the continuous and real-time influence of labrasol on the membrane permeability and integrity, the Ussing chamber system was applied to monitor the electrophysiological parameters. And, furthermore, we elucidated the effect of labrasol on excised cornea at the molecular level by application of RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemical staining. The results indicated that labrasol obviously enhance the transcorneal permeability of fluorescein sodium, and the enhancement was realized by interacting with and down-regulating the associated proteins, such as Factin, claudin-1 and β-catenin, which were contributed to cell-cell connections, respectively.

利用生物素标记法和 Western blotting技术检测血小板膜糖蛋白

为了建立一种简便的血小板膜糖蛋白检测方法,用生物素标记血小板膜糖蛋白,然后用westernblotting法进行检测。结果显示生物素可标记十几种血小板膜糖蛋白。用以标记的生物素浓度以5mmol/L较为适宜。在Western blotting图谱上,血小板无力症患者的膜糖蛋白Ⅱb、Ⅲa与正常对照相比明显减少。结果提示该方法可用于血小板膜糖蛋白减少性疾病的检测。

Expression of Elk-1 in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Detected by Western Blot and Tissue Microarray

Objective： The aim of this study was to investigate the Elk-1 （Ets like transcription factor-1） expression in non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC） and normal lung tissues and the relationship between its expression and clinicopathological characters. Methods： To observe Elk-1 expression, western blot and immunochemistry （IHC） on tissue microarray （TMA） containing 118 lung cancers and their corresponding normal tissues were used. Results： In western blot and IHC on TMA, Elk-1 was highly expressed in NSCLC, while its expression was almost undetectable in normal lung tissues. Elk- 1 expression in NSCLC had no relationship with the patients＇ age, gender, smoking status and histological type, but had relationship with the differentiation degree, clinical stages and lymphonode metastasis. The expression was lower in early stage group （Ⅰ＋Ⅱ） than in advanced stage group （Ⅲ）, and lower in well-moderately differentiated group than in poorly differentiated group. The same trend was seen with lymphonode metastasis. Conclusion： The progression of NSCLC may be related with the increased Elk-1 expression, and Elk-1 may be regarded as a prognostic factor for NSCLC tissues.

Voltage profile generation for simultaneous multi-protein detection in western blot analysis

Western blotting is a popular technique for examining expression levels of proteins using gel-based electrophoretic fractionation followed by blotting and antibody reactions. Although this is a mature technique, one of the major limitations is the need to prepare an individual electrophoretic gel for each of the protein species to be analyzed. Since most analyses require the detection of multiple protein species, a procedure that allows utilization of a single gel for detecting multiple protein species should significantly save time and resources. In this paper, we developed a novel multiprotein detection device, which enabled simultaneous detection of several proteins species from a single electrophoretic gel. In this device, a protein transfer unit utilized a multi-anode plate that generated a non-uniform voltage profile. This voltage profile enabled uniform transfer regardless of molecular mass of proteins. In vitro experiments using samples, isolated from boneforming osteoblast cells, showed that the expression levels of 5 - 7 different proteins were detectable in the presence and absence of mechanical stimulation that activated genes necessary for bone formation. The result supports the notion that through simultaneous detection of multiple protein species, the described device contributes to reduction in procedural time and sample amounts, as well as a removal of variations among multiple gels.

Comparison of indirect immunofluorescence and western blot method in the diagnosis of hantavirus infections

BACKGROUND Serologic cross-reactivity between hantaviruses often complicates the interpretation of the results.AIM To analyze the diagnostic value of indirect immunofluorescence assay(IFA)and western blot(WB)in the diagnosis of hantavirus infections.METHODS One hundred eighty-eight serum samples from Puumala(PUUV)and Dobrava(DOBV)orthohantavirus infected patients were analyzed.Serology was performed using commercial tests(Euroimmun,Lübeck,Germany).RESULTS Using IFA,49.5%of acute-phase samples showed a monotypic response to PUUV,while 50.5% cross-reacted with other hantaviruses.The overall cross-reactivity was higher for immunoglobulin G(IgG)(50.0%)than for immunoglobulin M(IgM)(25.5%).PUUV IgM/IgG antibodies showed low/moderate reactivity with orthohantaviruses Hantaan(12.3%/31.5%),Seoul(7.5%/17.8%),DOBV(5.4%/28.1%),and Saaremaa(4.8%/15.7%).Both DOBV IgM and IgG antibodies were broadly reactive with Hantaan(76.2%/95.2%),Saaremaa(80.9%/83.3%),and Seoul(78.6%/85.7%)and moderate with PUUV(28.5%/38.1%).Using a WB,serotyping was successful in most cross-reactive samples(89.5%).CONCLUSION The presented results indicate that WB is more specific than IFA in the diagnosis of hantavirus infections,confirming serotype in most IFA cross-reactive samples.

Detection of H pylori infection by ELISA and Western blot techniques and evaluation of anti CagA seropositivity in adult Turkish dyspeptic patients

AIM: To detect H pylori infection and to evaluate the anti CagA seropositivity in adult Turkish dyspeptic patients. METHODS: We evaluated anti-H pylori IgA, IgG and anti-CagA antibodies using commercial enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) and Western blot in dyspeptic Turkish patients. H pylori status was determined by histology and rapid urease testing. RESULTS: Fifty-six patients were entered. Forty-eight (85.7%) out of the 56 patients were positive for H pylori. H pylori IgG seropositivity was 82.1%, IgA seropositivity 48.2%. CagA ELISA showed that IgG was positive in 50% and IgA in 30.4% of those with H pylori infections. Western blot showed that IgG seropositivity was 80.4% and IgA seropositivity 33.9%. Western blot detected IgG antibodies with reactivity to CagA in 50%, VacA in 62.5%, UreB in 87.5%, UreA in 80.4%, and OMP in 57.1%. None of the tests had a sensitivity and specifi city above 80%. CONCLUSION: None of these commercial tests seems clinically useful for H pylori detection in adult dyspeptic patients, while Western blot can give seropositivity and determine anti-CagA, VacA virulence factor status of Turkish dyspeptic patients in the Izmir region.

以结果验证为导向的中医学八年制Western Blot实践教学

“实验中医学”是海军军区大学中医学八年制学员的主干课程。其中Western Blot是研究蛋白水平的基本方法,也是学员所必须掌握的实验研究方法。本课程以结果验证为导向的教学方式革新,最大限度压缩每个步骤的操作时间,聚焦于让学员完成最多的实验步骤,力求实验的完整性。该方法可在一堂课完成实验,展示结果并进行分析讨论。该教学方式有助于在最短时间内掌握完整的Western Blot实验技术,值得进一步推广应用。

Quantitative effect of kerogen type on the hydrocarbon generation potential of Paleogene lacustrine source rocks,Liaohe Western Depression,China

Kerogen types exert a decisive effect on the onset and capacity of hydrocarbon generation of source rocks.Lacustrine source rocks in the Liaohe Western Depression are characterized by thick deposition,high total organic carbon(TOC)content,various kerogen types,and a wide range of thermal maturity.Consequently,their hydrocarbon generation potential and resource estimation can be misinterpreted.In this study,geochemical tests,numerical analysis,hydrocarbon generation kinetics,and basin modeling were integrated to investigate the differential effects of kerogen types on the hydrocarbon generation potential of lacustrine source rocks.Optimized hydrocarbon generation and expulsion(HGE)models of different kerogen types were established quantitatively upon abundant Rock-Eval/TOC/vitrinite reflectance(R_(o))datasets.Three sets of good-excellent source rocks deposited in the fourth(Es4),third(Es3),and first(Es1)members of Paleogene Shahejie Formation,are predominantly types I-II_(1),II_(1)-II_(2),and II-III,respectively.The activation energy of types I-II_(2)kerogen is concentrated(180-230 kcal/mol),whereas that of type III kerogen is widely distributed(150-280 kcal/mol).The original hydrocarbon generation potentials of types I,II_(1),II_(2),and III kerogens are 790,510,270,and 85 mg/g TOC,respectively.The Ro values of the hydrocarbon generation threshold for type I-III source rocks gradually increase from 0.42%to 0.74%,and Ro values of the hydrocarbon expulsion threshold increase from 0.49%to 0.87%.Types I and II_(1)source rocks are characterized by earlier hydrocarbon generation,more rapid hydrocarbon expulsion,and narrower hydrocarbon generation windows than types II_(2)and III source rocks.The kerogen types also affect the HGE history and resource potential.Three types(conventional,tight,and shale oil/gas)and three levels(realistic,expected,and prospective)of hydrocarbon resources of different members in the Liaohe Western Depression are evaluated.Findings suggest that the Es3 member has considerable conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon resources.This study can quantitatively characterize the hydrocarbon generation potential of source rocks with different kerogen types,and facilitate a quick and accurate assessment of hydrocarbon resources,providing strategies for future oil and gas exploration.

Quality of life and survival analyses of breast cancer cases treated with integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine

BACKGROUND Breast cancer(BC)is the second leading cause of tumor-related mortality after lung cancer.Chemotherapy resistance remains a major challenge to progress in BC treatment,warranting further exploration of feasible and effective alternative therapies.AIM To analyzed the quality of life(QoL)and survival of patients with BC treated with integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine(TCM-WM).METHODS This study included 226 patients with BC admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine between February 2018 and February 2023,including 100 who received conventional Western medicine treatment(control group)and 126 who received TCM-WM treatment(research group).The total effective rate,side effects(alopecia,nausea and vomiting,hepatorenal toxicity,and myelosuppression),QoL assessed using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality of Life Questionnaire(EORTC QLQ-C30),1-year overall survival(OS),recurrence and metastasis rates,and serum inflammatory factors[interleukin(IL)-6,IL-10,and tumor necrosis factor alpha]were comparatively analyzed.RESULTS The research group showed statistically better overall efficacy,EORTC QoL-C30 scores,and 1-year OS than the control group,with markedly lower side effects and 1-year recurrence and metastasis rates.Moreover,the posttreatment levels of serum inflammatory in the research group were significantly lower than the baseline and those in the control group.CONCLUSION Overall,TCM-WM demonstrated significantly improved therapeutic efficacy while ensuring drug safety in BC,which not only improved patients’QoL and prolonged survival,but also significantly inhibited the inflammatory response.

Application of multidisciplinary team-based integrated traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine in rotator cuff injury patients undergoing arthroscopic surgery

BACKGROUND Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair is a common surgical treatment for rotator cuff injuries(RCIs).Although this procedure has certain clinical advantages,it requires rehabilitation management interventions to ensure therapeutic efficacy.AIM To investigate the effect of integrated traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine(TCM-WM)under the multidisciplinary team(MDT)model on the postoperative recovery of patients undergoing arthroscopic surgery for RCIs.METHODS This study enrolled 100 patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair for RCIs at the Seventh People’s Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine between June 2021 and May 2024.They were divided into a control group(n=48)that received routine rehabilitation treatment and an experimental group(n=52)that received TCM-WM under the MDT model(e.g.,acupuncture,TCM traumatology and orthopedics,and rehabilitation).The results of the Constant–Murley Shoulder Score(CMS),Visual Analogue Scale(VAS),Shoulder Pain and Disability Index(SPADI),muscular strength evaluation,and shoulder range of motion(ROM)assessments were analyzed.RESULTS After treatment,the experimental group showed significantly higher CMS scores in terms of pain,functional activity,shoulder joint mobility,and muscular strength than the baseline and those of the control group.The experimental group also exhibited significantly lower VAS and SPADI scores than the baseline and those of the control group.In addition,the experimental group showed significantly enhanced muscular strength(forward flexor and external and internal rotator muscles)and shoulder ROM(forward flexion,abduction,and lateral abduction)after treatment compared with the control group.CONCLUSION TCM-WM under the MDT model improved shoulder joint function,relieved postoperative pain,promoted postoperative functional recovery,and facilitated the recovery of muscular strength and shoulder ROM in patients with RCIs who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.

Research Progress on Combined Chinese and Western Medicine Treatment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia in Children

With the continuous development of medical technology,combined treatment of Chinese and Western medicine has gradually become a research hotspot.As a common disease in pediatrics,the treatment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia(MPP)in children is also being explored and improved.This article summarizes the research progress of combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment of MPP in children in recent years,aiming to provide a useful reference for the combined treatment of MPP in children.The article firstly introduces the etiology and pathogenesis of MPP in children,thereafter briefly introduces the Western anti-infective treatment and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)diagnosis and treatment of MPP in children,and lastly introduces the methods of combined treatment of TCM and Western medicine in detail.The article points out that the combination of Chinese and Western medicine can give full play to the overall regulation of Chinese medicine and the precise treatment advantages of Western medicine,improve the therapeutic effect,reduce the use of antibiotics,and lower the recurrence rate of the disease,which is worthy of further research and promotion.

A Case Report on Treating Progressive Supranuclear Palsy with a Combination of Chinese and Western Medicine

A case of progressive supranuclear palsy in a 66-year-old woman is presented.The patient complained of“progressive stiffness of both lower limbs for five years,accompanied by choking and coughing for more than 1 year,”and was diagnosed with paralysis in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),which was characterized by a deficiency of liver and kidney,and phlegm and blood stasis blocking the collaterals.Western medicine diagnosed it as progressive supranuclear palsy.The patient was diagnosed with“Parkinson’s disease”several times in the past and was given“polybasic hydrazide”and“amantadine hydrochloride tablets,”etc.The patient did not have significant symptomatic relief,so she sought further treatment with a combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine.Based on the concept of deficiency and excess,this disease is categorized as a paralytic disease in Chinese medicine,and the onset of the disease is closely related to the deficiency of the body after a long period of illness,with wind,phlegm,blood stasis,and deficiency as the main pathogenetic mechanism.The treatment is based on the combination of disease and evidence,with traditional Chinese medicine and acupuncture as the main treatments,supplemented by intermediate-frequency pulsed electrical stimulation,transcranial repetitive magnetic stimulation,medicated canisters,wax therapy,traditional Chinese medicine guasha,and acupoint injections.Western medicine is based on symptomatic treatment,and the patient’s symptoms were relieved significantly after the combination of Chinese and Western medicine.

重组N蛋白抗原检测PRRSV抗体ELISA的研究 Ⅳ.与IDEXXELISA试剂盒及Westernblot的比较

利用重组N蛋白抗原建立了检测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)抗体的ELISA方法并组装成试剂盒,将试制的3批试剂盒分别与IDEXX生产的试剂盒及Western-blot进行了符合率试验。试验结果表明,所研制的试剂盒与Westernblot的符合率达97.67%以上。对460份临床血清分别用自制的试剂盒和IDEXX公司生产的试剂盒进行检测,其中有37份不相符合,用Westernblot对这37份血清进行验证,有35份血清检测结果与自制的试剂盒检测结果一致。由此表明,自行研制的试剂盒,其特异性和敏感性均能满足目前临床上该疫病的流行病学分析或免疫抗体检测。

定量PCR和Western blot结合检测回药爱康方对肺癌细胞EGFR、NF-κB的表达影响

目的:探讨定量PCR和Western blot结合检测对Lewis肺癌C57小鼠瘤细胞表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)、NF-κB表达影响,观察该方对调节癌细胞信号转导作用机制。方法:小鼠自接种瘤株细胞24 h后称重、编号,随机分为8组,每组5只,分别为:1回药高剂量组(AKH);2荷瘤模型组(对照组);3回药中剂量组(AKM);4单纯化疗药组(CTX组);5回药中剂量组加化疗组(AKM+CTX);6回药低剂量加化疗药组(AKL+CTX);7回药低剂量组(AKL);8回药高剂量加化疗药组(AKH+CTX)。采用RT-PCR和western blot方法检测小鼠组织样本中EGFR、NF-κBm RNA转录水平和蛋白质表达的变化情况。结果:实时荧光定量PCR结果显示:与模型组小鼠比较,给予回药爱康方,高、中、低剂量干预后,小鼠瘤细胞中EGFR m RNA表达水平显著下调(P<0.01),而低剂量对NF-κBm RNA的表达水平无统计学差异(P>0.05),给予回药爱康方,高+CTX、中+CTX、低+CTX、CTX后,小鼠瘤细胞中EGFR表达水平显著下调(P<0.01),小鼠瘤细胞中NF-κBm RNA表达水平显著上调(P<0.01);与模型组比较,给予回药爱康方高、中、低剂量干预后,Lewis肺癌C57小鼠EGFR、NF-κB蛋白表达水平无统计学差异性(P>0.05),给予回药爱康方高+CTX、中+CTX、低+CTX、CTX干预后,Lewis肺癌C57小鼠EGFR蛋白表达水平显著下调、NF-κB蛋白表达水平显著上调(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论:回药爱康方高、中、低与回药开康方高+CTX、中+CTX、低+CTX、CTX均对EGFRm RNA的表达水平有影响,仅低剂量对NF-κBm RNA的表达水平无影响,同时回药爱康方高、中、低剂量均对EGFR、NF-κB蛋白表达无影响。

以融合蛋白为抗原的简化Westernblot法诊断囊虫病

目的：为囊虫的诊断提供简便有效的方法。方法：猪囊尾蚴ｃＤＮＡ表达文库中筛选出的β－半乳糖苷糖－猪囊虫ｃＤＮＡ编码的融合蛋白为抗原，进行简化的Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ分析。结果：四个克隆的融合蛋白（ｃＣ１、ｃＣ２、ｃＰ１和ｃＨ１）联合使用，检测１２４例人囊虫病血清中的抗囊尾蚴ＩｇＧ抗体，阳性率达９３．７％，三个克隆的融合蛋白（ｃＣ１、ｃＣ２、和ｃＰ１）联合使用，检测３８例猪囊虫病血清中的相应抗体，阳性率达１００％，均高于各克隆融合蛋白单独使用的阳性率，且与其他寄生虫病血清无交叉反应。结论：以融合蛋白为抗原所进行的Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ分析具有高度灵敏性和特异性，且简便易操作。