Preliminary analysis of distribution and variation of perennialmonthly mean water masses in the Bohai Sea,the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea

On the basis of perennial monthly mean temperature and salinity data, the classification of monthly water masses at the surface and the bottom in the Bohai Sea, the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea, has been made by using the method of fuzzy cluster from the modified characteristic of water masses in the shallow water area. In this paper, the basic features, growth and decline patterns of water masses in relation to fishing grounds in the whole shelves of the Bohai Sea, the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea are discussed with emphasis.

Definition of water exchange zone between the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea and the effect of winter gale on it

The marine dynamic environment of the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea in the winter of 2006 is simulated by the Regional Ocean Modelling System（ROMS） marine numerical model. Using the simulated temperature and salinity, the water exchange zone between the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea is defined through the Spectral Mixture Model（SMM）. The influence of winter gales on the water exchange is also discussed. It is found that the Yellow Sea water masses in winter are distributed in a ＂tongue＂ shape in the Bohai Strait region, the water exchange zone presents a zonal distribution along the margin of the ＂tongue＂, with a tendency of running from northwest to southeast, and the water exchange is intensified at the tip of the ＂tongue＂. Besides, the coastal area in the northernmost Yellow Sea does not participate in the water exchange between the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea. The result shows that the winter gale events play a role in enhancing the water exchange. It is specifically shown by the facts： the Yellow Sea warm current is enhanced to intrude the Bohai Sea by the gale process; the water exchange zone extends into the Bohai Sea; the water exchange belt in the southern part becomes wider; the mixture zone of river runoff with the Bohai Sea water upon its entry is enlarged and shifts northwards. Within two days after the gale process, the exchange zone retreats toward the Yellow Sea and the exchange zone resulted from the Huanghe River（Yellow River） runoff also shrinks back shoreward.

Formation of Well-Mixed Warm Water Column in Central Bohai Sea During Summer: Role of High-Frequency Atmospheric Forcing

The influence of high-frequency atmospheric forcing on the formation of a well-mixed summer warm water column in the central Bohai Sea is investigated comparing model simulations driven by daily surface forcing and those using monthly forcing data. In the absence of high-frequency atmospheric forcing, numerical simulations have repeatedly failed to reproduce this vertically uniform column of warm water measured over the past 35 years. However, high-frequency surface forcing is found to strongly influence the structure and distribution of the well-mixed warm water column, and simulations are in good agreement with observations. Results show that high frequency forcing enhances vertical mixing over the central bank, intensifies downward heat transport, and homogenizes the water column to form the Bohai central warm column. Evidence presented shows that high frequency forcing plays a dominant role in the formation of the well-mixed warm water column in summer, even without the effects of tidal and surface wave mixing. The present study thus provides a practical and rational way of further improving the performance of oceanic simulations in the Bohai Sea and can be used to adjust parameterization schemes of ocean models.

Exchange fluxes of nutrients between sediment and sea water in the Bohai Sea

Investigations of sediment-water fluxes of nutrients in the Bohai Sea were carried out in September - October 1998 and April - May 1999. The exchange fluxes of nutrients between sediment and sea water were determined by incubating the core-top sediments with overlying water aerated with air. The benthic fluxes of NO3- , NO2- , NH4+ , DIN, DON and TON in the first cruise and the flux-es of NO3 , NO2- , NH4+ , DIN, DON, TDN, PO43- , DOP and TDP in the second cruise were measured. The exchange fluxes of nutrients in fall were higher than in spring. The benthic nutrient fluxes represented 15% -55% of nutrient budgets in the Bohai Sea.

Introducing Seawater from Bohai Sea to West China for Sustainable Development in the Area

Sustained and profound aridization process in north west China in Tertiary and Quaternary period and time of mankind history are discussed. The rain creased function of 3 set high mountain condensation systems in north west China is recognized once more. A sandstorm happened on 20th March 2002 in Alasan and Ejinaqi areas was very strong and arrived in Japan and Korea. For saving Alasan area from sandstorm a way of introducing sea water from Bohai to Alasan has been proposed. Four problems are replied in this paper. It is concluded that introducing sea water from Bohai to west China is the best way for sustainable development of west China.

Sandbody architecture of the bar finger within shoal water delta front:Insights from the Lower Member of Minghuazhen Formation,Neogene,Bohai BZ25 Oilfield,Bohai Bay Basin,East China

Core, well logging and seismic data were used to investigate sandbody architectural characteristics within Lower Member of Minghuazhen Formation in Neogene, Bohai BZ25 Oilfield, and to analyze the sedimentary microfacies, distribution and internal architecture characteristics of the bar finger within shoal water delta front. The branched sand body within shoal water delta front is the bar finger, consisting of the mouth bar, distributary channel over bar, and levee. The distributary channel cuts through the mouth bar, and the thin levee covers the mouth bar which is located at both sides of distributary channel. The bar finger is commonly sinuous and its sinuosity increases basinward. The distributary channel changes from deeply incising the mouth bar to shallowly incising top of the mouth bar.The aspect ratio ranges from 25 to 50 and there is a double logarithmic linear positive relationship between the width and thickness for the bar finger, which is controlled by base-level changing in study area. For the bar finger, injection and production in the same distributary channel should be avoided during water flooding development. In addition, middle–upper distributary channel and undrilled mouth bar are focus of tapping remaining oil.

Adaptability of Development Methods for Offshore Gas Cap Edge Water Reservoirs under Different Permeability Levels

The BZ 34-1 oilfield is a typical gas cap edge water reservoir in the Bohai oilfield. The main characteristics of the oilfield were multi-phase sand body stacking and the sand body was composed of three parts: gas cap, oil reservoir, and edge water. The actual production site results show that the permeability difference of multi-layer sand bodies has a serious impact on the development effect. This article establishes a typical reservoir model numerical model based on the total recovery degree of the reservoir and the recovery degree of each layer, and analyzes the impact of permeability gradient. As the permeability gradient increases, the total recovery degree of all four well patterns decreases, and the total recovery degree gradually decreases. The recovery degree of low permeability layers gradually decreases, and the recovery degree of high permeability layers gradually increases. As the permeability gradient increases, the degree of recovery gradually decreases under different water contents. As the permeability gradient increases, the reduction rate of remaining oil saturation in low permeability layers is slower, while the reduction rate of remaining oil saturation in high permeability layers was faster. By analyzing the impact of permeability gradient on the development effect of oil fields, we could further deepen our understanding of gas cap edge water reservoirs and guide the development of this type of oil field.

渤海海上疏松砂岩油田大通径分层注水一体化工艺管柱设计

渤海海上疏松砂岩油田注水井采用机械筛管防砂,造成井眼内通径小,易出现管柱拔不动、拔断等复杂情况,导致注水井大修费用高、工期长、工序复杂等问题。通过分析机械防砂注水管柱问题,设计了大通径分层注水一体化工艺管柱,该工艺管柱关键工具包括穿线缆顶部封隔器、穿线缆隔离封隔器、缆控智能配水器、伸缩短节、液压油管锚,并对管柱进行了安全校核。所设计的大通径分层注水一体化工艺管柱可通过一次打压实现所有封隔器坐封、上提管柱,实现整体管柱逐级解封,井筒内无需留防砂工具,提高了完井时效,扩展了井筒内通径,降低了水井后续大修风险和大修难度。大通径分层注水一体化工艺管柱在渤海P油田成功应用,实现了?177.8 mm套管大通径分6层有缆智能测调注水,完井工期提效21.8%,有效避免机械防砂管柱后期复杂情况处理尺寸受限的问题,应用效果良好,可作为配合瘦身后小井眼注水井的首选工艺技术推广应用。

渤中浅滩对渤海夏季底层冷水带的影响

本文基于有限体积海洋模式(Finite volume coastal ocean model,FVCOM),模拟了2016年夏季渤海温度场的三维结构,准确刻画了夏季渤海底层以渤中浅滩为暖中心,四周被冷水包围的温度分布特征(渤海夏季底层冷水带),再现了渤海夏季底层“非对称双中心冷水”结构。在此基础上,通过保守物质示踪实验以及拉格朗日粒子追踪实验分析了渤海夏季底层冷水带的来源;通过地形实验分析了渤海夏季底层冷水带的形成机制,讨论了渤中浅滩对渤海夏季底层冷水带的影响。结果表明,渤海夏季底层冷水带中的低温水主要为渤海冬季残留冷水,北黄海冷水入侵也对其有一定贡献;渤中浅滩水深较浅、四周较深的地形差异是形成渤海夏季底层冷水带的主要原因。

渤海油田稳产增产钻完井技术进展与展望

为了解决渤海在生产油田面临的井槽、井筒资源紧张,储层产能释放程度受限,水淹储层高含水加剧等问题,通过技术攻关和工程实践,形成了以井槽、井筒高效利用,海上压裂增产,水淹储层高效控水为代表的渤海油田稳产增产钻完井技术体系。主要技术成果指标包括:中短半径侧钻技术全角变化率可达到18.97°/ 30 m,近钻头测斜盲区由23 m缩短至0.6 m,突破技术瓶颈;压裂充填技术可实现177.8 mm套管内的1趟6层压裂充填作业,突破作业极限;可充填式自适应防砂控水一体化技术创新采用“双层筛管、内层基管不打孔”的形式结构,实现了控水和防砂双重目标。基于油田未来面临的工程技术难题,建议在浅水水下井口开采模式、精细化可控超短半径侧钻技术、海上大规模压裂作业模式和多专业协同控水模式等方面持续攻关,为渤海油田实现稳产增产目标提供技术保障。

水平井平衡注水辅助调驱技术在渤海油田的应用

渤海油田水平井产量占到总产量的40%左右,水平井控水、稳产和增产是“渤海油田3000万吨持续稳产”的关键。针对水平生产井含水上升快、吸水和产出不均匀、注采井组优势渗流通道封堵困难、传统的调驱效果不理想等问题,提出水平注水井平衡注水工艺技术,克服了传统水平井笼统调驱针对性不足的缺点,实现了渤海高含水油田水平井注水平衡开发和精细调驱的目的,应用效果良好,是提高海上油田水平井采收率的一种创新技术。

Distribution of Different Biogeographical Tintinnids in Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea

There were different biogeographical tintinnids in the oceans. Knowledge of their distribution pattern and mixing was important to the understanding of ecosystem functions. Yellow Sea(YS) and Bohai Sea(BS) were semi-enclosed seas influenced by warm water intrusion and YS cold bottom water. The occurrence of tintinnids in YS and BS during two cruises(summer and winter) were investigated to find out: i) whether warm-water tintinnids appeared in YS and BS; ii) whether boreal tintinnids appeared in high summer; iii) the core area of neritic tintinnids and iv) how these different biogeographical tintinnids mixed. Our results showed that tintinnid community was dominated by neritic tintinnid. We confirmed the occurrence of warm-water tintinnids in summer and winter. In summer, they intruded into BS and mainly distributed in the upper 20 m where Yellow Sea Surface Warm Water(YSSWW) developed. In winter, they were limited in the surface water of central deep region(bottom depth >50 m) of YS where were affected by Yellow Sea Warm Water(YSWW). Boreal tintinnids occurred in YS in high summer(August) and in winter, while they were not observed in BS. In summer, the highest abundance of boreal tintinnids occurred in Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water, indicating the presence of an oversummering stock. In winter, they were concentrated in the north of YSWW. Vertically, neritic tintinnids abundance was high in the bottom layers. Horizontally, high neritic tintinnids abundance in bottom layers occurred along the 50 m isobath coinciding with the position of front systems. Front systems were the core distribution area of neritic tintinnids. High abundance areas of warm-water and boreal tintinnids were clearly separated vertically in summer, and horizontally in winter. High abundance of neritic tintinnids rarely overlapped with that of warm-water or boreal tintinnids.

Research on Empirical Formula of Displacement Efficiency in Bohai Oilfield

Displacement efficiency is an important index of water drive oilfield. This article takes water drive oilfield as the object to analyze the influence factors of displacement efficiency in limit water cut stage of water drive oilfield. The displacement efficiency experimental data of 99 cores which come from 65 development wells of 34 oilfields have been collected. The authors use the method of multiple linear regression analysis to establish a new empirical formula of displacement efficiency. The relative error of the empirical formula is less than 7% compared to the experimental data.

Study on Development Law of Complex Fluvial Reservoir under Water

The Bozhong oilfield (Hereinafter referred to as BZ oilfield) is a typical representative of complex fluvial reservoirs in the Bohai Sea, located in the southern Bohai Sea, with an average porosity of 30.3% and an average permeability of 643 × 10-3 μm2, belonging to medium high porosity and permeability reservoir, the reservoir has good connectivity, and the average underground crude oil viscosity is 5 mPa·s. There are many plane fault blocks, and the longitudinal oil well section is long, so the oil-water relationship is very complex. With the further development of the oilfield, the vertical and horizontal oil-water movement law, residual oil distribution and potential are unclear, resulting in rapid bottom water coning, unbalanced injection and production in the oilfield, and increasingly prominent contradictions among layers, planes and layers in the oilfield. Through numerical simulation analysis and comparison of displacement law and recovery degree under different influence conditions, this paper studies the development effect of actual sand body under different influence conditions such as different well types, different development methods and well layout positions, and takes appropriate development methods for the oilfield, which is of great significance to improve the development effect of the oilfield.

Relation Matrix of Water Exchange for Sea Bays and Its Application

Water exchange is an important hydrodynamic character of sea bays, and it is the basis for the study of the environmental capacity of sea bays. In this paper, a relation matrix is set up to describe the interaction among different areas of a sea bay, and to predict the water quality of those areas. The relation matrix is calculated based on the numerical results from a water quality model. This method is applied to the study of water exchange and the prediction of water quality of the Bohai Sea. The Bohai Sea is divided into five areas, and the effect of seasonal wind is taken into consideration. The results show a） the relation matrix can be used to study the water exchange among different areas and predict water quality of different areas at the respective characteristic time, b） the reduction of pollutant is dependent on both water exchange and initial distribution of the pollutant, and c） the half-life time of the pollutant is longer than the half-exchange time of the sea water.

海水中萘的水质基准推导及渤海湾潜在生态风险评价

渤海湾沿岸分布着人口稠密且经济发达的城市,同时也是我国重要的海上油气开采基地,保护生态环境健康对于环渤海经济圈的可持续发展具有重要意义.以萘为代表的多环芳烃是一类在海水环境中广泛存在的持久性有机污染物,由于海上突发事故和陆源排放使其生态风险备受关注.目前,国内海水水质基准的研究较为滞后,对海水中萘的生态风险问题研究较少,尚未建立萘的海水水质基准.本研究收集了已发表的萘对海水水生生物的生态毒性数据,并对渤海环境中广泛存在的5门8科的海水水生生物进行了急性毒性试验.结合数据库甄选的文献数据和毒理试验获得的试验数据,基于物种敏感度分布(SSD)模型推导了海水中萘的短期水质基准(SWQC),并根据最终急慢性比外推的方法推导了海水中萘的长期水质基准(LWQC).采用推导的水质基准和文献中渤海湾海水表层水体中萘的实测数据,应用商值法对渤海湾及其邻近海域进行了萘的潜在生态风险评价.结果表明,基于Gumbel分布的SSD模型对数据的拟合效果最佳;利用该模型推导得到萘的短期海水水质基准为0.3014mg/L,长期海水水质基准为0.0886mg/L;正常环境条件下,渤海湾及其邻近海域水体中萘的短期生态风险和长期生态风险都处于较低水平,但不能排除突发事故中萘对水体产生的潜在生态风险.本研究作为海水水质基准推导的一个具体例子,可为渤海湾的污染防治和水生生物保护提供有价值的信息,并为其他区域海水水质基准的制定提供参考.

渤海C油田预钻井原油乳化对储层伤害实验研究

渤海C油田导管架期间首批12口预钻井在生产过程出现了生产压差高产量低的现象,分析认为原油乳化堵塞是潜在伤害因素。为了明确原油乳化堵塞机理,为产能恢复措施制定提供指导,针对该批低产井开展原油乳化堵塞实验研究。实验结果表明:当含水率为20%时,原油乳状液黏度为最高值10.9 mPa·s,为原油乳化反相点,乳状液类型为油包水(W/O)型;当含水率大于20%时,乳状液黏度降低,类型为水包油(O/W)型;原油高含水时,乳状液类型为O/W型,降低储层渗透率25.21%,对储层伤害相对较小;原油低含水时,乳状液类型为W/O型,降低储层渗透率75.01%,对储层伤害大。随着乳状液质量浓度从1000 mg·L^(-1)增加至4000 mg·L^(-1),岩心渗透率伤害程度最高达到50%。以I01H和I28H井为例,结合实验结果对实际生产动态进行分析,两口井生产初期含水率升高至20%后,生产压差不变,采液指数下降,说明原油发生乳化并堵塞近井地层,与实验结果一致。

冬季大风对渤海海峡水体通量的影响研究

基于FVCOM模型,通过七套不同风场再分析数据,对2017年冬季渤黄海的海洋水文动力环境进行了模拟。模拟结果与实测资料对比,发现ECMWF Reanalysis v5_1HR(以下简称ERA5_1HR)风场数据可以对渤黄海冬季水文环境实现最优化模拟。并发现2017年2月17—24日大风事件发生时,渤海和北黄海海流会随大风暴发和松弛流出和流入渤海海峡。出流现象主要出现在渤海海峡的南通道和中间通道,入流现象初期主要出现在北通道,随着时间的推移整个渤海海峡都有入流现象。在此期间水位呈周期性变化,在大风事件发生时渤海水会向南部堆积呈现南高北低的现象,大风松弛时,渤海水位呈现北高南低的现象。大风期间急剧的流入流出过程显著增强渤海的水交换,三次高频大风过程造成的出水通量分别是18.35×10^(6)m^(3)、32.46×10^(6)m^(3)和34.15×10^(6)m^(3);入水通量分别是21.11×10^(6)m^(3)、38.69×10^(6)m^(3)和22.38×10^(6)m^(3)。两个对照实验结果显示,在大风期间风应力才是主导渤海环流和水交换的最重要因素。

渤海叶绿素a的时空分布及其影响因素

本文结合2019年四个季节渤海叶绿素a浓度的现场观测数据和卫星遥感资料,系统分析了渤海叶绿素a的时空分布规律及其影响因素。调查结果显示,2019年渤海春、夏、秋、冬季节叶绿素a浓度范围分别为0.4~6.8、0.5~14.9、0.2~6.5和0.4~0.9μg/L,平均浓度分别为(1.6±1.2)、(3.0±4.2)、(1.0±0.8)和(0.6±0.2)μg/L,叶绿素a浓度的季节分布规律为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季。四个季节近岸叶绿素a浓度明显高于远岸;夏季层化现象明显,表层叶绿素a浓度明显高于中、底层,春、秋、冬季节垂直混合均匀。冬季温度是浮游植物生长的主要影响因素,夏、秋季节浮游植物生长受沿岸河流营养盐输入影响显著,尤其是夏季,受黄河水沙调控影响,黄河月径流量峰值由以往的秋季提前至夏季,使得夏季营养盐得以补充,进而导致叶绿素a浓度显著增加,渤海叶绿素a峰值发生的季节总体上由以往的春、秋季转变为春、夏季。研究结果揭示了渤海叶绿素a的时空变化特征,为深入认识渤海生态系统的结构和功能提供了数据基础。

浅水三角洲基本特征、形成条件及沉积模式:以渤海新近系为例

渤海海域新近系浅水三角洲是渤海重要的勘探开发储层类型,沉积于湖盆浪基面以上的滨浅湖中,以分流河道砂岩和水下分流河道砂岩为骨架砂体,前缘席状砂分布广泛,前三角洲沉积以浅湖相为主,垂向沉积层序不连续,不具有典型的吉尔伯特型三层式沉积结构为显著特征。浅水三角洲形成于稳定的坳陷湖盆环境,沉积物供给相对平衡的半干旱—半湿润的气候环境下。依据河口分流作用演化的不同,水体极浅时,三角洲进积易形成分流河道向湖泊的长驱直入,形成枝状的分流河道型浅水三角洲,分流河道和天然堤极为发育;水体相对较深时,分流河道会在河道分支处堆积河口坝或分流沙坝,并由水下分流河道砂体连接形成朵状前缘砂体,分流砂坝极为发育,河口坝外缘的席状化沉积物,包括天然堤、决口扇、溢岸不连续砂等都可成为连通储层。在连片的分流砂坝型三角洲,砂体连通性好、分布面积较大,多形成构造油气藏,包括断层油气藏和背斜油气藏;分流河道型三角洲由于砂体多孤立状,分布面积小、连通性差,易于发育岩性油气藏。